Human Biology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Human Biology explores the structure and function of the human body, emphasizing the integration of anatomical systems and physiological mechanisms that sustain life. The course covers topics such as cellular biology, genetics, organ systems, human development, and disease processes, providing a comprehensive understanding of how the body maintains health and responds to internal and external challenges. Through both theoretical learning and practical applications, students gain insight into current issues in human health, the impact of lifestyle choices, and advances in biomedical science.
Recommended Textbook
Human Physiology From Cells to Systems 4th Canadian Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
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17 Chapters
4668 Verified Questions
4668 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Foundation of Physiology
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104 Verified Questions
104 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a blood capillary is cut, a clot forms under which feedback control system
A)negative feedback
B)positive feedback
C)extrinsic control
D)feedforward
Answer: B
Q2) Sweating is initiated in response to a rise in body temperature that occurs on exposure to a hot environment.Evaporation of the sweat cools the body.What is this an example of
A)negative feedback
B)positive feedback
C)feedforward mechanism
D)intrinsic (local) control mechanism
Answer: A
Q3) All cells are capable of reproducing.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The ____________________ system consists of all hormone-secreting tissues.
Answer: endocrine
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Chapter 2: Cell Physiology
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492 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fluid contained within all the cells of the body is known collectively as ____________________, and the fluid outside the cells is referred to as
Answer: intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid
Q2) The three characteristics that determine the kind and amount of material that can be moved across a membrane by carrier-mediated transport are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
Answer: competition; saturation; specificity (in any order)
Q3) A balance of IPSPs and EPSPs will negate each other so that the grand postsynaptic potential is essentially unaltered.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q4) The extracellular matrix and the local cells that secrete it are collectively known as connective tissue.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
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Chapter 3: The Central Nervous System
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314 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Voluntary motor activity is a function mainly of the ____________________ lobe.
Answer: frontal
Q2) The central sulcus separates the ____________________ and ____________________ lobes.
Answer: frontal; parietal parietal; frontal
Q3) The ____________________ contains CSF, which is reabsorbed through the arachnoid villi.
Answer: subarachnoid space
Q4) The cerebrospinal fluid comes into direct contact with the neuronal and glial cells.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) The dura mater is the fragile, innermost meningeal layer that closely adheres to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory,
Autonomic, Somatic
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434 Verified Questions
434 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these activities happens in light adaptation
A)Rhodopsin levels increase in rods.
B)Rhodopsin levels decrease in rods.
C)Cones become inactive.
D)Rods become active.
Q2) Which of these statements describes what must happen in order for accommodation to occur
A)The shape of the cornea must change.
B)The shape of the lens must change.
C)The ciliary muscle must relax for near vision.
D)The ciliary muscle must contract for distant vision.
Q3) Action potentials are transmitted on a one-to-one basis at both a neuromuscular junction and a synapse.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Pacinian corpuscle is sensitive mainly to temperature changes.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
Q5) What are the various ways in which toxins can interfere with normal neuron function
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Chapter 5: Principles of Endocrinology: The Central
Endocrine
Glands
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260 Verified Questions
260 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these statements describes diurnal rhythms
A)They are inherent cyclical peaks and ebbs of hormone secretion that are a function of time and are entrained to the 24-hour light-dark cycle.
B)They are important in maintaining hormone levels at a relatively constant set point, no matter the time of day.
C)They occur only with cortisol secretion.
D)They occur only with growth hormone secretion.
Q2) The same chemical messenger may be either a hormone or a neurotransmitter, depending on its source and mode of delivery to the target tissue.
A)True
B)False
Q3) has an influence on other major control system
A)the endocrine system
B)the nervous system
C)both the endocrine and nervous systems
Q4) Steroid hormones are first produced in an inactive form.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) ____________________ are hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
Chapter 6: The Endocrine Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____________________ is the most important physiological regulator of thyroid hormone secretion.
Q2) Plasma sodium levels are high in a patient, but his plasma potassium levels are low.What might you expect to find as an underlying cause of this condition
A)decreased plasma aldosterone levels
B)decreased plasma parathyroid hormone levels
C)increased plasma parathyroid hormone levels
D)increased plasma aldosterone levels
Q3) The thyroid gland stores enough thyroid hormone to supply the body's needs for several months.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of these states is NOT a result of untreated diabetes
A)ketoacidosis
B)dehydration
C)inactivation of gluconeogenesis
D)glycosuria
Q5) In response to stress, the hypothalamus secretes _____________________, which ultimately results in cortisol secretion.
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Chapter 7: Muscle Physiology
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303 Verified Questions
303 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these actions is involved in developing tension in muscle fibres
A)contraction of sarcomeres
B)lengthening of sarcomeres
C)pushing of myosin by actin
D)elongation of myosin fibres
Q2) Gradation of muscle contraction can be accomplished by stimulating variable portions of each motor unit.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of these events happens when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of the motor neuron
A)Calcium is released inside the muscle fibre.
B)Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft.
C)Acetylcholinesterase is released into the synaptic cleft.
D)Physical contact between the motor neuron and the muscle fibre occurs.
Q4) What causes muscular fatigue
A)accumulation of lactic acid
B)depletion of calcium
C)depletion of sodium
D)glycogenesis
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Cardiac Physiology
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267 Verified Questions
267 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ECG is an actual recording of cardiac electrical activity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Cardiac tamponade refers to failure of the AV node to transmit the action potential from the atria to the ventricles.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following occurs when an individual is sympathetically stimulated
A)The SA node depolarizes more rapidly.
B)More ATP results in more sarcomere cross-bridge attachments.
C)Ventricles contract harder than atria.
D)The SA node repolarizes more slowly.
Q4) delays conduction of the impulse
A)SA node
B)AV node
C)bundle of His and Purkinje system
D)gap junction
Q5) Cardiac output is stroke volume times the heart rate.
A)True
B)False
10
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Chapter 9: Vascular Physiology
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262 Verified Questions
262 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these local chemical factors will NOT cause vasodilation of arterioles
A)decreased K
B)increased CO
C)increased acid
D)decreased O
Q2) Which of these statements describes vasoconstriction
A)It causes a decrease in resistance.
B)It occurs when there is a decrease in the radius of a vessel.
C)It is due to a decrease in sympathetic activity.
D)It causes no change in resistance.
Q3) Which organ receives the most blood flow while at rest
A)heart
B)kidney
C)brain
D)muscle
Q4) Which of these types of blood vessels consists of only one cell layer
A)arteriole
B)artery
C)capillary
D)vein
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Heme in haemoglobin contains four ____________________-containing groups.
Q2) By far the most abundant of the cellular elements in the blood are the ____________________.
Q3) Which of the following does NOT refer to blood doping
A)It is a technique used to temporarily increase the O -carrying capacity of the blood.
B)It is based on illicitly boosting the number of red blood cells in the circulatory system.
C)RBCs can be concentrated, frozen, and stored for months without damage.
D)The new form involving the hormone EPO is free of health hazards.
Q4) Leukocytes are formed from megakaryocytes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Pernicious anaemia develops from a deficiency of which of the following
A)ATP
B)carbonic anhydrase
C)gastrin hormone
D)intrinsic factor
Q6) The clotting process involves a cascade of ____________________ activations.
Q7) The enzyme that activates fibrinogen is ____________________.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Body Defences
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________________ refers to the chemical attraction of leukocytes to the site of invasion.
Q2) Distinguish between the two pathways by which the complement system can be activated.
Q3) ____________________ immunity is conferred by receipt of preformed antibodies.
Q4) Provide a mechanistic description of the functions of the compliment system.
Q5) Which type of leukocyte has a derivative known as the plasma cell
A)neutrophil
B)B lymphocyte
C)T lymphocyte
D)macrophage
Q6) constant between different antibodies
A)applies to the Fab region
B)applies to the Fc region
Q7) ____________________ are plasma membrane-bound glycoproteins that serve as self-antigens.
Q8) Virus-infected cells can self-destruct by apoptosis.
A)True
B)False
Q9) A carcinogenic factor causes ____________________. Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 12: The Respiratory System
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253 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What factor in the arterial blood has the largest effect on increasing the rate of respiration
A)The hydrogen ion concentration in the kidney ECF increases.
B)The partial pressure of oxygen generally drops to 90.
C)The partial pressure of carbon increases.
D)The hydrogen ion concentration in the ECF generally increases.
Q2) Which one of these factors would reduce the alveolar ventilation rate the most
A)increased alveolar dead space
B)decreased alveolar dead space
C)increased tidal volume
D)increased vital capacity
Q3) The partial pressure of nitrogen in the atmosphere is greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The VRG consists of ____________________ and ____________________ neurons.
Q5) ____________________ refers to a ventilation rate that exceeds the metabolic needs of the body.
Q6) The vocal folds are found in the ____________________, among the respiratory passages.
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Chapter 13: The Urinary System
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276 Verified Questions
276 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What happens to tubular secretion when the extracellular fluid becomes too acidic
A)No ionic substance is affected.
B)Hydrogen ions decrease.
C)Hydrogen ions increase.
D)Sodium ions decrease.
Q2) Which of these statements does NOT describe the proximal tubule
A)It reabsorbs about 65 percent of the filtered water.
B)It receives the filtrate from Bowman's capsule.
C)It is the location where glucose is reabsorbed.
D)It is the site of action of renin.
Q3) Which nephron structure is especially important in the kidney's ability to produce urine of varying concentration
A)Bowman's capsule
B)proximal tubule
C)distal tubule
D)loop of Henle
Q4) ____________________ percent of the renal tissue can adequately perform all excretory and regulatory functions of the kidney.
Q5) ____________________ is the inability to prevent the discharge of urine.
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Chapter 14: Fluid and Acidbase Balance
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259 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Vasopressin secretion is stimulated as a compensatory mechanism.
A)overhydration
B)dehydration
C)both overhydration and dehydration
D)neither overhydration nor dehydration
Q2) Diabetes insipidus often leads to hypertonicity of the body fluids.
A)True
B)False
Q3) anxiety
A)respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis
Q4) The amount of Na excreted in the urine equals the amount of Na __________ minus the amount of Na __________.
Q5) primary intracellular buffer
A)haemoglobin buffer system
B)phosphate buffer system
C)protein buffer system
D)H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>:HCO - buffer system
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Chapter 15: The Digestive System
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303 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) stimulate(s) pancreatic aqueous NaHCO secretion
A)both secretin and CCK
B)secretin
C)CCK
D)gastrin
Q2) Bile salts are derivatives of cholesterol.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Defecation is a spinal reflex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Symptoms associated with constipation are attributable to toxins absorbed from the retained fecal material.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Deglutition refers to the process of chewing.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The four basic digestive processes are ____________________,
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Chapter 16: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
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157 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) transfer of heat by air or water currents
A)convection
B)evaporation
C)radiation
D)conduction
Q2) Which of these statements describes obesity
A)The percentage of body fat and the body mass index are two commonly used determinants of obesity.
B)The health risks are the same for a person who is in the obese category and a person who is in the overweight category.
C)Waist circumference (WC) is not a significant measurement in gathering a fat weight distribution picture.
D)A link between obesity and heredity has not yet been scientifically proven.
Q3) Sustained exercise is the most common cause of hyperthermia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A disorder characterized by a pathological fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image is ____________________.
Q5) Describe the physiological changes that occur during heat stroke.
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Chapter 17: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Secondary sexual characteristics refer to the external characteristics not directly involved in reproduction that distinguish males and females.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the sequence of phases in the sexual response cycle
A)plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution
B)excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
C)plateau, orgasm, excitement, resolution
D)excitement, resolution, orgasm, plateau
Q3) Which of these is NOT a function of the primary sex organs
A)to produce estrogen
B)to produce testosterone
C)to produce progesterone
D)to produce seminal fluids
Q4) The acrosome is an enzyme-filled vesicle at the tip of the head of the spermatozoon that enables the sperm to penetrate the ovum.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A(n) ____________________ is the cutting and tying off of the ductus deferens.
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