Individual Differences
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Course Introduction
This course explores the psychological variations among individuals, focusing on the origins, assessment, and implications of individual differences in areas such as intelligence, personality, motivation, and cognitive abilities. Students will examine key theories and research methods used to study individual differences, analyze how genetics and the environment contribute to these variations, and discuss their impact on educational, occupational, and social outcomes. Through case studies and empirical research, the course also considers the ethical, cultural, and practical considerations involved in measuring and interpreting individual differences in diverse populations.
Recommended Textbook
Individual Differences and Personality 3rd Edition by Michael C. Ashton
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13 Chapters
199 Verified Questions
199 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/2521
Page 2
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Psychological Measurement
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22 Verified Questions
22 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/50093
Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that self-reports of "mathematics anxiety" correlate -.25 with performance on a mathematics test.What is the expected average score on the mathematics test for persons who are 2 standard deviations above the mean on mathematics anxiety?
A)2.0 standard deviations below the mean
B)1.0 standard deviations below the mean
C)0.5 standard deviations below the mean
D)0.25 standard deviations below the mean
E)0.125 standard deviations below the mean
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following correlations between two variables would tell you that those variables are essentially unrelated to each other?
A).94
B)-.96
C)-.04
D)both A and B
E)both B and C
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Personality Traits and the Inventories That Measure
Them
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/50094
Sample Questions
Q1) According to the results of investigations such as that by Funder,Blackman,and Kolar (1995),which of the following best explains the existence of some agreement between self- and observer reports of a target person's personality,and between different observers' reports of that person's personality?
A)People generally discuss their own personalities with the people they know.
B)People generally discuss the personalities of other people they know.
C)People generally have similar impressions about a given person's personality.
D)Both A and B
E)All of the above
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following statements is most nearly the same as saying that Zachary has a high level of the personality trait of fearfulness?
A)Like virtually everyone else,Zachary becomes afraid in situations of extreme danger.
B)At any given time,Zachary feels afraid of something.
C)In many situations,Zachary tends to become afraid more easily than others do.
D)Zachary has an unusually strong fear of spiders.
E)None of the above.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Personality Structure: Classifying Traits
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9 Verified Questions
9 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In his early lexical studies of personality structure,Cattell (1947)used only about 35 adjectives,even though there were thousands of personality-descriptive adjectives in the English language.Why did Cattell use such a small set of adjectives?
A)He needed words that all of his personality raters would understand,so he chose only the 35 most well-known adjectives.
B)He wanted only those words that had direct translations into every known language. C)He had to make sure that the factor analysis calculations would not become too complex and time-consuming.
D)He decided that he needed only about seven adjectives for each Big Five factor to obtain adequate reliability of measurement.
E)None of the above.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Developmental Change and Stability of Personality
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11 Verified Questions
11 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best summarizes the results obtained by Lamb et al. (2002)in their study of developmental change and stability of personality throughout childhood?
A)Personality was moderately stable across intervals of a few years,and there was an increase in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness during the early school years.
B)Personality was moderately stable across intervals of a few years,and there was a decrease in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness during the early school years.
C)Personality was highly unstable across intervals of a few years,and there was an increase in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness during the early school years.
D)Personality was highly unstable across intervals of a few years,and there was a decrease in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness during the early school years.
E)Personality was highly unstable across intervals of a few years,and there was essentially no change in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness during the early school years.
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6
Chapter 5: Biological Bases of Personality
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Personality trait levels consistently show fairly strong and theoretically meaningful associations with which of the following?
A)Blood type
B)Handwriting style
C)Astrological sign
D)A and B
E)None of the above
Q2) Which of the following best describes the behaviors associated with the third system in Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality.
A)A tendency to respond strongly to punishments but not to rewards.
B)A tendency to respond strongly to rewards but not to punishments.
C)A tendency to respond strongly to stimuli that have previously been associated with reward.
D)A tendency to fight,rather than flee,when faced with danger or threat.
E)A tendency to fight or to flee when faced with danger or threat.
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Chapter 6: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about similarity between relatives in personality can be considered accurate?
A)Identical twins raised together are much more similar than identical twins raised apart.
B)Fraternal twins raised together are more similar than identical twins raised apart.
C)Adoptive siblings raised together are about as similar as (non-twin)biological siblings raised together.
D)A and C
E)None of the above.
Q2) In the question above,what would be the estimated effect of the common environment?
A).60
B).45
C).30
D).15
E).00
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Chapter 7: The Evolutionary Function of Personality
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12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the framework suggested by Ashton and Lee,which two of the six HEXACO personality factors are relevant to two aspects of reciprocal altruism?
A)Emotionality and Extraversion
B)Extraversion and Agreeableness
C)Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility
D)Openness to Experience and Honesty-Humility
E)Conscientiousness and Emotionality
Q2) Which of the six HEXACO personality factors shows the largest differences between the sexes,and is thought to be relevant to kin altruistic tendencies?
A)Honesty-Humility
B)Emotionality
C)Extraversion
D)Agreeableness
E)Conscientiousness
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9
Chapter 8: Personality Disorders
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Meehl and to Lenzenweger,one of the DSM-5 personality disorders results from a brain abnormality affecting about 10% of the population,in combination with certain social learning experiences.Which personality disorder is this?
A)Schizotypal
B)Paranoid
C)Antisocial
D)Histrionic
E)Obsessive-Compulsive
Q2) In the alternative system for diagnosing personality disorder as proposed for the DSM-5,which of the following was NOT among the areas in which impaired functioning would be diagnosed?
A)Spirituality
B)Identity
C)Self-direction
D)Empathy
E)Intimacy
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Chapter 9: Personality and Life Outcomes
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18 Verified Questions
18 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that person has both (a)a strong tendency to experience positive emotions,and (b)a strong tendency to experience negative emotions,as indicated by averaged observer reports of this individual's personality.What can be inferred about this person's likely level of (self-reported)life satisfaction?
A)Life satisfaction levels cannot be inferred at all,because observer reports of personality are generally unrelated to self-reported life satisfaction.
B)Life satisfaction should be high,because it is only the positive emotions that are related to life satisfaction.
C)Life satisfaction should be low,because it is only the negative emotions that are related to life satisfaction.
D)Life satisfaction should be about average,because both positive and negative emotions are related to life satisfaction (in opposite directions).
E)If the person is a woman,then B is true;if the person is a man,than A is true.
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Chapter 10: Mental Ability
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26 Verified Questions
26 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does "the principle of the indifference of the indicator" mean?
A)Highly g-loaded tests can contain any kind of content (e.g. ,verbal,numerical,spatial,etc. ).
B)All mental ability tasks are equally good measures of g.
C)Mental ability test performance is most accurately assessed by a neutral,unbiased observer.
D)Individuals make fewer errors on mental ability tests when they are unconcerned about the task,rather than being highly anxious about it.
E)Different methods of factor analysis produce identical estimates of tests' g-loadings.
Q2) Which of the following was NOT among the seven broad factors of mental ability identified by Thurstone?
A)Verbal fluency
B)Perceptual speed
C)Memory
D)Attention span
E)Reasoning
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12
Chapter 11: Vocational Interests
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12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which two of Holland's (1966)interest dimensions are associated (1)with interests in law and politics and (2)with interests in life sciences and medicine?
A)Social and Realistic
B)Enterprising and Investigative
C)Conventional and Investigative
D)Artistic and Realistic
E)Enterprising and Conventional
Q2) According to the findings of Lykken et al. (1993),the heritability of vocational interests is close to which value,on average?
A).00
B).15
C).30
D).50
E).80
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13
Chapter 12: Religion and Politics
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recall that Altemeyer and Hunsberger (1997)compared two groups of people: Those who were nonreligious despite having been raised in a very religious household (i.e. ,the "Amazing Apostates"),and those who were very religious despite having been raised in a nonreligious househould (i.e. ,the "Amazing Believers").Which of the following statements is an accurate description of their results?
A)Most Amazing Apostates had been rather mediocre students in school.
B)Most Amazing Apostates still accepted the accuracy and consistency of religious teachings,but were just no longer interested in religion.
C)Most Amazing Believers had become religious on the basis of reason and reflection rather than passion and emotion.
D)Most Amazing Believers had become religious following a period of crisis in their lives. E)None of the above.
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14
Chapter 13: Sexuality
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some explanations for the persistence of a heritable tendency for male homosexuality are based on the idea that the relatives of gay men might have tended to have more surviving offspring than do the relatives of straight men.Which of the following specific explanations have been proposed?
1)Gay men tend to invest heavily in the well-being of their nieces and nephews
2)Gay men's nieces and nephews tend to have especially strong resistance to infectious disease
3)Gay men's mothers and aunts tend to have many children.
A)1 only
B)1 and 2 only
C)1 and 3 only
D)2 and 3 only
E)1,2,and 3
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