Human Memory
Final Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles and processes underlying human memory, including how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Students will examine different types of memory such as short-term, long-term, episodic, and procedural memory, as well as the biological and cognitive mechanisms that support them. The course also covers topics such as memory development across the lifespan, the impact of stress and emotion on memory, common memory errors and distortions, and disorders related to memory impairment. Through lectures, discussions, and practical exercises, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of current research and theories in the field, as well as applications for enhancing memory in educational and everyday settings.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition 6th Edition by Mark H. Ashcraft
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1643 Verified Questions
1643 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ wrote a review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior.This review clearly illustrated the shortcomings of the behaviorist account of language.
A)Descartes
B)James
C)Watson
D)Chomsky
Answer: D
Q2) A person trying to understand complex events by breaking them down into their components is using __________.
A)fragmentation
B)reductionism
C)a parsing approach
D)distillation
Answer: B
Q3) The interdisciplinary development of cognitive psychology is called _______. Answer: (COGNITIVE SCIENCE).
Q4) Identify a key assumption of the analysis of response time data. Answer: (LONGER TIME- MORE WORK)
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the name of the signal that is derived from an fMRI scan in order to assess the level of activity in a certain part of the brain?
Answer: (BOLD)
Q2) Two neuroimaging techniques for assessing brain structure are ___________ and____________
Answer: (CT scans; MRI scans)
Q3) What does a CT scan use x-rays to measure?
A)brain structure
B)blood flow
C)electrical activity
D)personality characteristics
Answer: A
Q4) What is the name of the signal from an fMRI recording that indicates level of brain activity?
A)BOLD
B)N400
C)neural spike
D)brain waves
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following are four accounts of how we perform pattern recognition.Which of these accounts is the most likely to encounter difficulties as a result of the problem of invariance?
A)connectionist models
B)recognition by components
C)template matching
D)feature matching
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following influences data-driven processing in vision?
A)visual texture
B)expectations
C)context
D)long-term memory
Answer: A
Q3) What type of processing is area V1 specialized for?
A)feature detection
B)geon processing
C)object mapping
D)common fate tracing
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Attention
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The attention mechanism that keeps salient but irrelevant information from entering the current stream of thought is __________.
A)selection
B)mitigation
C)repression
D)inhibition
Q2) Conscious processing is __________.
A)intentional
B)usually rapid (<1 second)
C)not open to awareness or introspection
D)not resource demanding
Q3) The attention process that keeps a person from searching the same place over and over is __________.
A)Type I selection
B)inhibition of return
C)multimodal modificational attention
D)sensory biases
Q4) How are the phenomena of negative priming and the attention blink similar,and how are they different?
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Chapter 5: Short-Term Working Memory
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two components of the phonological loop?
Q2) Which describes how Engle investigated working memory span?
A)1 9 7 6 4 3 - "What were the numbers?"
B)1 9 7 6 4 3 2 1 5 8 3 2 7 5 4 8 - "The answer is 'four.'"
C)Brooks F dual-task procedure
D)My family worked on the farm.CUP I was tired so I went to sleep.BLUE - "CUP BLUE"
Q3) At this point,it seems that the most likely explanation for forgetting in short-term memory is __________.
A)decay
B)interference
C)suppression
D)failure
Q4) Why are cognitive psychologists so excited by Miller's "magical number seven plus or minus two"? What is it and what does it represent?
Q5) The four major components of Baddeley's working memory model are ______________,_____________,______________,and ______________.
Q6) Briefly describe three pieces of evidence in support of Baddeley's working memory model.
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Chapter 6: Learning and Remembering
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The testing effect is the finding that __________.
A)memory is better if people take a test rather than restudy
B)memory is worse if people take a test rather than restudy
C)information is forgotten soon after people take a test
D)people care more about information if they think they will need to take a test
Q2) Which of the following is a critical failure of the depth of processing account?
A)defining levels independently of retention
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)subtractive method
D)mnemonic encoding
Q3) Memory is better with ___________ rehearsal than with ___________ rehearsal.
Q4) Retrograde amnesia is a loss in the ability to form new memories.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which would lead to the most ("massive")negative transfer in a paired associates learning task?
A)A-B,C-D
B)A-B,B-Br
C)A-B,A-B'
D)A-B,B-A
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Chapter 7: Knowing
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105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Holcomb's sentence "Armed robbery implies thief used a weapon" is a _________ sentence,whereas "Armed robbery implies thief used a rose" is a __________ sentence.
A)concrete-concrete; anomalous-concrete
B)congruent-concrete; anomalous-concrete
C)congruent-abstract; anomalous-abstract
D)"right"; "wrong"
Q2) Neely (1977)used an SOA manipulation in a lexical decision task to illustrate
A)long-term memory storage
B)short-term memory storage
C)the dual-coding hypothesis
D)that both automatic and controlled processing can be implicated in priming
Q3) Explanation-based theories of categorization are based on probabilistic information.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In studies of mental processing,the number of intervening trials between a prime and a target is the ____________.
Q5) Hintzman referred to semantic memory as ________ memory.
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Chapter 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lindsay et al.(2004)report describing a pseudo-event (a childhood story of putting green slime in a teacher's desk)in the context of two "real" events from the person's own childhood.Half were also shown their (real)grade school class picture.They were to come back in a week for further testing.Which describes their result after this one-week delay?
A)In the photo group,the "thought did it" percentage went from 30 percent to 70 percent (i.e.,the majority reported the activity as true after the one-week delay).
B)In the photo group,the "thought did it" percentage remained at 30 percent throughout.
C)In the nonphoto group,the "thought did it" percentage remained at 15 percent throughout.
D)In the nonphoto group,the "thought did it" percentage remained at 30 percent throughout.
Q2) The existence of infantile amnesia illustrates that __________.
A)much of our lives,even from birth,is buried deep in memory
B)very young children are experiencing catastrophic losses of memory due to developmental traumas
C)human memory takes some time to develop
D)memory works backwards
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10
Chapter 9: Language
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Provide an example of a garden path sentence.
Q2) Which is NOT true?
A)Syntactic structures can be primed.
B)More accessible information tends to be reported earlier in a sentence.
C)We delay sentence initiation if the concepts are hard to retrieve.
D)Transformational grammar assumes that we are aware of the semantic content before deriving phrase structures.
Q3) With training,grammatical versus ungrammatical sentence structures do not impact shadowing performance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The idea that the words in a sentence influence each other in terms of their meaning and relate to the concepts conveyed by other words is best captured by the theory of __________.:
A)syntactic rules
B)semantic cases
C)pragmatic origins
D)phonetic coarticulation
Q5) The study of the sounds of a language is called ________.
Q6) The loss of the ability to produce language is associated with ________ aphasia.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the labor in vain effect?
A)when people spend time trying to learn information that is beyond their current level of knowledge
B)trying to teach someone who is not motivated to learn
C)working hard to get someone to understand what you are saying only to find out that he or she had the wrong idea all along
D)Teaching someone something,only to have him or her forget it soon after
Q2) What is the region of proximal learning?
A)age-appropriate reading materials
B)age-appropriate classroom styles
C)the time of day when a person is most alert (because of circadian rhythms)
D)information that is just beyond one's current level of knowledge
Q3) Which one of the following does the following exchange illustrate? Question: "Do you accept credit cards?"
A)indirect request
B)Bunauthorized implication
C)manner and tone violation
D)second-order theory
Q4) What is the role of pragmatics in sentence comprehension?
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Chapter 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is NOT true of judgments of number magnitude?
A)The larger the difference between the digits,the faster the judgments are made.
B)Just as in psychophysics,the psychological difference is a direct function of physical difference.
C)Judgment time is affected by semantic congruity.
D)When people make mental comparisons and judgments of purely symbolic quantities,there is a pronounced semantic distance effect.
Q2) In the __________,knowledge from a variety of sources is factored into a decision (e.g.,Chicago judged north of Rome based on "Northern North America" vs."Southern Europe").
A)symbolic distance effect
B)semantic imagery effect
C)semantic congruity effect
D)plausible reasoning hypothesis
Q3) In general,research evidence indicates that people act as rational decision makers.
A)True
B)False
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13
Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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106 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is NOT true of production statements and/or production system models?
A)Productions are either condition-action or if-then relations.
B)If a production's conditions are satisfied,the production action takes place.
C)GPS was the first production systems model in psychology.
D)Production system models are only used in psychological modeling.
Q2) Changing the representation may involve all EXCEPT __________.
A)scratch paper
B)physical representation
C)visualization
D)Any of the above could be classified as "changing the representation."
Q3) Insight problem solving is associated with __________.
A)deep thought
B)careful,step by step thinking
C)the "Aha!" experience
D)the Luchin's effect
Q4) Ill-defined problems can be solved.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Finding an acceptable or satisfactory solution to a problem,even though the solution may not be optimal,is _____________________.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Cognition and Emotion
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Improved access to information in long-term memory that is consistent with one's current mood is called __________.
A)mood-dependent memory
B)mood-congruent memory
C)mood-induced memory
D)mood-reflective memory
Q2) Prosody is processed more by the right hemisphere.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Stress always impairs performance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The emotional Stroop task __________.
A)reflects emotional responses to having attention divided
B)assesses color name in the presence of emotional words
C)has not been successful
D)has not been empirically validated
Q5) Emotional items facilitate performance on the Stroop task.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Cognitive Development
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Relative to younger adults,semantic memory in older adults is __________.
A)just as good
B)disconnected
C)reciprocal
D)impoverished
Q2) What do changes in neural firing mean for older adults?
A)Some neurotransmitters stop working.
B)Emotions are stunted.
C)Their hair turns white.
D)Cognition proceeds more slowly.
Q3) In children,linguistic ___________ typically precedes linguistic
Q4) What is the name for the inability to remember life events from before the ages of two to four?
A)memory development
B)infantile amnesia
C)childhood forgetting
D)retrograde interference
Q5) What areas of memory are preserved in aging,and how can these areas of preservation be used to compensate for other age-related declines?
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