Human Growth and Development
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the human lifespan, from conception to old age. This course examines major theories and research findings related to developmental stages, including the influences of genetics, environment, culture, and life experiences on growth patterns. Students will analyze key developmental milestones, the effects of family, peers, and society on behavior, and the challenges faced at different life stages. Emphasis is placed on understanding the implications of development for education, health, and well-being across diverse populations.
Recommended Textbook
The Journey of Adulthood 7th Edition by Barbara R. Bjorklund
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12 Chapters
846 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Adult Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a major research technique used in "behavior genetics"?
A) comparisons of individuals from different ethnic groups
B) comparisons of identical and fraternal twins
C) comparisons of young and old subjects
D) comparisons of males and females
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is a common characteristic of U.S. adults who were young children during the Great Depression of the 1930s, according to Elder's research?
A) negative effects in adulthood
B) a large number of children
C) stable careers
D) late marriage
Answer: A
Q3) . Evaluate the impact of stability and change during your developmental process. Explain, with at least one example each, how the concept of change and stability manifest in your life, and whether you envision a stable theme throughout your life.
Answer: Not Answer
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Chapter 2: Physical Changes
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Sample Questions
Q1) One theory of aging suggests that physical aging is based on the cell's ability to repair DNA alterations. However, research in this area has been unable to establish
A) clear relationships between cell repair ability and age within a species
B) evidence that DNA repair declines with normal aging
C) clear relationships between longer-lived species and more active repair mechanisms
D) none of the above
Answer: D
Q2) One explanation of aging cites our dietary habits as connected to the aging process. Which statement below is NOT consistent with this theory?
A) What we eat is the most significant contributor to aging.
B) The hypothalamus seems to operate as a clock, measuring age in terms of calories consumed by the body.
C) Animal research supports an association between reduced caloric intake and increased longevity.
D) "Natural" human studies suggest that individuals on restricted diets may live longer.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Health and Health Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) When we say depression does not change much with age, we are talking about
A) only clinical depression
B) only sub-clinical depression
C) all kinds of depression
D) only bipolar depression
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following poor health habits increases a person's risk of both heart disease and cancer?
A) low-fiber diet
B) smoking
C) insufficient sleep
D) skipping breakfast
Answer: B
Q3) Among adults, which ethnic group in the U.S. seems to have the best health?
A) Caucasians
B) African Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Hispanics
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Cognitive Abilities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why would researchers get dramatically differing scores for IQ measures depending on whether their design was cross-sectional or longitudinal?
Q2) What is the key flaw in studies of the effect of exercise on mental abilities in which comparisons are made between regular exercisers and sedentary adults?
A) The exercisers use so many different forms of exercise that we can't be sure what works.
B) Sedentary subjects may actually exercise somewhat but not report it.
C) Those who choose to exercise may be different in other significant ways from those who choose to be sedentary.
D) The samples of exercisers are normally younger than the samples of sedentary adults to whom they are compared.
Q3) Briefly summarize the findings on the link between physical health and the maintenance or decline of mental abilities over the adult years.
Q4) Define a production deficiency. What role does this concept play in descriptions or explanations of changes in mental skill with age?
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Chapter 5: Social Roles
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who are off-time with the social clock of their culture are more apt to have difficulty in their roles and less apt to report high levels of life satisfaction. Using an example from a television sit-com, movies, or novel, illustrate a similar-themed fictional situation, whereby an individual is off-time with his or her social clock and struggles with his or her social roles.
Q2) Imagine that you are a business executive and you are about to have a meeting with a rival executive whom you know to be a woman. You know nothing else about her, but you imagine that she must be less competitive than your male colleagues-probably more conciliatory. What process are you demonstrating with such thoughts?
A) intellectualization
B) stereotyping
C) differentiation
D) pragmatics
Q3) In young adulthood, there are three major new roles acquired by the majority of people. Describe these three roles and the problems and joys that accompany them.
Q4) Describe briefly what happens to gender roles in couples after the birth of a child. What is David Gutmann's explanation for this phenomenon?
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Chapter 6: Social Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the three types of attachment in adults as posited by Main & Hesse (1990).
Q2) Theorists of attachment suggest that in childhood we each create a sort of template of relationships that is applied to later interactions. Such a template is called _______.
A) an attachment model
B) an insecure attachment
C) a secure attachment
D) an internal working model
Q3) Researchers have consistently found that happiness or life satisfaction among adults in old age is unrelated to the degree of contact they have with their children. How might you explain this finding?
Q4) List at least three ways in which happily married couples differ from unhappily married couples in their interactions with one another. Which of these features seems to you to be most amenable to change?
Q5) Evaluate the effects of cohabitation before marriage. What explanation can you offer for this finding? What evidence can you muster in support of your explanation?
Q6) Describe the nature of the relationship between siblings across the life span.
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Chapter 7: Work and Retirement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your text advises three strategies for coping with conflict and strain; list and describe these suggestions.
Q2) Which of the following types of occupational choices are we most likely to see by the son of a doctor?
A) carpenter or other building trade
B) business executive
C) doctor or other professional
D) anything but a doctor
Q3) What single change in the last several decades has had the largest positive effect on the average income of current elderly persons in the United States?
A) More women have worked, and so earn retirement income.
B) Men are living longer, so there are more couples earning the higher male retirement incomes.
C) Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) were created.
D) Social Security benefits have significantly increased.
Q4) Compare and contrast the effects of divorce and the effect of job loss on adult functioning.
Q5) Briefly describe three factors that influence a young person's choice of a career or job.
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Chapter 8: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the genetic influences on personality. Make sure you include relevant research.
Q2) Which is the highest level of development in Jane Loevinger's theory?
A) self-aware level
B) conscientious stage
C) individualistic stage
D) autonomous stage
Q3) Ravenna is a 5year-old female who has been a participant in a longitudinal study of personality characteristics. Which set of characteristics probably increased for Ravenna over the years?
A) increase in dominance, stability, conscientiousness
B) increase in social vitality, stability, dominance
C) decrease in dominance and agreeableness; increase in conscientiousness
D) decrease in conscientiousness, increase in dominance
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a trait found to be stable by Costa and McCrae?
A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) rigidity
D) openness
Q5) List and describe the "big five" personality dimensions.
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Chapter 9: The Quest for Meaning
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the conventional level is made up of 2 stages: the stage of "good-by or good-girl orientation" and the stage of _______.
A) social contract
B) social order maintaining orientation
C) individualism and instrumental purpose orientation
D) universal ethical principles
Q2) According to Fowler's stategs of faith development, what stage is, most typically, in its ascendance in adolescence or early adulthood ?
A) individuative-reflective
B) conventional
C) conjunctive
D) universalizing
Q3) In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the conventional level is made up of 2 stages: the stage of "good-boy or good-girl orientation" and the stage of _______.
A) social contract
B) social order maintaining orientation
C) individualism and instrumental purpose orientation
D) universal ethical principles
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Chapter 10: Stress, Coping, and Resilience
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Sample Questions
Q1) 10-11. Holmes & Rahe (1967) argue that ____ change requires adaptation.
A) positive
B) negative
C) sporadic
D) any
Q2) 10-48. You are about to be divorced and have just read this chapter. Based on your reading, what plans or arrangements might you make to mitigate the negative effects of the divorce process?
Q3) 10-53. Current evidence provides very strong support for the theory that stress leads to increased illness. But there are still some weaknesses or holes in the data. Describe those weaknesses and holes. What do we still need to know?
Q4) According to Selye's theory of the general adaptation syndrome, what is the final stage of response to stress?
A) alarm
B) exhaustion
C) resistance
D) immune reaction
Q5) 10-41. Briefly describe and contrast response-oriented theories and stimulus-oriented theories of stress.
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Chapter 11: Death and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) What aspect of caring for dying patients is NOT reflected in Kübler-Ross's research?
A) unfinished needs
B) Caregivers need to listen actively.
C) We need to learn from the dying.
D) the importance of farewells
Q2) At what age does Bernice Neugarten think that most adults switch from thinking of time as "time since birth" to thinking of "time 'till death"?
A) early adulthood: 20-35
B) middle adulthood: 35-45
C) early old age: 65-75
D) late old age: 75+
Q3) Describe the evidence suggesting that high levels of social support are linked to better prognoses or longer survival times for those with serious disease.
Q4) For which type of patient is hospice care intended?
A) the chronically but not terminally ill
B) the acutely ill (such as those with severe pneumonia)
C) anyone terminally ill
D) only cancer patients
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Chapter 12: The Successful Journey
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Sample Questions
Q1) Coping with the deaths of loved ones and experiencing a significant decline in crystallized intellectual skills are most likely to go together in which age period?
A) 20-39
B) 40-64
C) 65-74
D) 75+
Q2) Which of the following best describes our current knowledge about the existence of a midlife crisis?
A) Virtually all adults experience a crisis at midlife.
B) Some adults experience a crisis, but they are in the minority.
C) More adults experience a crisis at midlife than at any other age.
D) There is no evidence that any adults experience a crisis at midlife.
Q3) Which of the following best describes our current knowledge about the existence of a midlife crisis?
A) Virtually all adults experience a crisis at midlife.
B) Some adults experience a crisis, but it they are in the minority.
C) More adults experience a crisis at midlife than at any other age.
D) There is no evidence that any adults experience a crisis at midlife.
Q4) Describe the three elements of Balte's selective optimization with compensation.
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