Individual Differences
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
This course explores the psychological foundations and practical implications of individual differences among humans, focusing on the ways in which people vary in terms of personality, intelligence, motivation, aptitude, emotionality, and cognitive styles. Students will examine contemporary theories, research methods, and empirical findings related to the measurement and origins of these differences, including the roles played by genetics, environment, and culture. The course also emphasizes the impact of individual variability in educational, workplace, and clinical settings, and discusses ethical considerations in assessing and addressing individual differences.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Theory and Research 12th Edition by Daniel Cervone
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15 Chapters
1423 Verified Questions
1423 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Personality Theory: From Everyday Observations to Systematic Theories
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70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23286
Sample Questions
Q1) According to the "toolkit" metaphor, what are some of the jobs a personality psychologist might want to accomplish?
A) Describe individual differences.
B) Identify basic human motivations.
C) Explain the development of a self-concept.
D) Predict performance in work settings.
E) All of the above.
Answer: E
Q2) A critical question for personality theory concerns
A) whether the past or future is more important.
B) how to conceptualize the role of the past and future.
C) whether the past can influence the present.
D) all of the above.
Answer: B
Q3) According to the "toolkit" metaphor, the number and diversity of theories of personality is good for the field,
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: The Scientific Study of People
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87 Verified Questions
87 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The theories and research of scientific personality psychologists differ from those of the ordinary person in being
A) more general and testable.
B) more explicit and testable.
C) more general and valid.
D) more explicit and valid
Answer: B
Q2) Individual differences in performance on an experimental test would be an example of ____ data.
A) L-data
B) O-data
C) T-data
D) S-data
Answer: C
Q3) The term "function" in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) refers to:
A) a given task the person might be asked to do
B) the workings of the fMRI itself
C) the magnetic properties of blood cells
D) variations in blood flow
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: A Psychodynamic Theory: Freuds
Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research indicates that events of early childhood may leave an emotional memory that influences later functioning without the person having a conscious memory of the event. This is because a part of the brain, the amygdala, is involved at that point in time but prior to the development of more mature brain structures involved in memory, such as the hippocampus. This finding is
A) Consistent with both psychoanalytic theory and cognitive science
B) Consistent with only psychoanalytic theory
C) Consistent with only cognitive science
D) Inconsistent with both psychoanalytic theory and cognitive science
Answer: A
Q2) The development of the idea of catharsis is the result of
A) correlational research
B) biological research
C) experimental research
D) a clinical case study
Answer: D
Q3) The superego operates on the basis of the pleasure principle.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Freuds Psychodynamic Theory:
Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which theorist is most associated with an emphasis on peer relationships?
A) Jung.
B) Horney.
C) Sullivan.
D) all of the above.
Q2) Narcissism reflects a fixation at the oral stage of development.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following was a problem with analyzing the case of "Little Hans?"
A) interviewing was done by the father.
B) interviewing was done in an unsystematic way.
C) Freud was dependent on second-hand reports.
D) all of the above were problems.
Q4) Which of the following is not a concept emphasized by Jung?
A) blank screen.
B) collective unconscious.
C) libido.
D) archetypes.
Q5) Discuss Freud's theory of psychopathology. Page 6
Q6) Discuss Freud's view of how psychoanalysis leads to positive personality change.
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Chapter 5: A Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers
Person-Centered Theory of Personality
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following was developed as a measure of attitudes and the meaning of concepts?
A) Q-data.
B) Q-sort.
C) adjective checklist.
D) semantic differential.
Q2) Freud is to drives as Rogers is to
A) tension reduction.
B) self actualization.
C) incongruence.
D) subception.
Q3) Compare the views of Freud and Rogers on the nature of the person and science.
Q4) According to Rogers, the basic tendency for humans is to strive for A) satisfaction of biological needs.
B) meeting security needs.
C) self-actualization.
D) psychosocial maturation.
Q5) The Q-sort is used to assess the phenomenal field. A)True B)False
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Chapter 6: A Phenomenological Theory - Applications and Evaluation of Rogers Theory
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Authenticity has been found to be associated with both physical and psychological health.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Rogers found diagnoses helpful in responding to the individual needs of each client.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A Rogerian contribution was to conceptualize and measure the self-actualization motive.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to terror management theory, if cultural beliefs buffer against fear of death, and if people are induced to think about death, then they should display a stronger-than-usual need to _______, and to _______, their cultural beliefs.
A) question; refine
B) eschew; reject
C) possess; defend
D) repress; deny
Page 9
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Chapter 7: Trait Approaches to Personality - Allport,
Eyesneck and Cattell
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The trait theorist who emphasized the fewest traits was A) Allport.
B) Eysenck.
C) Cattell.
D) Plomin.
Q2) According to Eysenck, it is necessary to A) develop adequate measures.
B) develop a theory of performance.
C) establish biological foundations for traits.
D) all of the above.
Q3) People who are solitary and uncaring of others would be described by Eysenck as high on A) selfishness.
B) psychoticism.
C) extroversion.
D) introversion.
Q4) Factor analysis allows one to cluster variables together in the search for basic personality units.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Trait Theory: the Five-Factor Model: Applications and Evaluation of the Trait Approach
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the person-situation controversy in terms of the issue, the evidence, and the conclusions you would make about the consistency versus variability of behavior.
Q2) The NEO-PI correlates well with scores from the A) EPI.
B) 16PF.
C) Q-sort.
D) all of the above.
Q3) Cross-cultural research on age trends suggests
A) the same pattern of personality trait change.
B) varying patterns of personality trait change.
C) western vs. nonwestern differences in personality trait change.
D) developing countries vs. developed countries differences in personality trait change.
Q4) McCrae and Costa suggest there is an intrinsic maturation to personality.
A)True B)False
Q5) The trait of conscientiousness is linked to health and longevity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Biological Foundations of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Davidson,
A) individual differences in lateralization begin in adulthood.
B) are important for individual differences in mood.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
Q2) Dopamine has been described as the "feel good" chemical.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is not a method used to establish genetic-behavior relationships?
A) selective breeding.
B) twin studies.
C) adoption studies.
D) DNS studies.
Q4) According to research,
A) shared family influences are more important than nonshared family influences.
B) nonshared family influences are more important than shared family influences.
C) shared and nonshared family influences are of equal importance.
D) nonshared influences outside the family are more important than those inside the family.
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Chapter 10: Behaviorism and the Learning Approaches to Personality
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86 Verified Questions
86 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why Skinner argued against the idea that people have free will.
Q2) For Skinner, depression may be viewed as a result of A) punishment.
B) withdrawal of positive reinforcers.
C) intermittent reinforcement.
D) all of the above.
Q3) Watson's work with conditioning a fear response to furry objects with Little Albert is an example of the potential for _________ conditioning to play a considerable role in the development of certain types of pathology.
A) classical
B) instrumental
C) operant
D) integration
Q4) According to learning theory, whatever consistency is found in behavior is most likely the result of
A) similarity of neural pathways handling the different impulses.
B) a limited or constricted response repertoire.
C) similarity of environmental conditions evoking the behavior.
D) the various behaviors being under the control of the same or similar ergs.
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Chapter 11: A Cognitive Theory of Personality: George a Kellys
Personal Construct Theory of Personality
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76 Verified Questions
76 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Rep test assumes the presented list of roles is the basis for an adequate sampling of the person's construct system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Kelly, psychopathology is a
A) disordered response to anxiety.
B) disordered functioning of the construct system.
C) faulty effort to reestablish prediction.
D) all of the above.
Q3) Kelly's concepts of fear, anxiety, and threat all relate to the functioning of the construct system.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Kelly, to understand a construct we must know its A) similarity pole.
B) contrast pole.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Page 14
Q5) Describe Kelly's approach to personality change and contrast it with that of Freud.
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Chapter 12: Social Cognitive Theory: Bandura and Mischel
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87 Verified Questions
87 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In observational learning, a critical distinction is made between A) acquisition and performance.
B) acquisition and memory.
C) memory and performance.
D) all of the above.
Q2) According to Bandura, aggressive behavior is regulated by A) external consequences.
B) self-produced consequences.
C) vicarious experiencing of consequences.
D) all of the above.
Q3) In development of the ability to delay gratification, children develop ways to distance themselves from the "hot" qualities of desired objects.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The CAPS model was developed by A) Bandura.
B) Mischel and Shoda.
C) Skinner.
D) Costa and McCrae.
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Chapter 13: Social-Cognitive Theory: Extensions,
Applications, and Evaluation
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Markus, self-schemas
A) determine how we evaluate others.
B) make the accessing of self-relevant information difficult.
C) facilitate attention to what is not self-relevant.
D) influence what we can recall.
Q2) According to Markus, having relevant self-schemata
A) makes the judgment of relevant adjectives more difficult.
B) leads one to be more narcissistic.
C) means that one will resist certain types of information.
D) means that one can judge the relevance of all adjectives rapidly.
Q3) Meichenbaum's approach has much in common with that of A) Kelly.
B) Freud.
C) Rogers.
D) Eysenck.
Q4) Self-schemas can be measured using reaction-time methods.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) How can Higgins' analysis of different types of evaluative standards explain individual differences in emotional experience?
Chapter 14: Personality in Context: Interpersonal Relations,
Culture, and Development Across the Course of Life
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on the priming of cultural concepts by Hong et al. suggests that culture can be understood within a ______________ framework.
A) social-cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) trait theory
D) none of the above
Q2) It has been found that, among defensive pessimists
A) expectations for GPA strongly predict actual GPA.
B) academic self-discrepancies negatively influence performance.
C) negativity of plans negatively predict performance.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
Q3) Defensive pessimists obtain poor grades in school.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that older adults will value A) money.
B) cognitive functioning.
C) the learning of new skills, especially for dealing with technology.
D) emotion regulation, especially personal relationships.
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Chapter 15: An Overview of Personality Theory, Assessment, and Research
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49 Verified Questions
49 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Media modeling has been used successfully to promote literacy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The text emphasizes that
A) environmental differences are associated with behavioral variability.
B) behavioral consistency reflects the importance of person factors.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Q3) The text warns against the danger of reductionism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The person as a problem solver would be least associated with the views of A) Bandura.
B) Kelly.
C) Cattell.
D) Mischel.
Q5) Discuss the case of Jim in the light of the theories covered and the personality data obtained in association with them.
Q6) Compare the strengths and limitations of three theoretical approaches covered in the text. Page 18
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Page 19