Human Evolution
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Course Introduction
Human Evolution explores the biological and cultural development of Homo sapiens from our early primate ancestors to the present day. The course examines the fossil record, evolutionary mechanisms, and genetic evidence to trace human origins and adaptation. Topics include the emergence of bipedalism, the evolution of brain size, the development of tool use, social behaviors, and the migration and diversification of ancient hominins. Through interdisciplinary perspectives, students gain insights into how environmental, physiological, and cultural factors have shaped the evolutionary path of our species.
Recommended Textbook
Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity 16th Edition by Conrad Kottak
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) Psychologists tend to study only people living in the non-Western world,so anthropology has very little to offer this field.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following statements about theories is NOT true?
A) Scientists evaluate theories through the method of falsification.
B) A theory is an explanatory framework that helps us understand why something exists.
C) Predictions from theories are disproved rather than proved.
D) Theories apply only to linguistic and biological phenomena.
E) Scientists accept theories that have not been disproved.
Answer: D
Q3) As an academic discipline,anthropology falls under both the social sciences and the humanities.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) The idea of universal and inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and ethics of any one culture can conflict with some of the ideas central to cultural relativism.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Although culture is one of the principal means humans use to adapt to their environment,some cultural traits can be harmful to a group's survival.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Cultures are integrated,patterned systems in which a change in one part often leads to changes in other parts.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Applying Anthropology
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Q1) Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the work that applied anthropologists do?
A) They enter the affected communities and talk with people.
B) They gather government statistics.
C) They consult project managers.
D) They consult government officials and other experts.
E) They promote development.
Answer: A
Q2) The Malagasy development program described in this chapter illustrates the importance of
A) the local government's ability to improve the lives of its citizens, when committed to doing so.
B) replacing subsistence farming with a viable cash crop.
C) replacing outdated traditional techniques of irrigation with more modern ones.
D) breaking down corporate descent groups, which are too independent and interfere with development.
E) the top-down strategies developed by the UN.
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Doing Archaeology and Biological Anthropology
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Q1) Palynology is the study of ancient animals through fossil remains.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The utility of stratigraphy for dating purposes is based on the fact that
A) all environmental forces leave behind the same kind of soil deposit.
B) the depth and order of undisturbed soil strata reflect the age of their deposition.
C) higher strata are usually older than lower strata in undisturbed soil.
D) soil strata are uncluttered by bones, stones, and artifacts.
E) once in the soil, there are very few things that can damage or disturb bones.
Q3) Historical archaeologists use written records to supplement the archaeological record.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is applicable only to research being conducted in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How do researchers date the past? What are the limitations of each dating technique?
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Chapter 5: Evolution and Genetics
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Q1) Which of the following statements about individuals with the Hb<sup>S</sup> allele in the homozygous form is true?
A) They lack the capacity to digest lactose.
B) They usually develop fatal cases of sickle-cell anemia.
C) They rarely develop any form of sickle-cell anemia before reaching reproductive age.
D) They are usually found in temperate regions of the world.
E) They always develop fatal cases of sickle-cell anemia late in life.
Q2) The Hb<sup>S</sup> allele has been maintained in certain populations in Africa,India,and the Mediterranean because heterozygous individuals with this allele are less susceptible to malaria.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the process by which sex cells are produced?
A) directional selection
B) recombination
C) mitosis
D) independent assortment
E) meiosis
Q4) Give an example of how punctuated equilibrium would work.
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Chapter 6: Human Variation and Adaptation
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Q1) Which of the following statements about the concept of race as applied to humans is true?
A) It is a discredited concept in biology.
B) It is based on the Western science of genetics.
C) It is determined by the juxtaposition of alleles.
D) It does not include what used to be called subraces, because these are now known as ethnic groups.
E) It has been verified by recent fossil finds in the Neander Valley in Germany.
Q2) The indigenous communities in the tropical regions of the Americas are not as dark skinned as populations living in other tropical regions,because the dense vegetation in this continent blocks out much of the sunlight.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Historically,scientists have approached the study of human biological diversity in two main ways: racial classification (now largely abandoned)versus the current explanatory approach,which focuses on understanding specific differences.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Primates
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Q1) Bonobos,which belong to the same genus as chimpanzees,are exceptional among primates because of
A) their ability to withstand the pressures of deforestation.
B) their male-centered communities.
C) the frequency with which they have sex, a behavior associated with conflict avoidance.
D) their marked sexual dimorphism.
E) their cannibalism.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a hominoid?
A) gibbon
B) lemur
C) Homo sapiens
D) orangutan
E) siamang
Q3) How is inclusive fitness measured?
A) with techniques developed for anthropometry
B) by the number of direct descendants an individual has
C) by maximum lung capacity
D) by the amount of genetic diversity in a breeding population
E) by the gene an individual shares with relatives
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Chapter 8: Early Hominins
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a location where australopithecine fossils have been found?
A) Ethiopia
B) Tanzania
C) Kenya
D) Gibraltar
E) South Africa
Q2) Robust australopithecines have been found only in East Africa.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Identify and discuss the major features of australopithecine dentition.What do these teeth tell us about the australopithecine mode of adaptation?
Q4) Postcranial material from Ardipithecus,the earliest widely accepted hominin genus (5.8-4.4 m.y.a.),indicates a capacity-albeit an imperfect one-for upright bipedal locomotion.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Archaic Homo
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Q1) What is the most likely explanation of why early Homo left Africa and spread into Eurasia?
A) a hyperspecialization in vegetarian diets
B) the pursuit of meat
C) Homo's smaller bodies, which made them more fit for long-distance travel
D) overpopulation in Africa
E) a maladaptation to a more energy-inefficient system of locomotion
Q2) What are the main morphological differences between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans? How have these differences been interpreted?
Q3) The earliest Acheulean tools associated with H.erectus come from the Kokiselei site near Lake Turkana in Kenya.What are the characteristics of these tools?
A) symmetry, uniformity, and planning
B) less sophistication than Oldowan tools
C) a low degree of functional differentiation
D) symbolic etchings that indicate ritual behavior
E) a high degree of variance in shape, indicating styles were not uniform
Q4) The stone-tool tradition associated with Neandertals is called the Mousterian.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans
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Q1) In 2003,scientists announced the 1997 discovery in an Ethiopian valley of three anatomically modern skulls-two adults and a child.Known collectively as the Herto skulls,they were dated by researchers to 154,000-160,000 B.P.All of the following clues suggested these skulls were in fact of anatomically modern humans,EXCEPT
A)their long and broad midfaces.
B)their tall and narrow sagittal crests.
C)their high cranial vaults,falling within modern dimensions.
D)their tall and narrow nasal bones.
E)evidence of the skulls' cutting and handling,suggesting they had been detached from their bodies and used-perhaps ritually-after death.
Q2) Climate change and human evolution and expansion are intimately related.Give specific examples of this relationship.Consider the current concern with climate change.How might humans adapt to the impending environmental changes that such climate change is already making felt around the world?
Q3) Discuss the Neandertals' dating and geographic distributions.Review and evaluate the various positions that have been taken in interpreting the relationship between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans.
Q4) How has molecular genetics affected our recent understanding of human evolution?
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Chapter 11: The First Farmers
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Q1) With domestication,plants developed thicker husks.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the Middle East,sedentism developed before plants and animals were domesticated.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Rice was domesticated in southern China.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The broad-spectrum revolution in Europe included the late Upper Paleolithic and the Mesolithic,which followed it.What tool type characterized the Mesolithic?
A) blade
B) core
C) axe
D) microlith
E) spear
Q5) What are the similarities and differences in the transition from foraging to food production in the Middle East and Mesoamerica?
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Chapter 12: The First Cities and States
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Q1) Which of the following statements about Catalhoyuk is NOT true?
A) Food was stored and processed collectively, with a priestly elite managing these activities.
B) The dwellings at the site were entered through the roof.
C) The ritual life there was centered on animals, danger, and death.
D) The dead were buried beneath the house floors.
E) It never became a full-fledged city with centralized organization.
Q2) Archaeologists previously believed that the supremacy of any one chiefdom spurred the period of rapid social change in Mexico between 3200 and 3000 B.P.However,they now believe that the cause of this rapid change was
A)dramatic changes in climate that affected rainfall.
B)that the quality of trade routes among chiefdoms frustrated travelers and led to riots.
C)the intensity of competitive interaction.
D)a massive drought that required chiefdoms to cooperate to save the population from starvation.
E)the chiefly centers' lack of separation and autonomy.
Q3) How are chiefdoms different from states? How do archaeologists distinguish between the two?
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Chapter 13: Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology
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Q1) Practice theory
A) focuses on how individuals, through their actions and practices, influence and transform the world they live in.
B) was popularized by Margaret Mead in the 1940s.
C) is the only theoretical paradigm to effectively solve the "culture-individual" problem. D) actually shares the same deterministic assumptions of earlier theoretical paradigms. E) explains social phenomena only in nonindustrial societies.
Q2) Manchester anthropologists Max Gluckman and Victor Turner made conflict an important part of their analysis,distancing themselves somewhat from Panglossian functionalism,the tendency to see things as functioning not just to maintain the system but to do so in the most optimal way possible.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What advantages do you see in ethnographic research techniques? What are the advantages for survey techniques? Which one would you choose,and what would that choice depend upon?
Q4) What is the genealogical method,and why did it develop in anthropology?
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Chapter 14: Language and Communication
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Q1) One aspect of linguistic history is language loss.When a language disappears, A) less strain is put on the educational system, because it has less language diversity to deal with.
B) historical linguists have confirmation that language is also a victim of evolutionary forces.
C) so does pride in one's heritage.
D) cultural diversity is reduced as well.
E) humanity is that much closer to global integration.
Q2) Just as in other areas of anthropology,the study of language involves investigating what is or isn't shared across human populations and why these differences or similarities exist.The linguist Noam Chomsky has argued that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language,so that all languages have a common structural basis.He calls this set of rules
A) the evolutionary linguistic imprint.
B) linguistic structuralism.
C) generalities.
D) a global mental map.
E) the universal grammar.
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Chapter 15: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) What is the term for ethnic groups that once had,or wish to have or regain,autonomous political status?
A) ethnicities
B) captive nations
C) nations
D) nationalities
E) ethnic avengers
Q2) In Japan,the burakumin
A) are perceived as pure Japanese, even if one of their parents is not Japanese.
B) are stigmatized despite being genetically indistinguishable from other Japanese.
C) are the cream of Japan's racial categories, having the purest blood.
D) no longer face discrimination.
E) constitute a numerical majority in Japan.
Q3) Ascribed statuses are based on an individual's talents,abilities,and actions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Nation-state refers to an ethnic group that is not politically autonomous.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Making a Living
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Q1) Throughout the many years that Kottak has been doing research among the nonindustrial Betsileo of Madagascar,he has witnessed the impact of globalization on their livelihood.All of the following have threatened the traditional fabric of Betsileo life EXCEPT
A) agricultural intensification caused by population pressure.
B) the breakdown of social and political order, fueled by an increasing demand for cash.
C) the growing threat of cattle thieves, some of them relatively well-educated young men looking to make some cash.
D) the increased presence of anthropologists collaborating with local leaders to preserve their ancestral lands.
E) emigration.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of band-organized societies?
A) an egalitarian social structure
B) all related by kinship or marriage
C) fewer than 100 people
D) permanent villages
E) minor contrasts in prestige
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Chapter 17: Political Systems
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Q1) In chiefdoms,chiefs occupy formal offices and administer or regulate a series of villages.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Tribal societies,which are typically organized by village life or membership in descent groups,tend to be egalitarian.However,egalitarianism diminishes
A) as tribal leaders gain too much power and start to put it to use to buy favors.
B) as village size and population density increase.
C) as the village head's family grows.
D) the closer one is to the big man's wife.
E) as the overall population ages.
Q3) Pantribal sodalities function to integrate the community by providing a series of important nonkin relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Since bands lack formalized law,they have no way of settling disputes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Gender
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Q1) Cross-culturally,women's roles tend to be focused on activities associated with the home,while men are more active in the public domain.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If a patriarchy is a political system ruled by men,what would a matriarchy be-a political system ruled by women? Anthropologist Peggy Sanday,who investigated these questions among the Minangkabau of West Sumatra,found that A) true matriarchies do not exist.
B) women in matriarchies see their male counterparts as being inferior.
C) women of newer generations are experimenting with new ideas of gender roles.
D) although matriarchies do exist, they are not mirror images of patriarchies because, at least for the Minangkabau, both men and women are seen as cooperative partners for the common good.
E) although Minangkabau women play a central role in their culture's social, economic, and ceremonial life, they are still regarded as having lower status than men.
Q3) Flexibility in sexual expression seems to be an aspect of our primate heritage.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Families, Kinship, and Descent
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Q1) In what kind of kinship calculation are kin ties traced equally through males and females?
A) bilineal
B) bifurcate merging
C) bifurcate collateral
D) bilateral
E) biluminous
Q2) A unilineal descent group whose members demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor is a(n)
A) clan.
B) lineage.
C) extended family.
D) family of procreation.
E) family of orientation.
Q3) In unilineal descent,one's ancestry is traced through only one line of descent.
A)True
B)False
Q4) "Anthropologists spend much of their time studying trivia like kinship." Do you agree with this statement? If so,why? If not,why not?
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Chapter 20: Marriage
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Q1) Although briefly popular after its introduction,online dating never became a significant part of the marriage market.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Incest is a cultural universal that is defined the same way by all cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The rise in female employment in the United States,especially in professional careers,when coupled with ________,has dramatically increased household incomes in the upper classes.This pattern has been one factor sharpening the contrast in household income between the richest and poorest populations of Americans.
A) homogamy
B) serial monogamy
C) endogamy
D) sororal polygyny
E) exogamy
Q4) Native American berdaches were permitted to marry men.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Religion
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Q1) After Christians and Muslims,the largest spiritual group are those who lack any religious affiliation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) By participating in a ritual,the participants signal that they accept the common social and ethical order prescribed by their religion.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Émile Durkheim,an early scholar of religion,stressed what he termed religious effervescence.Anthropologists too have stressed
A) that proper analysis requires separation of collective re-creation from collective religion.
B) the collective, shared, and enacted nature of religion, the emotions it generates, and the meanings it embodies.
C) the analysis of the use of behavior-altering drugs in religious experience.
D) the collective as well as individual universality of religion.
E) the qualities that make religion present in some societies but not in others.
Q4) Discuss two cases illustrating religion's role in social change.
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Chapter 22: Arts, Media, and Sports
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Q1) Art can often lead to an intense emotional release,also referred to as
A) hypercommunication.
B) catharsis.
C) exalted symbolism.
D) humor.
E) intensive aesthetics.
Q2) The study of television's impact on people's behavior,attitudes,and values is the domain of sociologists,not anthropologists.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements about individual artists in non-Western societies is true?
A) They tend to be iconoclastic and antisocial.
B) They are more likely to be part of the cultural mainstream than Western artists, because social approval and acceptance is more important in non-Western societies.
C) They are all trained in formal, state-controlled schools for the arts.
D) They are nonexistent.
E) They are just copying Western art forms.
Q4) Where is art found? Is art found in the same contexts in all kinds of societies?
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Chapter 23: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) The Occupy movement,which began on Wall Street in New York and spread to other U.S.and Canadian cities,recognizes the disparity between the rich and the poor.Which of the following statements about U.S.wealth as of the year 2012 is NOT correct?
A) The top 1% of American households hold over one-third the nation's wealth.
B) The net worth of the top 1% is 288 times greater than the typical household's net worth.
C) The net worth of the top 1% compared to the typical household is the highest ratio on record.
D) The bottom 90% of income-earning households control half of all net worth.
E) 74% of U.S. wealth growth in recent years has gone to the top 5%.
Q2) What is the world capitalist economy? When did it originate,and what are its features? What are core,semiperiphery,and periphery? What is their relationship to world capitalism?
Q3) The distinction between small-c communism and large-C Communism is an example of arbitrary concepts defined in the social sciences.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the world system perspective,and why is it important in anthropology?
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Chapter 24: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Q1) Cases of local communities using modern technology to preserve and revise their traditions
A) are examples of hidden ethnocide.
B) are becoming more common.
C) contradict Gramsci's theory of hegemony.
D) are becoming increasingly rare, due to the cost of this technology.
E) suggest that modern technology is always an agent of cultural imperialism.
Q2) Social movements worldwide have adopted the term indigenous people as a self-identifying and political label based on past oppression but are now legitimizing it in the search for social,cultural,and political rights.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Global warming is primarily due to increased solar radiation,not human activity. A)True
B)False
Q4) Identities are not fixed; they are fluid and multiple.People seize on particular,sometimes competing,self-labels and identities,depending on context.
A)True
B)False
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