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This course explores the complex factors that shape human behavior, drawing from psychological, biological, social, and cultural perspectives. Students will examine key theories and research in areas such as motivation, learning, emotion, personality, social influence, and development. Through case studies and practical applications, the course aims to deepen understanding of why individuals and groups think, feel, and act the way they do, highlighting the interplay between innate predispositions and environmental influences.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Psychology 9th Edition by James W. Kalat
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4502 Verified Questions
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Q1) The field of psychology known as ergonomics or human factors concentrates on
A) facilitating cooperation between groups of people with a history of hostility.
B) understanding the evolution of the human mind.
C) design of machinery and instructions so people can understand them better.
D) improving education for children who learn slowly or differently from others.
Answer: C
Q2) A psychologist who applies psychological principles to help athletes train and compete is a/an
A) health psychologist.
B) sports psychologist.
C) athletic director.
D) forensic assistant.
Answer: B
Q3) The field of psychology today is
A) extremely diverse in the subjects it explores.
B) devoted mainly to the study of laboratory animals.
C) devoted mainly to studying anxiety and depression.
D) no longer interested in studying mental processes.
Answer: A
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Q1) In the field of psychology, there are a variety of different types of psychologists performing various types of tasks and responsibilities. In your textbook, different types of psychologists are organized into two main categories. Describe those two categories and give one example of a specific type of psychologist for each category.
Answer: The two categories presented in the textbook are psychologists in training and research and service providers to individuals. An example of a psychologist in training and research is a cognitive psychologist who studies learning and memory. An example of a service provider to individuals is a clinical psychologists who helps individuals with chronic mental illness.
Q2) An ____________________ psychologist would be most interested in studying built-in behavior tendencies that serve adaptive functions?
Answer: evolutionary
Q3) A type of psychologist known as a ____________________, attempts to facilitate the operation of machinery so that ordinary people can use it efficiently and safely.
Answer: human factors specialist
Q4) ____________________ is credited with being the founder of American psychology.
Answer: William James
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Q1) If competent researchers consistently get similar results whenever they follow a particular procedure, then the results are
A) replicable.
B) correlational.
C) representative.
D) operational.
Answer: A
Q2) Jane describes a dream she had that came true the next day. This is an example of A) an anecdote.
B) an experimental result.
C) selective truth.
D) a correlational result.
Answer: A
Q3) According to the principle of parsimony, we should prefer the theory that A) is most popular among the population as a whole.
B) makes fewer or simpler assumptions.
C) fits any data that we could possibly imagine.
D) relies on anecdotal evidence.
Answer: B
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Q1) Sometimes an inert pill is given to experimental participants, but they are told that the pill is effective. This pill is called a ____________________.
Q2) ____________________ is a highly desirable feature of a scientific study.
Q3) A ____________________ is the entire group of individuals to be considered.
Q4) Participants in an experiment are often kept blind about the condition to which they have been assigned. This will help prevent ____________________.
Q5) Mathematical summaries of results are known as ____________________.
Q6) The ____________________ is the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected.
Q7) A ____________________ is one of the most difficult to obtain, but is best-suited for generalizing to the whole population?
Q8) To say that a theory is ____________________ is to say that it makes simple, acceptable assumptions.
Q9) Consider the following set of scores on a quiz: 2, 2, 3, 5, 8. The mean for this set of scores is 3.
A)True
B)False

Page 6
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Q1) Which branch of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for controlling the internal organs?
A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) somatic
D) autonomic
Q2) The classic example of a narcotic drug is A) alcohol.
B) Valium.
C) opiate.
D) hallucinogen.
Q3) A person who has suffered damage to a strip along the rear portion of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex would experience impairment of A) hearing.
B) control of fine movements on the opposite side of the body.
C) regulation of sleep and arousal.
D) vision.
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Q1) Hormones and neurotransmitters are similar in that each is carried through the body by our blood.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A physiological explanation describes the mechanisms that produce a behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Narcotics are drugs that produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreased responsiveness.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Damage to the prefrontal cortex is likely to produce poor performance on a delayed-response task, which indicates a difficulty in remembering what has just happened.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The ____________________ is the set of fibers that connect the left hemisphere of the brain to the right hemisphere.
Q6) A ____________________ is a junction where one neuron communicates with another.
Q7) Nicotine is classified as a ____________________.
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Q1) When you see something,
A) energy comes out of your eye.
B) energy goes into your eye.
C) energy both goes into and out of your eye, simultaneously.
D) energy first comes out of your eye then goes into it.
Q2) People stare at a pattern of narrow black-and-white lines for a minute and then look at some wider lines. The second set of lines appears even wider than usual to them. Why?
A) Staring at the first set of lines led to the phenomenon of induced motion.
B) Staring at the first set of lines produced sensory adaptation.
C) Staring at the first set of lines fatigued certain feature detectors.
D) Staring at the first set of lines changed these people's psychophysical function.
Q3) The tendency to interpret a line drawing as simple, symmetrical figures is an example of the Gestalt principle of A) linear regularity.
B) proximity.
C) closure.
D) good figure.
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Q1) The "pain" of feeling rejected is processed in the anterior cingulate cortex, the same brain area that responds to the emotional aspect of the cutaneous sensation of pain.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Because there are no receptor cells where the optic nerve leaves the retina, all people have a blind spot.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Researchers have now established that there are seven primary qualities of odor, and there are seven corresponding types of olfactory receptors.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The experience of pain is a mixture of ____________________ and ____________________, and these qualities are regulated in different areas of the brain.
Q5) Briefly describe hyperopia and myopia and how these two common disorders of vision differ.
Q6) The ____________________detects the position and acceleration of the head?
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Q1) What can the staff of a nursing home do to improve the health, alertness, memory, and morale of the people living in the home?
A) Take care of meals, laundry, and other chores for them.
B) Let them make some choices and perform some chores on their own.
C) Encourage them to set goals as high as possible, even if they are unrealistic.
D) Keep the routine the same from one day to the next.
Q2) What is the evidence that a newborn infant prefers the sound of his/her own mother's voice to that of other women?
A) The infant learns to turn the eyes toward the mother's voice, but not toward another woman's voice.
B) Hearing another woman's voice causes the baby to cry.
C) The infant sucks harder when sucking turns on the sound of the mother's voice.
D) The infant smiles after hearing the mother's voice, but not another woman's voice.
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Q1) Sections along each chromosome, known as ____________________, control the chemical reactions that direct development.
Q2) Being born with a low birthweight causes impaired brain development, leading to academic and behavior problems as the child ages.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Tommy tells his mom about an event at preschool in a way that assumes his mom knows what he is talking about. Developmental psychologists would describe Tommy's thinking as egocentric.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A ____________________ study follows a single group of individuals as they develop.
Q5) Genes located on the X chromosome are known as ____________________ genes.
Q6) There are a number of research design methods that are employed to study human development. Briefly define the following types of research design methods: cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential designs. Give one example of a weakness of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs and explain how a sequential design attempts to address these limitations.
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Q1) Ivan Pavlov was a pioneer in the study of
A) operant conditioning.
B) social-learning theory.
C) behavior modification.
D) classical conditioning.
Q2) Which type of experience must a subject go through in classical conditioning before it can display stimulus generalization?
A) acquisition
B) spontaneous recovery
C) extinction
D) discrimination
Q3) Unlike the structuralists, behaviorists believed that psychology must study __________ in order to be scientific.
A) thought processes only
B) thought processes and observable behavior
C) observable behavior only
D) the structure and the processes of thinking
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Q1) Two behaviorists are attempting to explain the causes of why an infant engages in activities to increase the probability of nursing. How might a radical behaviorist differ from a methodological behaviorist in their explanation? Be sure to mention the role of intervening variables.
Q2) In operant conditioning, there are a number of types of rein forcers and punishment that can be used to either increase or decrease behavior. Alexander's mother is trying to change his behavior in terms of teaching him to be more responsible for his fish. Alexander likes to spend all of his time playing video games, but his mother is trying to reduce the number of hours he spends playing video games and increase the number of times that he cleans his fishbowl. Currently, he is given a timeout everyday when he does not clean his fishbowl. Give an example of how his mother could attempt to change Alexander's behavior using; negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and punishment.
Q3) Modern behaviorists emphasize the role of heredity (genetics) more than the environment in causing behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Another name for negative punishment is ____________________.
Q5) Early behaviorism was sometimes referred to as ____________________ psychology.
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Q1) Memory improves when there is an increase in
A) retroactive interference.
B) proactive interference.
C) Korsakoff's syndrome.
D) depth of processing.
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
A) remembering the current score of a basketball game
B) remembering the final score of a basketball game played last week
C) remembering the first time you went to a basketball game
D) remembering the rules for playing basketball
Q3) The most reasonable conclusion concerning the decay of short-term memories is that
A) memories are either stored in long-term memory or forgotten in about 18 seconds.
B) all types of information in short-term memory decay at the same rate.
C) there is no research evidence that supports the decay hypothesis.
D) some types of information of current concern can be maintained and updated for longer than 18 seconds even without constant rehearsal.
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Q1) Forgetting where or how you learned something is source amnesia.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Based on research findings, psychologists have recommended to police that they use a sequential lineup procedure (the witness views one suspect at a time).
A)True
B)False
Q3) An association that facilitates remembering information in long-term memory is known as a/an ____________________ cue.
Q4) Episodic memory is memory for specific events in your life.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Bob is preparing to study for his final exam in art history. He needs to review Chapter 12 of his textbook and has been told that he should use the SPAR method to study. Explain what each of the letters in the SPAR acronym stands for and give an example of how Bob would use each step to effectively study his reading.
Q6) The patient H.M. suffered memory problems after damage to his
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Q1) In one study, students watched an experimenter fill two jars with sugar. They were then given two labels and instructed to put whichever label they wanted on each jar; one of the labels said "sucrose, table sugar" and the other said "not sodium cyanide, not poison." Later, when making Kool Aid, most subjects used the sugar from the jar labeled __________. These results are consistent with the idea that people __________.
A) "sucrose, table sugar"...have difficulty understanding negatives
B) "not sodium cyanide, not poison"...rely on confirmation that things are safe
C) "sucrose, table sugar"...saw the experimenter fill this jar
D) "not sodium cyanide, not poison"...often believe that experimenters use reverse psychology
Q2) If people are given a choice between two foods, one of which they are told is "good for you" and the other of which they are told is "not bad for you," what will happen?
A) Most will prefer the one they were told is "good for you."
B) Most will prefer the one they were told is "not bad for you."
C) Very few people will exhibit any preference for one over the other.
D) Most people will refuse to eat either food.
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Q1) Broca's aphasia is a condition marked by impaired recall of nouns and impaired comprehension of language, despite the ability to speak fluently and grammatically.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The word superiority effect refers to the finding that it is easier to read a word that is part of a sentence than to read the same word in isolation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cognitive psychologists conduct the majority of their research by asking subjects to describe their own thinking.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define phoneme and morpheme. Identify the number of phonemes and number of morphemes in the following sentence: "The cat runs quickly."
Q5) A person who suffers from __________ may be mentally retarded but still able to produce language in a normal and skillful way.
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Q1) Since the invention of IQ tests, psychologists have periodically rewritten the tests and intentionally made the test more difficult. Why?
A) to prevent cheating
B) to keep the mean score from rising above 100
C) because the tests are now being used for different purposes than they were in the past
D) because low IQ scores have greater reliability than high scores do
Q2) Which of the following is evidence for a biased test item?
A) a judge suggests that African-American children may respond differently than European-American children because of differences in their cultures
B) the item is missed by most test-takers
C) the item correlates well with the entire test
D) the item correlates with the entire test better for one group than for another group
Q3) What sex differences (if any) are found on the scores of IQ tests?
A) Boys do about 5 points better than girls on the average.
B) Girls do about 5 points better than boys on the average.
C) Boys do better at the early ages, and girls do better after about age 12.
D) Boys and girls get about equal scores.
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Q1) By developing tests of creative and practical intelligence, Sternberg is attempting to develop intelligence tests that are better predictors of ____________________ than standard IQ tests.
Q2) Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests are used to measure an individual's probable performance in school and similar settings. Name the two most widely-used adult intelligence tests and explain the principle of adaptive testing.
Q3) A five-year-old who has a Stanford-Binet IQ score of 116 is more intelligent than an eight-year-old who also scores 116.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Since the early days of IQ tests, psychologists have periodically rewritten the tests. Their revisions have intentionally made the tests more ____________________ than they used to be.
Q5) A question on a math test contains a diagram of an American football field. If this question is among the easiest for men to answer and among the hardest for women to answer, we can conclude that this test question is biased.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Research has shown that people who sleep 9 or more hours per night spend a lot of that time in REM sleep, while those who sleep less than 6 hours get less REM sleep. This implies that
A) the body needs a certain minimum amount of REM sleep.
B) the body needs a certain minimum amount of non-REM sleep.
C) REM sleep does not serve an important function.
D) elderly adults get more REM sleep than adolescents.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true of REM sleep?
A) Dreams are likely to occur during REM.
B) REM is most abundant toward the end of the night's sleep.
C) The major postural muscles are tense during REM.
D) Brain activity is similar to that during wakefulness.
Q3) People suffering from narcolepsy:
A) get sleepy in the middle of the day.
B) walk and talk in their sleep.
C) find it difficult to breathe while sleeping.
D) find it difficult to wake up in the morning.
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Q1) Freud referred to the surface appearance of a dream as the ____________________ content.
Q2) People who were born blind do not have visual images in their dreams.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Larger animal species need more sleep than smaller species.
A)True
B)False
Q4) You are the president of a company in the United States, and you are negotiating with a company on the other side of the world. Given the research on jet lag, you should schedule a meeting somewhere in Europe to give your company the greatest advantage.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The research evidence supports the claim that hypnosis can help people accurately recall forgotten memories from childhood.
A)True B)False
Q6) ____________________ is a condition in which people have trouble breathing while they sleep.
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Q1) The process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome is called
A) energization.
B) homeostasis.
C) overjustification.
D) motivation.
Q2) Robin has been hired as a new manager at Same Old-Same Old Corporation, a business that has been highly stable and predictable over the past several years. Things are working well at Same Old-Same Old, but Robin's boss wants her to try to make the organization even more efficient. Robin should adopt what style of leadership?
A) transactional
B) transcranial
C) transformational
D) transportational
Q3) Workers show the highest level of productivity when they set which type of goal?
A) "Do your best."
B) a specific, challenging goal
C) a specific, easy goal
D) no goal at all
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Q1) The pancreas secretes both ____________________, which promotes the movement of nutrients out of the blood and into the cells, and ____________________, which helps to convert stored supplies back into blood glucose.
Q2) Maintaining stability of temperature, body weight, body water, and other biological conditions is known as ____________________.
Q3) Eating may be affected by a number of factors, such as appetite, food portions, and cultural practices. Eating disorders, however, involve more extreme disturbances in eating behavior, such as unhealthy reduction of calories or extreme anxiety concerning weight. Two eating disorders presented in your text are anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Briefly describe each of these disorders.
Q4) On the average, adult homosexual males have less testosterone than adult heterosexual males.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compared to adults, most children prefer to receive a smaller, immediate reward rather than a larger, delayed reward.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) During a period of prolonged stress,
A) cortisol levels remain at a high level.
B) physiological variables such as epinephrine levels and heart rate show slight changes at first and then return to normal.
C) heart rate and respiration rate show a gradual decrease.
D) appetite and weight increase steadily.
Q2) Researchers measure changes in the startle reflex as an operational definition of A) happiness.
B) shyness.
C) embarrassment.
D) anxiety.
Q3) Considering relaxation techniques and exercise, which, if either, has been shown to effectively reduce stress?
A) relaxation, but not exercise
B) exercise, but not relaxation
C) both relaxation techniques and exercise reduce stress
D) neither relaxation nor exercise affect stress
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Q1) Elaine visualizes receiving an A on her next psychology test. Elizabeth visualizes herself going to the library, organizing her notes and reading the book. Elizabeth is more likely to be successful than Elaine.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Emotions are generally associated with changes in the activity of the ____________________ nervous system.
Q3) Research has demonstrated that speaking with a therapist as soon as possible after experiencing a trauma reduces the risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
A)True
B)False
Q4) Jorge sets a goal for his life: advancing the cause of peace and justice. Jose sets a goal for his life: to make money. According to the research on happiness, Jose is more likely to be happy than Jorge.
A)True
B)False
Q5) People with ____________________ have little physical response to any event and weak emotions.
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Q1) Jennifer seems alert and interested during her literature class. You are likely to attribute her behavior to an external cause (as opposed to an internal cause) if
A) you have never met Jennifer before today.
B) most other students in the class seem alert and interested also.
C) Jennifer has seemed interested every day throughout the semester.
D) Jennifer seems equally interested in her other classes also.
Q2) You are traveling and find yourself in the town of Koversada, a small, totally nudist city on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The people stare at you and shake their heads in disapproval as you walk, fully clothed, through town. Your sudden discomfort at being clothed, and the pressure you feel to either disrobe or leave town is due to A) normative influence.
B) informational influence.
C) both normative and informational influence.
D) the mysterious yet powerful autokinetic effect.
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Q1) Regardless of whether our potential for altruistic, cooperative behavior depends on a genetic predisposition, experiences, or a combination of the two, it has to develop in some way. Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that moral reasoning is a process that naturally matures through a series of stages. Name and describe the two stages that comprise the preconventional morality level.
Q2) Two groups have a history of prejudice and hostility between them. The research has found that the best way to reduce this prejudice is to have members from each group talk and try to get to know each other.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Attributions that we adopt to maximize credit for success and minimize blame for failure are called ____________________.
Q4) We want to understand why people behave as they do. One method we use is to draw inferences about their reasons. Attribution is the set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our own behavior and that of others. Define internal attribution and external attribution. Describe the three types of information that Harold Kelley proposed we rely on when deciding whether to make an internal or external attribution for behavior.
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Q1) A worker in an asbestos plant who hears that working with asbestos increases the risk of cancer soon forgets the report. This is an example of which defense mechanism?
A) reaction formation
B) displacement
C) regression
D) repression
Q2) According to Freud, libido is FIRST focused on the sensations that an infant feels in their
A) mouth.
B) genitals.
C) anal sphincter.
D) penis.
Q3) According to Alfred Adler, people's main motivation is A) sexuality.
B) avoidance of pain.
C) striving for superiority.
D) the collective unconscious.
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Q1) The big five personality traits were derived by psychologists who observed thousands of people behaving in hundreds of different situations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Freud, the ego defends itself against conflicts and anxieties by relegating unpleasant thoughts and impulses to the unconscious. Among the defense mechanisms that the ego employs are repression, denial, rationalization, displacement, regression, projection, reaction formation, and sublimation. Briefly describe repression, displacement, and regression.
Q3) The research evidence strongly supports Freud's concept of repression.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Psychologists have devised questionnaires to measure belief in a just world, self-esteem, and hundreds of other traits. Measuring hundreds of traits is impractical. Researchers have instead used factor analysis to develop five major clusters of personality traits which they call the big five personality traits. Name and describe three of the five traits.
Q5) Freud's theory of personality is an example of a ____________________ theory.
Q6) According to research, our personality gets more ____________________ as we age.
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Q1) Dr. Talklotz frequently argues with her psychotherapy clients. She tries to uncover their internal sentences such as "I must always be a success" and she contradicts them. She is probably which type of psychotherapist?
A) paradoxical intervention specialist
B) behavior therapist
C) person-centered therapist
D) rational-emotive therapist
Q2) The main goal of psychoanalysis is to
A) establish realistic goals and expectations.
B) change behavior.
C) bring unconscious thoughts into consciousness.
D) enable the client to make personal decisions and promote self-acceptance.
Q3) One major advantage of group therapy is that it enables clients to
A) receive the advantages of several types of psychotherapy at once.
B) deal with more severe disorders than an individual session can deal with.
C) speak more freely and more openly than they would in individual sessions.
D) save money.
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Q1) A meta-analysis of the results from 475 studies found that the average person who received therapy shows more improvement than about 80% of similar people who were not in therapy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The distinguishing feature of ____________________ therapy is that the therapist provides an atmosphere in which the client can deal with his or her own problems.
Q3) The current edition of the book that lists approved diagnoses of psychological disorders is abbreviated ____________________.
Q4) The predominant view of abnormal behavior in Western cultures today is the ____________________ view.
Q5) It is possible for a cognitive therapist to practice family systems therapy simultaneously.
A)True
B)False
Q6) ____________________ usually makes a client begin dealing with main problems promptly.
Q7) ____________________ means the removal of patients from mental hospitals.
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Q1) Which of the following is a useful substitute for morphine and heroin, because it satisfies the craving without disrupting behavior as greatly as morphine and heroin do?
A) amphetamine
B) methadone
C) marijuana
D) naloxone
Q2) Flooding or implosion is an effective treatment for phobias because of which of these physiological facts?
A) The axon conducts impulses in one direction only.
B) The sympathetic nervous system cannot maintain maximum arousal for very long.
C) The left frontal cortex is more important for happiness, while the right frontal cortex is more important for sadness.
D) Different synaptic transmitters control different aspects of behavior.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of mania?
A) high activity level
B) sudden attacks of anxiety
C) lack of inhibitions
D) rambling speech ("flight of ideas")
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Q1) A repetitive, unwelcome train of thought is known as ____________________.
Q2) People who find it difficult or impossible to quit a self-destructive habit are said to have a ____________________ on it or an ____________________ to it.
Q3) One explanation of why people develop fears of some objects more readily than other objects is that we are predisposed to develop fears for items that have been dangerous in our history. This explanation supports a/an _____________________ view of phobias.
Q4) A ____________________ is an extreme, persistent fear that interferes with normal living.
Q5) Panic disorder is more commonly diagnosed in men than in women.
A)True B)False
Q6) Tom has auditory hallucinations in which he hears voices saying, "cut yourself and die." This is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Addicted drug users rarely get intense pleasure, also called ____________________, from a drug, but they continue to ____________________ anyway.
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Q1) The first psychology laboratory was set up by A) Jung.
B) Wundt.
C) Piaget.
D) Erikson.
Q2) Theory X and Theory Y are both theories in the field of A) work motivation.
B) developmental psychology.
C) physiological psychology.
D) operant conditioning.
Q3) An experimenter flashes a picture in someone's left visual field and asks what it was. The person answers "I don't know," while pointing to the correct answer with the left hand. What part of the brain is probably damaged in this person?
A) corpus callosum
B) visual cortex in the left hemisphere
C) visual cortex in the right hemisphere
D) Broca's area
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