Human Perception
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the complex processes underlying human perception, examining how we acquire, organize, and interpret sensory information from our environment. Students will investigate key perceptual systems, including vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell, as well as the neural mechanisms and psychological principles that govern these processes. Through discussions of topics such as perceptual development, illusions, attention, and multisensory integration, the course provides a comprehensive overview of how we construct our subjective experience of reality and the factors that shape and sometimes distort our perceptions.
Recommended Textbook
Congitive Psychology 3rd Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)
A) cognitive map.
B) mental model.
C) artificial intelligence.
D) memory consolidation.
Answer: A
Q2) The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
A) measured directly.
B) inferred from the participant's behavior.
C) measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant's response.
D) measured by comparing responses among different participants.
Answer: B
Q3) Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?
A) Donald Broadbent
B) Colin Cherry
C) Newell and Simon
D) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) In ERP methodology, the number that follows the N or the P (N400 or P300, for example)stands for
A) the positivity or negativity of the response.
B) how likely the response is, with higher numbers indicating a more likely response.
C) how strong the response is in millimeters on the reading.
D) the time at which the response peaks in milliseconds.
Answer: D
Q2) A grandmother cell responds
A) only to a specific stimulus.
B) to strong positive emotion.
C) to both positive and negative emotion.
D) to a variety of stimuli.
Answer: A
Q3) Most cognitive psychologists the notion of a grandmother cell.
A) accept
B) are uncertain about C) reject
D) are actively investigating
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Perception
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?
A) Vertical orientation
B) Horizontal orientation
C) Angled orientation
D) Having one object that is partially covered by another "come out the other side"
Answer: C
Q2) A heuristic for finding a cat that is hiding somewhere in the house is
A) to systematically search every room in the house.
B) to first look in the places where the cat likes to hide.
C) systematically searching every room and looking first where the cat likes to hide are equally fine heuristics
D) none of these
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is not a geon?
A) Cylinder
B) Pyramid
C) Cone
D) Circle
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the flanker compatibility procedure, flanker stimuli and target stimuli must necessarily differ in terms of
A) location.
B) size.
C) identity.
D) color.
Q2) Treisman's model has been called a "leaky filter" model.Describe her model, and explain why it is "leaky." How does Treisman's model explain the results of Moray's "words in the unattended ear" experiment?
Q3) Which of the following would likely be an input message into the detector in Broadbent's model?
A) All messages selected by the filter
B) All messages within earshot
C) A message with a German accent
D) All sensory messages
Q4) Lavie showed how results that appear contradictory (some supporting early selection, others supporting late selection)can all be explained by the same general principle.What is this principle? Explain the experimental results to support your conclusions.
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Q1) Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of
A) auditory coding in STM.
B) semantic coding in STM.
C) auditory coding in LTM.
D) semantic coding in LTM.
Q2) Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes.You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better.You are experiencing A) the self-reference effect.
B) retroactive inhibition.
C) release from proactive interference.
D) disinhibition.
Q3) STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)
A) meaningful units.
B) digits.
C) words.
D) sentences.
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory--Structure
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Q1) The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words.One way to get rid of the recency effect is to
A) have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list.
B) present the list more slowly.
C) have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
D) have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them.
Q2) A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in
A) recognizing famous people.
B) remembering the meaning of some words.
C) recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen.
D) remembering where a best friend had moved.
Q3) Explain how psychologists distinguish between episodic and semantic memory, and also how these two types of memories are connected.
Q4) Describe the serial position curve.Draw a graph (labeling each axis)to illustrate the curve, making sure you explain each "section" of the curve.Explain the structural features of memory responsible for the shape of the curve.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
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Q1) According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is
A) encoded.
B) stored.
C) retrieved.
D) all of the above
Q2) Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of
A) an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons.
B) enhanced firing in the neurons.
C) larger electrical impulses in the synapse.
D) the growth of new dendrites in neurons.
Q3) Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval.This is called
A) transfer-appropriate processing.
B) episodic-based processing.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) personal semantic memory.
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9
Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Q1) In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there.This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.
A) schemas
B) scripts
C) confabulation
D) bias
Q2) Suppose a friend tells you she has such a vivid memory of a personal event that it seems like a photograph.She wonders aloud about these kinds of memories and how they work.Explain to her the nature of flashbulb memories and what is known about them.
Q3) Describe memory over the lifespan by describing the relationship between the ability to remember events in one's life and age at the time of the event.For example, what would a plot of "events remembered" vs."age" look like for a 40-year-old person? How would it differ for a 70-year-old person? Additionally, describe two competing hypotheses for the reminiscence bump.
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Chapter 9: Knowledge
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Q1) The activity that represents a particular object is established in a connectionist network through a process of learning that involves
A) adjusting the weights of inhibitory and excitatory connections between units.
B) a process of trial and error.
C) comparing the object to objects in other categories.
D) adjusting the length of the links that connect the nodes in the circuit.
Q2) The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by
A) the amount of information contained in each concept.
B) the distance that must be traveled through the network.
C) the typicality of the information contained in each concept.
D) the representativeness of the information contained in each concept.
Q3) A(n)____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.
A) exemplar
B) concept
C) unit
D) prototype
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Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Q1) Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect.This patient was asked to imagine himself walking in a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw.His behavior shows
A) neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery.
B) neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported.
C) neglect occurred in imagery so that the patient, imagining the walk from one direction and neglecting the left side of the plaza, was then unable to imagine walking the plaza from the other direction.
D) neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking.
Q2) Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and
A) dual coding.
B) dreams.
C) inner audition.
D) the visual buffer.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) The given-new contract is a method for creating
A) coherence in people's conversations.
B) children's mastery of syntax.
C) resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence.
D) anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.
Q2) The interactionist approach to parsing states that
A) semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence.
B) semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.
C) the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing.
D) semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity.
Q3) Define the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and describe the experiments on color perception that support it.
Q4) One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children
A) produce sentences they have never heard.
B) show similar language development across cultures.
C) are rewarded for using correct language.
D) learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Q1) The Tower of Hanoi problem is an example of a(n)____ problem that has been analyzed using the ____ approach.
A) ill-defined; Gestalt
B) ill-defined; information processing
C) well-defined; Gestalt
D) well-defined; information processing
Q2) The ability to transfer experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as
A) analogical encoding.
B) analogical transfer.
C) insight.
D) in vivo problem solving.
Q3) Experts _____ than novices.
A) spend less time analyzing problems
B) are better at reasoning in general
C) are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems
D) take a more effective approach to a problem
Q4) Define and give examples of convergent and divergent thinking.How do these relate to creativity? Describe experiments that show how fixation can affect creativity.
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Chapter 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Q1) The study by Tversky and Shafir, in which college students decided whether or not to purchase a vacation package after taking a difficult end-of-semester exam, showed the influence of ____ in decision making.
A) positive vs. negative outcomes
B) opt-in vs. opt-out procedures
C) justification
D) utility
Q2) Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo.If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using
A) the representative heuristic.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) framing.
D) the law of small numbers.
Q3) According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is
A) a mental model.
B) a categorical syllogism.
C) the law of large numbers.
D) the falsification principle.
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Page 15