Human Nature and Individual Differences
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Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental question of what it means to be human by examining the biological, psychological, and social factors that shape human nature and individual differences. Students will investigate key theories and empirical findings related to personality, intelligence, motivation, emotion, and behavior, considering influences such as genetics, environment, culture, and life experiences. The course also addresses methods for assessing individual differences and discusses the implications of variability among individuals for education, mental health, and society at large. Through readings, discussions, and case studies, students will develop a nuanced understanding of human diversity and the unique characteristics that distinguish individuals.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 6th Edition by
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Randy Larsen
Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Evocations are produced when:
A)different people see the same situation differently.
B)one's characteristics unintentionally cause other people to act in a certain way.
C)one intentionally attempts to make other people act in a certain way.
D)individuals select environments to match their traits.
Answer: B
Q2) At a psychological level,the physical environment may lead to the development of:
A)shivering mechanisms when people feel cold.
B)hunger pangs to motivate people to seek food.
C)friction mechanisms to prevent calluses on skin.
D)fear mechanisms to help people avoid environmental threats.
Answer: D
Q3) How many trait-descriptive adjectives are there in the English language?
A)More than 500
B)More than 1,800
C)More than 5,000
D)More than 15,000
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
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Q1) A central advantage of using multiple measures from various data sources is that researchers are able to:
A)establish cross-data source consistency across all the sources of datA.
B)increase the validity of each of the data sources under investigation.
C)average out unique idiosyncrasies and home in on the key variable under study.
D)increase the resultant split half reliability coefficients.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is by far the most commonly used self-report assessment procedure?
A)The interview method
B)The periodic report method
C)The questionnaire method
D)The experience sampling method
Answer: C
Q3) A type of validity that subsumes all other types of validity is:
A)predictive validity.
B)construct validity.
C)face validity.
D)discriminant validity.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Norman's markers for the Big Five,a person who is good-natured and cooperative would score high on the trait of:
A)surgency.
B)agreeableness.
C)conscientiousness.
D)emotional stability.
Answer: B
Q2) The approach that uses the natural language as its logical starting point is the _____ approach.
A)lexical
B)theoretical
C)statistical
D)act frequency
Answer: A
Q3) In the context of the HEXACO model,individuals low on honesty-humility are:
A)less likely to violate social contracts.
B)more likely to boast about their personal accomplishments.
C)less likely to sabotage others in their work environment.
D)more likely to forgive their former romantic partners on being rejecteD.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The trait perspective historically has been concerned with:
A)accurate measurement.
B)the unconscious mind.
C)the theory of evolution.
D)personality disorders.
Q2) The concept of aggregation:
A)does not predict performance on a specific occasion.
B)predicts performance on specific occasions.
C)predicts behavior based on traumatic events.
D)predicts a single behavior from a single measure.
Q3) When there was a flood in the country of Octavia,the able citizens came forward to help the needy.They especially took care of women,elders,and young children.They made available food and clothing to the people who had been hit hard by the flood.This scenario most likely exemplifies:
A)a rank order.
B)situational selection.
C)a strong situation.
D)manipulation.
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Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability,
Coherence, and Change
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Q1) According to Crede et al.(2016),a massive meta-analysis of the grit literature shows that it is highly correlated with _____.
A)openness to experience
B)extraversion
C)emotional stability
D)conscientiousness
Q2) Sensation seeking increases with age from childhood to adolescence and peaks in:
A)early childhood.
B)late adolescence.
C)mid-life.
D)late life.
Q3) According to Mary Rothbart and Hwang (2005),which of the following factors of temperament is probably the most stable?
A)Activity level
B)Fear
C)Duration of orienting
D)Soothability
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Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Jim twins:
A)prove that personality traits are heritable.
B)prove the effects of nonshared family environments.
C)are identical twins separated at birth.
D)are identical in all ways.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about active genotype-environment correlation?
A)Parents provide the same environment to all their children.
B)Individuals are passive recipients of their environments.
C)Parents respond to each of their children differently,depending on the child's genotype.
D)Individuals with a particular genotype seek out a particular environment.
Q3) Combining the strengths of adoption and twin studies:
A)is not appropriate in behavior genetics studies.
B)provides one of the most powerful behavioral genetic designs.
C)requires selective breeding over many generations of laboratory animals.
D)provides an error-free estimate of heritability for behavioral genetic studies.
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Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality
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Q1) Phineas Gage's personality became _____ after he was injured by an iron rod that was blasted through his brain while he was working as a railway builder.
A)agreeable and conscientious
B)obstinate and capricious
C)extraverted and neurotic
D)extraordinarily conventional
Q2) Which of the following best indicates cardiovascular activity?
A)Skin conductance
B)Alpha waves
C)Electrodermal activity
D)Blood pressure
Q3) To ensure accurate measurement of cardiovascular activity,researchers typically:
A)measure the number of heartbeats per minute.
B)measure skin conductance between heartbeats.
C)measure the time interval between successive beats.
D)measure the average systolic blood pressure.
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9
Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ is probably a result of the human evolutionary history of living in social groups.
A)Sexual desire
B)Our evolved sweet tooth
C)The need to belong
D)Sexual dimorphism
Q2) _____ can be defined as one's personal reproductive success plus the effects one has on the reproduction of his or her genetic relatives,weighted by a degree of genetic relatedness.
A)Effective polygyny
B)Sexual dimorphism
C)Inclusive fitness
D)Reactive heritability
Q3) From an evolutionary perspective,women will generally prefer men who:
A)are extremely attractive even if they are not wealthy.
B)accrue resources and are willing to channel them toward particular women.
C)are assertive and aggressive toward other men.
D)have large sexual cells (gametes).
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10
Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which part of the human mind engages in secondary process thinking?
A)The id
B)The ego
C)The superego
D)The conscious
Q2) Which of the following defense mechanisms is a threatening or an unacceptable impulse channeled or redirected from its original source to a nonthreatening target?
A)Repression
B)Sublimation
C)Projection
D)Displacement
Q3) The ego operates:
A)according to the pleasure principle.
B)according to the reality principle.
C)according to the anxiety principle.
D)with primary process thinking.
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Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most people who study attachment and relationship styles would agree that:
A)there is little correspondence between childhood and adult attachment styles.
B)a childhood attachment style cannot be changed during adulthood.
C)a positive relationship in adulthood can compensate for a negative childhood.
D)a negative childhood predicts a strong motive to form deep attachments in adult relationships.
Q2) Connecting with others,both in terms of friendships and intimate relationships,is the focus of the _____ stage.
A)intimacy versus isolation
B)integrity versus despair
C)autonomy versus shame and doubt
D)generativity versus stagnation
Q3) Research on subliminal perception suggests that:
A)subliminal perception can usually influence people's motivations.
B)unconscious information does not influence people's motivations.
C)subliminal perception is impossible.
D)subliminal perception can lead to important changes in personality.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Motives and Personality
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Q1) Who among the following developed client-centered therapy?
A)Carl Rogers
B)Abraham Maslow
C)Henry Murray
D)David McClelland
Q2) Loneliness is a sign that _____ needs are not being satisfied.
A)belongingness
B)safety
C)esteem
D)self-actualization
Q3) Which of the following provides the best metaphor for client-centered therapy?
A)A mirror
B)A steamroller
C)A puzzle
D)A textbook
Q4) The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)is a(n):
A)self-report questionnaire.
B)intelligence inventory.
C)psychopathology index.
D)projective assessment technique.
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality
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Q1) According to Tamir and Nadler (2007),field-dependent people _____.
A)have strong social skills
B)tend to be highly creative
C)are skillful at analyzing complex situations
D)make better progress when learning a second language
Q2) _____ intelligence is a term that refers to a single broad factor of intelligence.
A)Achievement
B)Aptitude
C)General
D)Emotional
Q3) A person who scores low in _____ may do well in school but have difficulty in most other areas of life.
A)kinesthetic intelligence
B)aptitude intelligence
C)emotional intelligence
D)All of the answers are correct.
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Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies have shown that emotion is associated with an increased activation of the:
A)hippocampus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)anterior cingulate.
D)prefrontal cortex.
Q2) People in countries with _____ tend to be happier.
A)less civil liberties
B)low incomes
C)moderate incomes
D)more civil liberties
Q3) Most lists of primary emotions contain _____ emotions.
A)equal numbers of positive and negative
B)more positive emotions than negative
C)more negative emotions than positive
D)only negative or positive
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15
Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self
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Q1) According to psychologist Tory Higgins,which of the following terms refers to a person's understanding of what others want him or her to be?
A)Self-schema
B)Ideal self
C)Ought self
D)Self-complexity
Q2) Jennifer,a 35-year-old successful businesswoman and a mother,is offered a senior role at work.The role comes with a hefty paycheck,but it also requires her to move to a new city for five years.She would have to leave her family behind,especially her 2-year-old daughter,and miss out on her daughter's early childhood years.Jennifer loves her job as well as her family and finds it extremely difficult to make this important decision.In the context of Roy Baumeister's concept of identity crises,Jennifer is most likely experiencing _____ in this scenario.
A)an identity deficit
B)an identity conflict
C)the third variable problem
D)the directionality problem
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Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) People whose ratings of their preferred partner are close to the personality characteristics of the person they are married to are:
A)much more satisfied than people who are married to someone less like their ideal partner.
B)slightly more satisfied than people who are married to someone less like their ideal partner.
C)less satisfied than people who are married to someone less like their ideal partner.
D)no different from other people in terms of marital satisfaction.
Q2) The manipulation tactic of _____ mostly involves yelling at someone.
A)coercion
B)reason
C)charm
D)responsibility invocation
Q3) Which of the following is an example of the hardball manipulation tactic?
A)Bribing someone
B)Acting in a loving way
C)Whining
D)Hitting someone
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Chapter 16: Sex,Gender,and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The overall sex differences in self-esteem have been found to be:
A)relatively small.
B)moderate.
C)large.
D)very large.
Q2) The idea that men are not capable of being nurturing exemplifies:
A)sex differences.
B)gender differences.
C)adaptive problems.
D)gender stereotypes.
Q3) Social learning theory is a variant of _____ theory.
A)socialization
B)social role
C)evolutionary
D)hormonal
Q4) Identify a true statement about the empathizing-systemizing distinction.
A)Men and women score almost equally on empathizing.
B)Men score higher on systemizing than women.
C)Men prefer teaching and helping professions.
D)Men and women equally gravitate toward construction and engineering.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Culture and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the context of early experience and evoked mating strategies,Jay Belsky and his colleagues argue that harsh,rejecting,and inconsistent child-rearing practices,erratically provided resources,and marital discord _____.
A)foster a personality of conscientiousness
B)foster a mating strategy marked by early reproduction
C)discourage individuals from a short-term mating strategy
D)discourage individuals from seeking multiple mates
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about cultures that are characterized by interdependence?
A)They encourage expression of personal desires and internal motives.
B)They emphasize nonconformity to the dictates of others.
C)They celebrate individuals' uniqueness and novelty within a group.
D)They emphasize individuals' embeddedness within a group.
Q3) In the context of cultural universals,Margaret Mead purported to discover cultures in which _____.
A)individuals created mental images of desired objects to satisfy their needs
B)sex roles were reversed and sexual jealousy was entirely absent
C)adolescents assumed stressful adult responsibilities
D)unacceptable sexual instincts were channeled into socially desired activities
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Stress,Coping,Adjustment,and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a subtrait of Type A personality?
A)Self-handicapping
B)Rationalization
C)Defensive pessimism
D)Time urgency
Q2) Research suggests that inhibiting the expression of negative emotions:
A)makes people feel better.
B)makes people feel worse.
C)leads to heightened physiological activity.
D)leads to reduced physiological activity.
Q3) Having too much to do all the time,having to fight the crowds while shopping,getting stuck regularly in heavy traffic,having to wait in lines all the time,having an unpleasant boss at work,having a long commute,and having to worry over money are all examples of:
A)daily hassles.
B)major life events.
C)attributional style.
D)emotional inhibition.
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Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality
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Q1) When children come to believe that others are not to be trusted,they are most likely to develop _____ personality disorder.
A)obsessive-compulsive
B)histrionic
C)borderline
D)narcissistic
Q2) Which of the following statements best describes the narcissistic paradox?
A)Although narcissists score high on irresponsibility,their irresponsible behavior leads to innovation.
B)Although narcissists have high self-esteem,their grandiose self-esteem is actually quite fragile.
C)Although narcissists refrain from sexually provocative behavior,they are highly comfortable in intimate relationships.
D)Although narcissists are characterized by instability,they actually have satisfying relationships.
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21
Chapter 20: Summary and Future Directions
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Q1) _____ concerns the factors within the mind that influence behavior,thoughts,and emotions;the domain also includes defense mechanisms.
A)The intrapsychic domain
B)The dispositional domain
C)The biological domain
D)The adjustment domain
Q2) The fact that our world is becoming "smaller" demonstrates the importance of the _____ domain.
A)intrapsychic
B)social and cultural
C)biological
D)cognitive/experiential
Q3) Researchers working in the _____ domain are especially interested in how people influence their environment and how personality influences the processes of selection,evocation,and manipulation.
A)intrapsychic
B)social and cultural
C)biological
D)cognitive/experiential
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