Human Memory
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the science of human memory, examining how we encode, store, and retrieve information. Students will learn about the major theories and models of memory, including sensory, short-term, and long-term memory systems. Key topics include the biological basis of memory, the distinction between explicit and implicit memory, and the processes underlying forgetting and memory distortions. The course also examines developmental and clinical aspects of memory, such as age-related changes and memory disorders. Through lectures, readings, and practical applications, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how memory works and its significance in daily life.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 1St Edition Edition by Howard Eichenbaum
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12 Chapters
600 Verified Questions
600 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Nature of Learning and Memory
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50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast correlational and experimental approaches to the study of learning and memory.
Answer: Both correlational and experimental studies are used in learning and memory research. In a correlational approach, changes are observed at a behavioral, anatomical, or physiological level in humans or animals in the area of learning or memory. Changes could be an increase or decrease of a specific behavior, like the number of words recalled from a word list. Neurological studies could examine the neural pattern changes that occur during a learning task. Studies of a correlational nature cannot address a cause and effect relationship, though they could lead to experimental studies that allow for a more specific assessment of cause and effect. Experimental studies involve manipulations of at least one variable. A control group, which receives no manipulation, is often compared to the experimental group, which received the manipulation. Except for the manipulation, everything else about the conditions have to be the same to reduce extraneous variables. An experimental study is one that can yield cause and effect explanations. Correlational designs describe patterns in behavior and describe phenomenon, whereas experimental designs test possible relationships
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Chapter 2: The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of a neuron during resting potential?
A) The charge of the cell is slightly positive.
B) Sodium ions flow in and out of the cell.
C) Potassium ions flow in and out of the cell.
D) Most channels in the membrane close.
Answer: C
Q2) When the charge of a neuron changes from negative to positive the result is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The amygdala would be closely linked with which type of learning?
A) complex motor
B) emotional
C) fine motor
D) familiar objects
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Simple Forms of Learning and Memory
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50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Indicate why a sea snail is a good animal in which to study sensitization and habituation.
Answer: The sea snail is an invertebrate with a primitive nervous system. The nervous systems of invertebrates are less complex those of humans so they have fewer neurons to observe. Also, the cells are larger and they can be identified by their unique, stereotyped appearance within each animal. These qualities allow researchers to identify the the cells that serve a particular fuction in different animals and study all of the cells in a functional circuit.
Q2) Habituation of the defensive reflex in the Aplysia was found to be ______ and ______.
A) slow; short-lasting
B) slow; long-lasting
C) rapid; short-lasting
D) rapid; long-lasting
Answer: D
Q3) A ganglion is a cluster of cells.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Perceptual Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Typically, perceptual learning is nonassociative.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Perceptual memories are specific to __________.
A) a person's skill level
B) a general type of stimulus
C) a particular stimulus
D) both skill level and type of stimulus
Q3) When we are able to distinguish an object according to its relevant features it is called _____________.
A) unitization
B) differentiation
C) attentional weighting
D) imprinting
Q4) Generally, participants with amnesia do ________ on a cued recall than on a free recall.
A) worse
B) better
C) equally well
D) equally poor
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Chapter 5: Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain how the hippocampus is necessary for different types of conditioning. Use research findings to support your answer.
Q2) The time between the successive presentation of CS and US pairs is called the interstimulus interval.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Pairing a CS with a US is called ___________.
A) initial conditioning
B) first-order conditioning
C) second-order conditioning
D) phase 1 conditioning
Q4) If the dogs in Pavlov's experiment began salivating before the food entered the stomach and as early as when the research door opened, the sound of the door would be called the _____________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned reflex
D) conditioned reflex
Q5) Discuss why response extinction is not the same as forgetting.
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Chapter 6: Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) When studying turning patterns in rats during a maze task, if a rat is rewarded for turning one way consistently in a t-maze it is called a _________ condition.
A) win-shift
B) win-stay
C) win-lose
D) win-win
Q2) When Bobby gets caught by the teacher for chewing gum he has to stand in the corner. If his gum chewing behavior has increased in the last month, then standing in the corner has become a __________.
A) motivator
B) superstition
C) punisher
D) reinforcer
Q3) How are cued learning and place learning two different approaches for studying instrumental learning in a water maze task?
Q4) Animal trainers often use shaping to get the animals to perform complex tasks.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Emotional Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers studying the accuracy of long-term emotional memories found that 32 months after the O.J. Simpson trial __________.
A) almost 90% of subjects could still remember key events
B) nearly 50% of the subjects had perfect memory for the events
C) about 15% of subjects had nearly perfect memory for the events
D) almost nobody could clearly remember
Q2) During the "fight or flight" response, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland which in turn signals the _________ to release _________.
A) adrenal glands; glucocorticoids
B) amygdala; norepinephrine
C) adrenal glands; dopamine
D) amygdala; glucocorticoids
Q3) Denise has a fear of heights although she has never fallen from something high. Her fear is called a ___________.
A) flashbulb memory
B) contextual fear
C) cued fear
D) phobia
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Chapter 8: Cognitive Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Behavioral memory is measured by examples of _________.
A) explicit statements
B) overall memory
C) motor tasks
D) cognitive tasks
Q2) The man who discovered Velcro developed it after he saw that burrs stick to a dog's fur. This is a specific example of a(n) ___________.
A) creative procedure
B) matching-to-sample problem
C) implicit memory
D) exemplar
Q3) "Knowing that" something is true is also called _________ memory.
A) procedural
B) syntax
C) declarative
D) implicit
Q4) Brain images indicated that the hippocampus was more active during novel, nontransitive judgments.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Episodic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies into the role of the hippocampus in recognition for where objects have previously been investigated have used the _________ task.
A) ROC
B) habituation-dishabituation
C) unique trial to match
D) test-retest matched sample
Q2) According to dual process theories familiarity and recollection are seen as ________.
A) independent processes
B) dependent processes
C) independent from recognition memory
D) independent from recall memory
Q3) The ROC function of amnesic subjects was symmetrical, demonstrating a recognition deficiency.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Familiarity causes a curvilinear shape in an ROC curve.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Semantic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Experts tend to process objects holistically as members of their categories.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Before traveling to a new place you go to Mapquest and get the directions from your town to the new town. This is an example of _______ knowledge.
A) survey
B) route
C) episodic
D) egocentric
Q3) A specific spatial reference system that works independently of the viewer is called
A) egocentric
B) survey
C) environmental
D) unbiased
Q4) Rats with hippocampal damage do not interleave distinct experiences so they can form semantic networks.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Memory Consolidation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare the two models explaining how the hippocampus might mediate a slow reorganization process.
Q2) In the fixation process, cAMP activates ________ which makes the receptors more sensitive to glutamate.
A) calcium
B) protein
C) potassium
D) sodium
Q3) McClelland and his colleagues (1995) used the context of the __________ to explain how cortical representations involved parallel multidimensional hierarchies.
A) two-stage model
B) multiphase model
C) simple network model
D) distributed network model
Q4) Connections between relevant cortical areas could be strengthened by
A) simultaneous activation of several related memories
B) increased hippocampal activation
C) inhibiting the influence of the hippocampus during learning
D) increased parahippocampal activation
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) In one study by Dias and colleagues (1996) animals learned to discriminate between compound stimuli of polygons and lines, by attending to one and ignoring the other. This was followed by a change in the discrimination task requirements. This shift is known as ______.
A) perseveration
B) temporal order
C) rule shifting
D) temporal contiguity
Q2) Amnesic people show an impairment for the ________ effect but an intact ________ effect.
A) serial; recency
B) spacing; primacy
C) recency; primacy
D) primacy; recency
Q3) Explain how researchers test an animal's ability to rule shift. Describe different types of rule shifting.
Q4) How does research with amnesics support the claim that short-term memory and long-term memory interact but process different information? Provide examples to support your answer.
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