Introduction to Behavior Therapy Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Introduction to Behavior Therapy offers students a foundational understanding of the principles and applications of behavior therapy in clinical settings. This course explores the historical development of behavior therapy, key theoretical frameworks such as classical and operant conditioning, and evidence-based intervention techniques. Students will learn how to assess behavioral issues, design intervention plans, and evaluate outcomes using scientifically supported methods. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, the importance of cultural competence, and real-world case studies that illustrate the effective use of behavior therapy with diverse populations.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 6th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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50 Chapters
1609 Verified Questions
1609 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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10 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mary is recovering from a hand injury and trying to increase the strength of her grip.The strength of her grip is an example of:
A)latency
B)frequency
C)intensity
D)duration
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic of behavior?
A)behavior is dimensionless
B)behavior is random
C)behavior can be observed,described,and recorded
D)behavior is always overt
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is a dimension of behavior?
A)frequency
B)intensity
C)duration
D)all of these
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 1: A: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does it mean to say that behavior is lawful?
Answer: To say that behavior is lawful is to say that its occurrence is systematically influenced by environmental events.
Q2) Behavior is defined as what people do and say.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) In behavior modification,what a person says and does is referred to as:
A) behavior
B) effort
C) motivated acts
D) intention
Answer: A
Q4) A behavioral deficit is defined as _______________________________________________.
Answer: too little of a particular behavior
Q5) All behavior is overt or observable by others.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) A good behavioral definition of a behavior involves:
A)a label for the behavior
B)a description of what the person says and does
C)reference to the person's motivation
D)a statement of the intention of the person engaging in the behavior
Answer: B
Q2) To calculate interobserver agreement on frequency recording you:
A)divide the larger frequency by the smaller frequency
B)divide the smaller frequency by the larger frequency
C)divide the larger frequency by the sum of the larger frequency and the smaller frequency
D)divide the smaller frequency by the sum of the larger frequency and the smaller frequency
Answer: B
Q3) Indirect assessment occurs through:
A)the person's recall of the behavior
B)watching the behavior and recording its occurrence
C)video recording the behavior and recording it from the video
D)all of these
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: A: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recording how long a person studies is an example of intensity recording.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A good behavioral definition requires you to make inferences about internal states or motivation of the individual.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Zach's behavior of pushing other children typically occurs on the playground.The playground would be a(n)________________ setting for Zach's behavior.
A) analogue
B) manipulated
C) natural
D) controlled
Q4) What are two ways to reduce reactivity of observation?
Q5) Provide an example of time sample recording and interval recording.
Q6) Based on the previous question's scenario,what percentage is scored by observer B?
Q7) Identify two of the reasons why behavioral assessment is an important part of behavior modification.
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Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a ______________ design,baseline and treatment conditions (or two treatment conditions)are conducted in rapid succession and compared with each other.
A)multiple baseline
B)alternating treatments
C)changing criterion
D)all of these
Q2) An A-B-A-B design:
A)is a research design
B)demonstrates a functional relationship
C)involves replication
D)all of these
Q3) In which research design is treatment staggered over time?
A)A-B-A-B
B)alternating treatments
C)changing criterion
D)multiple baseline
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Chapter 3: A: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the hair pulling behavior of three different children in a classroom and implements treatment at a different time for each child.The researcher is using a(n)_____________ design.
A) multiple-baseline-across-behaviors
B) multiple-baseline-across-subjects
C) alternating-treatments
D) changing-criterion
Q2) There are ________ components necessary for a graph to be complete.
A) four
B) six
C) eight
D) ten
Q3) In behavior modification,a research design involves:
A) estimation
B) treatment implementation
C) replication
D) B and C
Q4) Data points should be connected across phase lines.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
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Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) A student in a special education classroom receives a reinforcer (a token)after every five correct responses on her math worksheet.This is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?
A)CRF
B)FR
C)VR
D)FI
Q2) In which schedule of reinforcement does a reinforcer get delivered when a response occurs after a period of time?
A)ratio schedule
B)continuous reinforcement schedule
C)interval schedule
D)discontinuous reinforcement schedule
Q3) An abolishing operation (AO):
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a behavior less likely
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
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9
Chapter 4: A: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) The consequence that strengthens an operant behavior is a(n)__________.
Q2) Whenever Tony puts money into a pop machine,he gets a can of pop.Tony never gets pop out of the machine when he does not put money in.This is an example of __________ existing between putting money in the machine and getting pop out.
A) an establishing operation
B) a contingency
C) a negative relationship
D) a functional definition
Q3) Money is an example of a(n):
A) conditioned reinforcer
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned reinforcer
D) unconditioned stimulus
Q4) What are a couple examples of unconditioned reinforcers?
Q5) Define reinforcement.
Q6) If a positive reinforcer is delivered following the behavior,the behavior is more likely to occur in the future.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) In extinction,what occurs following the behavior?
A)the reinforcer is withheld
B)the reinforcer is delivered
C)negative reinforcement occurs
D)the person is told to stop the behavior
Q2) When extinction occurs for a negatively reinforced behavior:
A)the aversive stimulus is no longer removed following the behavior
B)the positive reinforcer is no longer delivered following the behavior
C)the aversive stimulus is removed following the behavior
D)the positive reinforcer is delivered following the behavior
Q3) Once a behavior is no longer reinforced,it often increases in frequency,duration,or intensity before it decreases.This phenomenon is called a(n)
A)extinction side effect
B)extinction effect
C)extinction burst
D)transition phase
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11
Chapter 5: A: Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Extinction works following positive reinforcement,but does not work following negative reinforcement.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During ___________,the unreinforced behavior can increase in frequency,duration,or intensity
A) spontaneous recovery
B) an extinction burst
C) punishment
D) all of these
Q3) What are three things that may happen during an extinction burst?
Q4) Extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior involves continuation of the _______ following the behavior.
A) aversive stimulus
B) reinforcer
C) conditioned stimulus
D) negative stimulus
Q5) ____________________ reinforcement prior to extinction makes the behavior more resistant to extinction.
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) An abolishing operation:
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a punisher less potent
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
Q2) While changing a light bulb,Martha stuck her finger in the light socket and got a shock.As a result,she never again put her finger in a light socket.This is an example of:
A)positive reinforcement
B)positive punishment
C)negative punishment
D)extinction
Q3) ________________ is a stimulus that became a punisher by being paired with an unconditioned punisher or conditioned punisher.
A)conditioned punisher
B)conditioned reinforcer
C)unconditioned reinforcer
D)unconditioned punisher
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13
Chapter 6: A: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a stimulus needs to be paired with an established punisher in order to function as a punisher it is referred to as a(n):
A) conditioned punisher
B) conditioned reinforcer
C) unconditioned punisher
D) unconditioned reinforcer
Q2) Individual differences in the effectiveness of punishment refers to the fact that: A) punishers vary from person to person
B) a more intense stimulus will be more effective
C) A and B
D) none of these
Q3) A conditioned punisher is_______________ .
Q4) A is a consequence that follows a behavior,making the behavior less likely to occur in the future.
Q5) For punishment to be most effective,the behavior should be followed by a punisher every time it occurs.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you provide a reinforcer when a rat presses a lever when a green light is on and,as a result,it also presses the lever when a similar color light is on (green/blue for example),_______________ has occurred:
A)reinforcement
B)stimulus control
C)generalization
D)extinction
Q2) An S<sup>D</sup> ______________ a behavior.
A)evokes
B)reinforces
C)punishes
D)extinguishes
Q3) An antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior is reinforced is a(n):
A)S-delta
B)reinforcer
C)discriminative stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus
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Chapter 7: A: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) In behavior modification,the stimulus that is present when a behavior occurs is referred to as a(n):
A) antecedent
B) consequence
C) cause
D) reinforcer
Q2) Darin cheers at a football game when his hometown team scores,and his Dad gives him a high five.Darin later begins cheering with his Dad at basketball,baseball,and hockey games when his hometown teams score.This is an example of Darin's cheering behavior ____________ to other situations.
A) discriminating
B) generalizing
C) narrowing
D) expanding
Q3) Generalization is associated with broad stimulus control.
A)True
B)False
Q4) _____________ occurs when a behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the S<sup>D</sup>.
Page 16
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Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n):
A)discriminative stimulus
B)conditioned response
C)unconditioned response
D)operant behavior
Q2) A young child is at the aquarium was looking at fish swim by the glass on the side of the tank in front of her.Suddenly a large shark darted by the glass and startled the girl (she experienced autonomic arousal).The next time she was near the glass to the tank,she experienced the autonomic arousal again.In this example,identify the US and the CS.
A)shark;colorful fish
B)shark;autonomic arousal
C)shark,the glass to the tank
D)glass to the tank;autonomic arousal
Q3) In which type of conditioning does the neutral stimulus precede the US and overlap with the US?
A)trace conditioning
B)delay conditioning
C)simultaneous conditioning
D)backward conditioning
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Chapter 8: A: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) If Pavlov occasionally (1 out of 10 times)gave the dogs the meat powder following the sound of the metronome,the dogs would be more or less likely to salivate to the metronome.
Q2) When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus due to pairing with an already established conditioned stimulus,it is called ____________ conditioning.
A) first-order
B) higher-order
C) operant
D) instrumental
Q3) If a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response similar to the unconditioned response as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus,____________ conditioning has occurred.
A) respondent
B) operant
C) instrumental
D) all of these
Q4) When a neutral stimulus (NS)is paired with an already established CS and the NS becomes a CS,this is called .
Q5) Define respondent extinction.
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Chapter 9: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you use extinction for the previous approximation during shaping,_______________ occurs and novel behaviors emerge.You then reinforce one of the novel behaviors that is a closer approximation to the target behavior.
A)a discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)intermittent reinforcement
D)an extinction burst
Q2) If you use shaping to help a person achieve an increase in the weight she can bench press until she reaches the target behavior (150 lbs),what variation of shaping are you using
A)generating a novel behavior
B)reinstating a previously exhibited behavior
C)changing some dimension of an existing behavior
D)all of these
Q3) Shaping can be used to:
A)generate a novel behavior
B)reinstate a previously exhibited behavior
C)change some dimension of an existing behavior
D)all of these
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Page 19
Chapter 9: A: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following behaviors cannot be developed through shaping?
A) self-injurious behaviors
B) arguments between spouses
C) animal tricks
D) startle response to loud noise
Q2) Shaping involves reinforcement of a closer approximation and extinction of a previous approximation of a target behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Define shaping.Provide an example.
Q4) _______________ (conditioned / unconditioned)reinforcers are typically used in shaping procedures.
Q5) Shaping ________ (is / is not)the appropriate procedure to use if you want to strengthen an existing behavior.
Q6) _________________________,or shaping steps,are behaviors that are closer and closer to the target behavior.
Q7) Reinforcement and extinction are the two principles involved in shaping. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the gradual elimination of a prompt as the behavior continues to occur in the presence of the S<sup>D</sup>?
A)prompting
B)fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
Q2) You are using a computer program to help study for your behavior modification exam.The program has flash cards with a term and its definition.When the term is shown,you click the button to see the definition.This allows you to say the correct definition of the term.Each time you click the button to see the definition,the program shows you less and less of the definition.Eventually you have to define the term without seeing any of the definition.This is an example of:
A)prompting
B)stimulus fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
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Chapter 10: A: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Amy's Mom is using flash cards to help Amy study for a history test.Amy's Mom shows her the question on one side of the card and,if Amy does not give the correct answer in a certain period of time,her Mom shows her the answer on the other side.This is an example of:
A) prompt fading
B) prompt delay
C) stimulus fading
D) stimulus delay
Q2) What is used to increase the likelihood that an individual will engage in the correct behavior at the correct time? _____________
Q3) A ____________ prompt is the least intrusive and a ____________ prompt is the most intrusive.
A) verbal ;physical
B) gestural ;modeling
C) modeling ;physical
D) gestural ;verbal
Q4) Describe how you would use flash cards to learn psychology terms using prompting and fading.
Q5) What is least-to-most prompting and fading?
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Sample Questions
Q1) You can conduct a task analysis by:
A)observing a competent person engaging in the task
B)asking an expert who performs the task well
C)performing the task yourself and recording each of the S<sup>D</sup>s and responses.
D)all of these
Q2) ______________ is a chaining procedure in which the chain of behaviors is taught as a single unit.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q3) Which procedure is used to teach a person to engage in the sequence of behaviors involved in a stimulus-response chain?
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
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23
Chapter 11: A: Chaining
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each behavioral chain consists of a number of individual ___________ components that occur together in a sequence.
Q2) Total task presentation works best for long and complex tasks.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Backward chaining procedures are mostly used with individuals who have severe intellectual disabilities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Provide an example of the use of textual prompts and picture prompts.
Q5) Which of the following is true concerning a behavioral chain?
A) each subsequent response depends on the preceding response
B) the entire stimulus-response chain is under stimulus control
C) each subsequent response is independent of the preceding response
D) A and B
Q6) Behavioral chaining procedures are used to teach an individual to engage in a complex task.
A)True
B)False
Q7) What is a behavioral chain? Provide an example.
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Providing praise for correct behavior or further instruction for improving performance is called:
A)constructive criticism
B)feedback
C)a correction trial
D)corrective criticism
Q2) Behavioral skills training consists of:
A)instructions,modeling,rehearsal,and feedback
B)instructions,prompting and fading
C)instructions,modeling,prompting,and feedback
D)instructions,modeling,prompting,and fading
Q3) What type of assessment should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioral skills training??
A)self-report assessment
B)in situ assessment
C)self-monitoring
D)indirect assessment
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Chapter 12: A: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are using BST procedures to teach children to say "no" and walk away when someone offers them a cigarette.Describe the steps involved in the BST procedure that you will use to teach the children this skill.
Q2) A psychologist is helping a student improve his social skills.After instructing him on how to carry on a conversation with other students,the psychologist has the student practice.Practicing the behavior after receiving instructions is referred to as:
A) modeling
B) feedback
C) rehearsal
D) testing
Q3) Which component of the behavioral skills training procedure is an antecedent strategy?
A) instructions
B) modeling
C) rehearsal
D) A and B
Q4) Providing praise for correct performance and instructions for improvement following rehearsal is called _______________.
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning Assessments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Missy engages in head banging when she has an earache and the pain of the earache is lessened.As a result,she is more likely to bang her head when she has an earache.This is an example of:
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
Q2) The process of identifying the antecedents and consequences of a problem behavior is called:
A)functional assessment
B)behavior recording
C)functional relationship
D)experimental control
Q3) Joe flicks the light switch on and off and it produces reinforcing visual stimulation.As a result he is more likely to flick the light switch on and off.This is an example of:
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
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Chapter 13: A: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning Assessments
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a problem behavior is reinforced by attention,this is an example of:
A) social negative reinforcement
B) automatic positive reinforcement
C) social positive reinforcement
D) automatic negative reinforcement
Q2) What is an advantage and a disadvantage of indirect assessment methods?
Q3) When an autistic child engages in repetitive tapping of his pencil and this behavior is reinforced by the sound of the pencil hitting the table,this is an example of:
A) social negative reinforcement
B) automatic positive reinforcement
C) social positive reinforcement
D) automatic negative reinforcement
Q4) You have just conducted a functional assessment for Larry's problem behaviors of hitting,screaming and kicking.You hypothesize that when Larry's dad is busy and Larry throws a tantrum,his dad reinforces his problem behaviors by sitting down and talking with him.What would you do to determine your hypothesis is correct?
Q5) Respondent behavior is controlled by ___________ stimuli and operant behavior is controlled by ___________ and ___________.
Page 28
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Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Q1) Joe flicks the light switch on and off and it produces reinforcing visual stimulation.As a result he is more likely to flick the light switch on and off.Describe the use of extinction in this case.
A)provide no attention when Joe flicks the switch
B)make Joe complete a task when the flicks the switch
C)disable the light switch so flicking it no longer turns the light on or off
D)remove a favorite toy when Joe flicks the light switch
Q2) Caregivers are more likely to implement extinction with fidelity if the behavior analyst gets them to "buy in" to the procedure.What does it mean to have buy in?
A)the caregiver pays for services and the cost makes the caregiver more likely to implement the procedure correctly
B)the care giver finds the treatment acceptable
C)the caregiver understands the procedure
D)all of these
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Chapter 14: A: Applying Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the problem behavior is maintained by a(n) schedule,extinction will be more rapid.
Q2) A teacher decides to use extinction on a child's behavior of complaining when he is asked to work on assignments.The teacher conducts a functional assessment to determine which events might be maintaining the behavior.In this case the teacher is considering whether she can:
A) eliminate the reinforcer
B) maintain consistency
C) identify the reinforcer
D) tolerate an extinction burst
Q3) If a target behavior is maintained by negative reinforcement,extinction involves __________________________ escape from the aversive stimulus when the problem behavior occurs.
Q4) The increase in the problem behavior at first when extinction is used is referred to as: A) generalization
B) an extinction burst
C) spontaneous recovery
D) behavioral escalation
Q5) What is sensory extinction? When would you use a sensory extinction procedure?
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) In the example of Mrs.Williams in the book,staff used differential reinforcement to get her to make more positive comments.Describe the reinforcement and extinction components of DRA in this case.
A)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff reacted with attention.When she complained,they did not provide attention.
B)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff reacted gave her a back rub.When she complained,they did not provide a back rub.
C)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff let her escape from a task she did not enjoy.When she complained,they required her to complete the task.
D)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff reacted with positive attention.When she complained,they reacted with negative attention.
Q2) In the DRL procedure you reinforce _____________________________.
A)an alternative behavior
B)the absence of the problem behavior
C)a lower rate of the behavior
D)a lesser magnitude of the behavior
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Chapter 15: A: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) What happens in a DRA procedure?
Q2) In order to implement DRO successfully you need to:
A) deliver the reinforcer when the alternative behavior occurs B) deliver the reinforcer for the absence of the problem behavior
C) deliver the punisher when the problem behavior occurs
D) A and C
Q3) Reinforcement delivered when fewer than a specified number of responses occurs in a period of time is referred to as ___________ DRL.
Q4) In a DRA procedure,when the alternative behavior results in the same reinforcer as the problem behavior,we say that the alternative behavior is ___________ to the problem behavior.
Q5) Which type of differential reinforcement is most likely to lead to an increase in an alternative behavior?
A) DRO
B) DRL
C) DRM
D) DRA
Q6) What is the difference between a whole interval DRO procedure and a momentary DRO procedure?
Page 32
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it more likely that she would eat healthy food,Melissa only went out to eat at health food restaurants.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)present an S<sup>D</sup>
Q2) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it more likely that she would go to bed at 11:00 (and not stay up too late),Melissa got up early and no longer took a nap after work.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)increase response effort
Q3) Which procedure is a functional intervention for problem behaviors?
A)extinction
B)differential reinforcement
C)antecedent control procedures
D)all of these
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Chapter 16: A: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) List 6 categories of antecedent manipulations that are used to both increase desirable behaviors and decrease problem behaviors.
Q2) A student engages in disruptive behavior in the classroom in order to get attention from the teacher.In order to decrease the disruptive behavior,the teacher gives the student frequent attention so that receiving attention by engaging in disruptive behavior is less reinforcing.Which antecedent control strategy is the teacher using to decrease the student's disruptive behavior?
A) removing cues for the problem behavior
B) decreasing response effort
C) removing the discriminative stimulus
D) presenting an abolishing operation
Q3) Extinction is an antecedent control procedure.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Antecedent control procedures involve a change in the ___________ that evoke the occurrence of a problem behavior or the occurrence of competing behaviors to replace the problem behavior.
Q5) Antecedent control procedures are often used in conjunction with ___________.
Q6) Increasing response effort will make a behavior ____________ likely to occur.
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
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Q1) What is the basic behavioral principle upon which time-out is based?
A)positive punishment
B)extinction
C)negative punishment
D)negative reinforcement
Q2) Johnny hit his sister and as a result,his mother said he could not watch TV for the rest of the day.What procedure is illustrated in this example?
A)exclusionary time-out
B)nonexclusionary time-out
C)response cost
D)extinction
Q3) Time-out is short for:
A)time-out from positive reinforcement
B)time-out for problem reduction
C)time-out punishment
D)time-out is not short for anything
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Chapter 17: A: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
Cost
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Q1) Nonexclusionary time-out is not used when
A) the individual's continued presence in the room is disruptive to others
B) access to positive reinforcers can be removed while the individual is in the room
C) participating in the activities in the classroom was reinforcing for the individual
D) A and C
Q2) Describe exclusionary time-out.
Q3) Time-out duration is typically
A) less than 1 minute
B) 1 to 10 minutes
C) 10 to 20 minutes
D) at least 20 minutes
Q4) Sitting down and talking with a child to prevent escape from time-out is acceptable.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define response cost.
Q6) ___________ involves removal of a child from a reinforcing situation in which the child loses access to reinforcing activities or interactions.
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Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of
Punishment
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Q1) What is the SIBIS procedure?
A)an automated behavior recording procedure
B)an apparatus that uses shock to treat self-injurious behavior
C)a procedure that uses noise to decrease habit behaviors
D)a type of self-injurious behavior
Q2) ___________________ is a punishment procedure in which,contingent on a problem behavior,the change agent holds immobile the part of the client's body that is involved in the behavior.
A)contingent exercise
B)positive practice
C)physical restraint
D)guided compliance
Q3) Identify a stimulus that has been used in punishment by the application of aversive stimuli.
A)ice
B)lemon juice
C)noise
D)all of these
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Chapter 18: A: Positive Punishment Procedures and the
Ethics of Punishment
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Q1) Which of the following procedures would be implemented last in an effort to decrease a problem behavior?
A) extinction
B) differential reinforcement
C) punishment
D) antecedent manipulations
Q2) The application of aversive activities includes all of the following procedures except:
A) overcorrection
B) response cost
C) contingent exercise
D) guided compliance
Q3) List 3 different aversive stimuli that have been used in positive punishment procedures.
Q4) When an individual understands and willingly agrees to the punishment procedure it is referred to as:
A) informed consent
B) a behavioral contract
C) informed participation
D) voluntary agreement
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Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) After teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel then asks each parent to praise the other parent when the parent uses a parenting skill successfully.What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Reinforcing occurrences of generalization
B)Training skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement
C)Modifying contingencies of reinforcement and punishment in the natural environment
D)Incorporating a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training
Q2) If you want to promote generalized reductions in problem behaviors,you should:
A)conduct a functional assessment of the problem behavior
B)plan for generalization in advance
C)focus on functionally-equivalent behaviors to replace the problem behavior
D)all of these
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Chapter 19: A: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) Which of the following is true concerning generalization?
A) behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the discriminative stimulus
B) a class of stimuli develops stimulus control over the behavior
C) behavior occurs in the presence of relevant stimuli outside the training situation
D) all of these
Q2) Enhancing the likelihood that a behavior change will occur in all relevant situations in the person's life is called ___________.
Q3) Improvement in functioning following treatment for a problem behavior is defined in what 3 ways?
Q4) To promote a generalized reduction in a problem behavior,it is best to plan for generalization in advance.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Different responses that achieve the same outcome are called ___________.
Q6) Generalized reductions in problem behaviors are best achieved when there are generalized increases in ___________.
Q7) What is a generalized reduction in a problem?
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Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) In self-management,a person engages in a ____________________ behavior to influence the future occurrence of a _______________ behavior.
A)controlled;controlling
B)controlling;controlled
C)independent;dependent
D)dependent;independent
Q2) Why might people smoke cigarettes even though it can lead to long term negative outcomes such as lung cancer?
A)there is immediate reinforcement for smoking
B)smoking takes little response effort
C)the response effort is greater for other behaviors that produce the same outcome
D)all of these
Q3) _______________ occurs when significant others in a person's life help the person succeed in a self-management program
A)reinforcement
B)prompting and fading
C)social support
D)behavioral contracting
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Chapter 20: A: Self-Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) Self-management involves the modification of __________ to make the target behavior more likely to occur.
A) antecedents
B) consequences
C) alternative behavior
D) all of these
Q2) A behavioral contract written without the assistance of a contract manager in a self-management program is more effective than a contract written with a contract manager.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When the act of self monitoring results in a change in the target behavior that is being recorded,self monitoring is said to be ___________.
Q4) The process of generating information on the antecedents and consequences of the target behavior and the competing behaviors is referred to as:
A) environmental review
B) self-monitoring
C) functional assessment
D) contingency assessment
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Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) ______________ are repetitive vocal sounds or words that do not serve a social function.
A)vocal habits
B)motor tics
C)vocal tics
D)all of these
Q2) Which of the following is a type of habit behavior?
A)nervous habit
B)motor tic
C)stuttering
D)all of these
Q3) Nail biting,hair twirling or pulling,knuckle cracking,and thumb sucking are all examples of _____________.
A)nervous habits
B)motor tics
C)nervous tics
D)habit reversal
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Chapter 21: A: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) In order to increase the probability that a competing response will be used,a psychologist reviews with Amy all the situations in which her habit of nail-biting occurs,and the problems it may have caused.Which component of a habit reversal procedure is being used?
A) awareness training
B) environmental review
C) functional assessment
D) a motivational strategy
Q2) Habit disorders are ________________ behaviors.
Q3) When using habit reversal procedures,the competing response should be:
A) the same for different types of habit behaviors
B) incompatible with the habit behavior
C) easily identifiable by others
D) more effortful than the habit
Q4) Tourette's disorder is diagnosed when ________________ and ________________ tics occur.
Q5) Motor tics can develop out of an injury to a particular muscle. A)True B)False
Q6) Provide an example of a competing behavior for hair-pulling.
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Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Q1) Which of the following would not be a good item to use as a token in a token economy with elementary students?
A)pennies
B)hole punches in a card made with a uniquely shaped hole punch
C)smiley face stickers
D)all of these
Q2) What should a change agent do each time he or she delivers a token?
A)nothing,just deliver the token
B)remind the client to keep engaging in the correct behavior
C)provide praise
D)all of these
Q3) In a token economy,a _______________ must be something tangible that can be delivered after each instance of the desirable behavior.
A)reinforcer
B)back-up reinforcer
C)token
D)contract
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Chapter 22: A: The Token Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) At the beginning of a token economy a (an)____________ reinforcement schedule is often used,and when the desirable behavior begins to occur more frequently a(an)____________ schedule of reinforcement is used to maintain the behavior. A) intermittent;continuous B) continuous;intermittent C) variable interval;fixed interval
Q2) Tokens are conditioned reinforcers because they are paired with ___________________ reinforcers.
Q3) Why is it important for clients to earn enough tokens to exchange for back-up reinforcers in the early phases of the token economy?
Q4) A wide variety of back-up reinforcers is best to use in a token economy because: A) satiation is more likely to occur B) satiation is less likely to occur
C) it is more likely that there will be something that is reinforcing for everybody in the program
D) B and C
Q5) How does a token become a conditioned reinforcer?
Q6) Provide 3 examples of items that can be used as tokens.________________
Q7) In a token economy tokens are exchanged for _________________________.
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Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________________ is a written agreement between two parties in which one or both parties
Agree to engage in a specified level of a target behavior or behaviors.Furthermore,the contract states the consequence that will be administered contingent on the occurrence.
A)behavioral contract
B)contingency contract
C)performance contract
D)all of these
Q2) Which of the following is not a component of a behavioral contract?
A)identify the target behavior and state how it will be measured
B)identify the reinforcement or punishment contingency.
C)identify who will implement the contingency.
D)identify the items to be used as tokens in the contract
Q3) What should the contract manager do if the contractee fails to engage in the target level of the behavior specified in the contract?
A)write another contract with more lenient goals
B)write another contract with harder goals
C)implement the contract contingencies as written
D)all of these
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Chapter 23: A: Behavioral Contracts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sometimes a behavioral contract is rewritten on a frequent basis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Tom writes a behavioral contract with his parents stating that he will be able to use the family car on weekends if he has completed a specific number of chores during the week.Tom and his parents have written a behavioral contract involving a ____________ contingency.
A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
Q3) The first step in writing a behavioral contract is to:
A) identify the contingency
B) define the target behavior
C) determine how the target behavior will be measured
D) establish the time frame for the target behavior
Q4) It is not necessary to use operational definitions for the target behavior in a one party behavioral contract.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) In __________________,the person breathes deeply in a slow,rhythmic fashion to produce relaxation.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
Q2) In _________________,the person is taught to relax each muscle group in the body by assuming relaxed postures.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
Q3) In _______________,the person with a phobia practices relaxation while imagining scenes of the fear-producing stimulus.
A)in vivo desensitization
B)systematic desensitization
C)flooding
D)all of these
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Chapter 24: A: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) List 3 procedures used to help people overcome problems of fear or anxiety.
Q2) Which of the following is a component of behavioral relaxation training?
A) focusing on muscle tension
B) attention focusing
C) learning to breathe correctly
D) all of these
Q3) Fear and anxiety reduction procedures are used to treat ____________ behavior.
A) operant
B) respondent
C) autonomic
D) all of these
Q4) Whenever Cindy sees a mouse,she experiences rapid heart rate,sweaty hands,and an upset stomach.The presence of the mouse is a(an)____________,and the unpleasant bodily response is a(an)____________.
A) conditioned stimulus;conditioned response
B) establishing operation;operant response
C) unconditioned stimulus;unconditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus;operant response
Q5) List one advantage and one disadvantage of systematic desensitization. List one advantage and one disadvantage of in vivo desensitization.
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) In__________________________,the therapist teaches clients specific self-statements that they can recite in a problem situation to improve their performance or influence their behavior in the situation.
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)acceptance-based therapies
Q2) ___________________ procedures are designed to teach new cognitive behaviors that are then used to promote other desirable behaviors
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)all of these
Q3) The occurrence of cognitive behavior can influence other behaviors.Which of the following is a function that cognitive behavior can serve?
A)CS
B)MO
C)reinforcer
D)all of these
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Chapter 25: A: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Sample Questions
Q1) A behavior that is not observable by other individuals is referred to as __________ behavior.
A) operant
B) covert
C) overt
D) functional
Q2) What is involved in cognitive behavior modification procedures used to treat depression?
A) getting the individual to engage in fewer activities
B) teaching the person to use cognitive distortions
C) helping the individual change distorted thinking
D) A and B
Q3) Which of the following is true regarding acceptance-based therapies?
A) the client learns to change her thinking to change her negative feelings
B) the client learns to accept her negative feelings because meaningful behavior change is impossible
C) the client learns to guide her own behavior through self talk
D) none of these
Q4) Cognitive behavior modification for depression involves first getting the person to engage in more ________________.
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