Human Growth and Development
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur from conception through late adulthood. Through an examination of major developmental theories and current research, students gain insight into the factors that influence human development across the lifespan, including genetics, environment, culture, and individual differences. The course emphasizes developmental milestones, challenges, and the interconnectedness of various domains of development, preparing students to understand and support individuals at every stage of life.
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The Journey of Adulthood 7th Edition by Barbara R. Bjorklund
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Adult Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following groups would be described as a "cohort"?
A) all adults presently with middle-class jobs
B) all unemployed adults
C) all adults who exercise regularly
D) all adults born between 1970 and 1975
Answer: D
Q2) Of the following research methods, select the one that studies the same subjects over a period of time, observing whether their responses remain the same or change in systematic ways?
A) sequential
B) experimental
C) cross-sectional
D) longitudinal
Answer: D
Q3) In explaining adult development, psychologists must ______.
A) explain both changes with age and continuities
B) focus primarily on explaining changes with age
C) focus primarily on explaining continuities with age
D) deal most centrally with individual differences in responses to life problems
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Physical Changes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a change in sleep patterns with increasing age in adulthood?
A) reduction in the number of hours of deep sleep
B) reduction in the total number of hours of sleep needed
C) increase in breathing disturbances
D) waking earlier in the morning
Answer: B
Q2) In which parts of the body do fat deposits INCREASE in middle age and old age (past the age of about 50)?
A) the face and the upper arm
B) the chest and the belly
C) the belly and the upper arm
D) the face and the chest
Answer: C
Q3) The most common symptom associated with menopause is _______.
A) anxiety
B) depression
C) hot flashes
D) headaches
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Health and Health Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 70-year-old is about _____ times more likely to have cancer than a 1year-old.
A) 100
B) 75
C) 50
D) 20
Answer: A
Q2) Research suggests that women are more likely to spend their later years in nursing homes for what significant reason?
A) dementia
B) having few or no children
C) they outlive their spouses
D) physical disability
Answer: C
Q3) The probability of dying in any given year in the United States is best described as _______.
A) increasing with age, and increasing for females more quickly than males
B) less than 20 percent for males and females over the age of 85
C) 1 percent for adult males aged 15-24
D) greater for females across all age groupings
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Cognitive Abilities
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you look up a phone number and say it over to yourself once so that you can dial the whole number without having to check it again, what part of the memory sequence are you using?
A) retrieval
B) short-term memory
C) encoding
D) sensory memory
Q2) An experimenter reads a series of numbers and requires the subject to repeat those numbers back in the order given. This is a test of what kind of intelligence?
A) crystallized intelligence
B) fluid intelligence
C) dialectical intelligence
D) practical intelligence
Q3) A longitudinal sample of adults is followed over 30 years. All of the following findings are hypothesized EXCEPT ________.
A) the average IQ of the whole group remains the same
B) no decline in cognitive functioning occurs
C) decline occurs, but it is not extreme
D) adults compensate for declines
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Social Roles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Current studies in the United States of the process through which young people leave home for independent living suggest that _______.
A) the great majority of young people move from living at home to living with a cohabiting partner or marriage partner
B) at least 60 percent of young people move back in with their parents after a period of independent living
C) young people from single-parent homes are likely to remain at home longer than those from 2-parent families
D) there is no longer a dominant common pathway from living at home to independent living
Q2) Analyses of marriage and cohabitation rates in the United States over the past several decades suggest that among young people in their early 20s, ________.
A) marriage rates have risen, and cohabitation rates have declined
B) marriage rates have declined, and cohabitation rates have risen
C) marriage rates have remained about the same, and cohabitation rates have risen
D) marriage rates and cohabitation rates have both risen
Q3) List and describe three sources of gender stereotyping.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Social Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rebecca says that she is content with her current friendships and not motivated to add new relationships. Based on the research evidence, what would be the best guess about Rebecca's age?
A) 20-25
B) 35-40
C) 55-60
D) 75-80
Q2) Which of the following is most likely to be a feature of the relationship or interaction pattern of partners in an unhappy or dissatisfying marriage?
A) high ratio of displeasing to pleasing interactions
B) high levels of arguments
C) low levels of self-disclosure
D) low levels of "cross-complaining"
Q3) Which sibling relationships are the most valuable?
A) sisters
B) brothers
C) siblings-in-law
D) There is no difference.
Q4) Diagram and describe Antonucci's convoy model of love.
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Chapter 7: Work and Retirement
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Q1) Marjorie and Cyril, who are retired, decided they had had enough of Midwest winters and have just moved to Florida. Given what you know about domestic migrations and the patterns of moves of retired adults in the U.S., how old would you guess Marjorie and Cyril are?
A) 45 years old
B) 47 years old
C) 59 years old
D) 65 years old
Q2) Briefly describe three factors that influence a young person's choice of a career or job.
Q3) Which of the following best describes the relationship between job satisfaction and age?
A) Job satisfaction rises steadily with age for men but not for women.
B) Job satisfaction rises steadily with age for women but not for men.
C) Job satisfaction rises steadily with age for both men and women.
D) Job satisfaction declines somewhat with age for both men and women.
Q4) Your father is nearing retirement and seems to be dreading it. His coworkers have told him that he will hate being retired. What can you tell him to reassure him, based on the evidence given in this chapter?
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Chapter 8: Personality
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Q1) Which of the following statements best describes our current knowledge about the consistency of personality or motivation over the adult years?
A) There is high consistency on the "big 5" personality measures over the full 50 or 60 years of adult life, but not on any other dimensions of personality.
B) There is high consistency on the "big 5" personality measures and somewhat lower consistency on many other personality measures.
C) Consistency in personality exists but only over relatively short periods of time, such as 4 or 5 years.
D) There is no demonstrable consistency of personality in adulthood.
Q2) In Maslow's system, love needs are to self-actualization needs as, in Erikson's system, _______.
A) intimacy is to identity
B) intimacy is to integrity
C) generativity is to intimacy
D) identity is to integrity
Q3) List three dimensions of personality that appear to be consistent over (at a minimum) decades of adult life. What explanations of such consistency can you offer?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: The Quest for Meaning
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Q1) In Fowler's system of faith development, which of the following stages is the final stage, if one can reach it, the optimal form of faith in old age, when issues of integrity and meaning become still more dominant ?
A) intuitive-projective conjunctive
B) universalizing faith
C) synthetic-conventional
D) individuative-reflective
Q2) "I grew up in the Baptist church, but when I went off to college, I really had to question all the ideas I'd been given as a child and as a teenager. For a while I called myself an atheist. But now I find myself drawn back to the Baptists. It just seems to me that the church offers answers to questions I've been asking myself." Which of Fowler's stages of faith does this statement most reflect?
A) synthetic-conventional
B) individuative-reflective
C) conjunctive
D) universalizing
Q3) What explanations could you suggest for women attending religious services more frequently than men? How does this fit with other gender differences you have studied in this book?
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Stress, Coping, and Resilience
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Sample Questions
Q1) The collection of relationships a person has at any one time with family members and friends is called _______.
A) social support
B) social network
C) attachment network
D) appraisal system
Q2) According to Selye's theory of the general adaptation syndrome, what is the final stage of response to stress?
A) alarm
B) exhaustion
C) resistance
D) immune reaction
Q3) 10-57. U.S. adults from 25 to 74 years report that the largest proportion of their daily stressors arise from interpersonal tensions, followed by stressful events that happen to other people in their networks and events that happen at work or school. List your top 10 sources of stress. Categorize your stressors and compare your groupings with the national sample. Discuss the similarities and differences.
Q4) 10-43. List and describe the three types of definitions of stress.
Q5) 10-54. Evaluate the idea that stress may sometimes have beneficial effects.
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Chapter 11: Death and Bereavement
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Q1) Among middle-aged adults, which ones are likely to show the MOST fear of death?
Q2) According to Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the first response to being told one is dying?
A) anger
B) bargaining
C) depression
D) denial
Q3) Which of the following groups is likely to have the LEAST fear of death?
A) adults high in neuroticism
B) middle-aged adults
C) adults with strong religious commitment
D) extraverted adults
Q4) A patient, after being told he has terminal cancer, says, "No, that must be someone else. The lab results must have gotten mixed up." This is an example of what stage of response to dying, according to Kübler-Ross's theory?
A) denial
B) anger
C) bargaining
D) depression
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Chapter 12: The Successful Journey
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you ask most middle-aged or older adults whether they would like to be twenty again, the great majority reply with a resounding "NO!" In light of what you now know about the different periods of adult life, why do you think so many people respond in this way?
Q2) In middle adulthood the importance of the social clock ____ while the biological clock ______.
A) increases; decreases B) increases; stays steady C) decreases; stays steady D) decreases; increases
Q3) Butler (1963) argued that in old age we all go through a "life review." Define what he meant by this term and discuss whether his argument is valid or not.
Q4) Describe Bradburn's (1969) concept of affect balance. What effect does affect balance have on life satisfaction?
Q5) List as many "maladaptive" responses to disequilibrium as you can. Are all of these invariably maladaptive? Can you think of any circumstances in which any of these behaviors or attitudes would be adaptive?
Q6) Define and discuss the terms tribalization and detribalization.
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