Human Behavior and Personality Exam
Answer Key
Course Introduction
This course explores the foundational concepts and theories related to human behavior and personality, delving into psychological, biological, and social factors that shape individual differences. Students will examine key frameworks such as psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, and social-cognitive theories, as well as current research on personality development and assessment. The course also investigates the impact of culture, environment, and genetics on personality formation, and considers how understanding personality can inform approaches to mental health, relationships, and professional interactions. Through a combination of lectures, case studies, and self-assessment tools, students will gain insights into the complexities of human behavior and the diverse ways individuals express their unique personalities.
Recommended Textbook
The Person An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology 5th Edition by Dan P. McAdams
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Chapter 1: Studying the Person
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Sample Questions
Q1) Personality psychology is the scientific study of
A) The whole person
B) Abnormal behavior in humans
C) Social groups
D) Personal adjustment
Answer: A
Q2) When a scientist investigates a phenomenon in an inductive way, he or she seeks to
A) Discover concrete facts from abstract theories
B) Create abstract theories from concrete observations
C) Test abstract hypotheses with concrete observations
D) Disprove common misunderstanding with experiments
Answer: B
Q3) In setting up a hypothesis-testing study, a scientist should first
A) Decide on the proper statistical procedure to be employed
B) Recruit a body of subjects persons) who can participate in the study
C) Design a methodology that is appropriate for the problem
D) Review the theoretical and empirical literature concerning the hypothesis
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Evolution and Human Nature
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the book Darwin's Cathedral, David Sloan Wilson argues that human beings have evolved to be religious because religious practice and beliefs
A) Tend to enhance physical health, which promotes reproduction
B) Build group solidarity, which enhances reproduction of group members
C) Provide compelling answers to tough questions, which provides security
D) Reinforce male dominance, which makes for group cohesion
Answer: B
Q2) In arguing that a particular behavior pattern in humans is coded in the genes and is therefore part of human nature, a person studying evolutionary psychology might use all of the following evidence except the fact that the behavior pattern
A) Appears in all human societies
B) Is displayed by chimpanzees
C) Appears to be adaptive within the environment of evolutionary adaptedness
D) Is stable in persons from childhood onward
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Social Learning and Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Bandura,
A) Reinforcement promotes learning but observation promotes performance
B) Reinforcement promotes performance but observation promotes learning
C) Reinforcement and observation promote learning but neither promotes performance
D) Reinforcement and observation promote performance but neither promotes learning
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following parenting styles combines high acceptance and low demands?
A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Neglecting
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Personality Traits: Fundamental Concepts and Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) A pupil of Aristotle in ancient Greece, Theophrastus, provided an early trait taxonomy that
A) Relied on mathematical models to delineate the basic traits in human life
B) Provided humorous character sketches of people with particular traits
C) Connected basic traits to fluids in the body
D) Derived many variations in personality from one basic ideal type
Q2) In the construct or substantive) approach in personality trait measurement, the first step in designing a scale is to
A) Write test items
B) Sample responses from a large group
C) Define the trait theoretically
D) Perform a factor analysis
Q3) Shweder and other psychologists who adopt the concept of "implicit personality theory" argue that trait measures are invalid because they
A) Fail to predict behavior in specific situations
B) Fail to encompass subtle aspects of personality, such as life stories
C) Merely capture people's understanding of how trait-relevant words go together
D) Do not make explicit the theories of self that people hold dear
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Chapter 5: Five Basic Traits in the Brain and in Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements does not reflect an empirical finding concerning the trait of neuroticism N)?
A) N is a negative indicator for recovery from depression
B) N is positively associated with guilt and anxiety about sexual relations
C) N is positively associated with emotion-focused coping strategies
D) N is negatively associated with performance on achievement tasks
Q2) Which of the following characteristics is not associated with the Big Five trait of conscientiousness C)?
A) Responsibility
B) Achievement orientation
C) Empathy
D) Persistence
Q3) Eysenck links individual differences in extraversion/introversion to the functioning of the
A) Limbic system
B) Reticular activating system
C) Thalamus
D) Cerebral cortex
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Chapter 6: Continuity and Change in Traits: the Roles
Environments, and Time
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are true of the Q-sort methodology in personality assessment except
A) Persons are compared to each other on absolute trait levels
B) It incorporates an ipsative ordering procedure for personality descriptors
C) It relies on ratings made by experts
D) Items are sorted into a normal distribution
Q2) Twin studies suggest that heritability quotients for most self-report traits tend to be around
A) 70%-80%
B) 40%-50%
C) 20%-30%
D) 0%-10%
Q3) Test-retest correlations for neuroticism over a 30-year period of time tend to be around
A) +.80
B) +.50
C) +.20
D) -.20
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Chapter 7: Motives and Goals: What Do We Want in Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why might we classify motives and goals as "characteristic adaptations" instead of "dispositional traits?"
A) Because motives and goals predict both emotions and behavior, whereas traits predict only behavior
B) Because motives and goals are contextualized in time
C) Because motives and goals are unconscious
D) Because motives and goals are self-chosen whereas traits are outside of our control
Q2) In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following types of needs are at the highest level?
A) Safety
B) Esteem
C) Belongingness
D) Physiological
Q3) On the average, women tend to score higher than men on which of the following motives?
A) Achievement
B) Power
C) Intimacy
D) None of the above
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Self and Other: Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following measures is used to assess personal constructs?
A) The Personal Orientation Inventory
B) The Alienation Test
C) The Rep test
D) The MMPI
Q2) Relational schemas are
A) Internalized models of important interpersonal relationships
B) Bipolar constructs regarding good vs. bad people in one's life
C) Rules about how to interact with others in social groups
D) Sex-role stereotypes that are primed in situations in which gender norms are ambiguous
Q3) People who hold "entity theories" as opposed to "incremental theories") about their love relationships tend to believe that
A) Their love relationships were "meant to be"
B) Problems and conflicts in their love relationships will be difficult to fix
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Developmental Stages and Tasks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Concerning Loevinger's stages of ego development, all of the following are true except
A) Higher stages are more differentiated and integrated
B) The ego is one's overall framework of meaning
C) With development, the person becomes more and more committed to society's goals
D) Loevinger proposes a developmental typology for adults
Q2) Loevinger's stages of ego development are measured via
A) A self-report questionnaire
B) The Thematic Apperception Test
C) A sentence-completion test
D) Behavioral observation under standard conditions
Q3) The relation between ego development and intelligence is A) Strongly positive
B) Modestly positive
C) Zero
D) Modestly negative
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11
Chapter 10: Life Scripts, Life Stories
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Q1) Self-defining memories tend to express all of the following except A) Vivid scenes
B) Unresolved psychological issues
C) Links to other important memories
D) Clear causal statements about identity
Q2) Making narrative sense of negative events ideally involves two-step process, which is characterized as
A) Exploration, positive resolution
B) Regret, acceptance
C) Character development, plot development
D) Description, interpretation
Q3) Jefferson Singer's research has shown that the self-defining memories displayed by men addicted to drugs and alcohol
A) Tend to be filled with themes of violence and destruction
B) Tend to have very little agency and communion content
C) Tend to be structured as very simple narratives
D) Tend to emphasize themes of control to compensate for lack of control in life
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Chapter 11: Interpreting Peoples Stories: From Freud to Today
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which of the following famous case studies did Freud and Breuer discover that a patient's talking about narrating) dreams and daytime fantasies helped to relieve the patient's symptoms?
A) Ann O
B) Frau Emmy von N.
C) Little Hans
D) The Rat Man
Q2) Freud's approach to dream interpretation and the postmodern approach to understanding life stories have which of the following principles in common?
A) People's stories are not as coherent as they initially seem.
B) People's stories are determined by inner, unconscious forces.
C) People's stories are strongly shaped by cultural norms and categories.
D) People are active agents in constructing their own purposeful life stories.
Q3) In the normal resolution of the Oedipus complex,
A) Identification follows object choice
B) Object choice follows identification
C) The superego takes over the ego's domain
D) The ego takes over the superego's domain
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Chapter 12: Writing Stories of Lives: Biography and the Life Course
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Murray's personology, a series of overlapping proceedings that together comprise a temporally meaningful period in a person's life, analogous to a "chapter" in a person's life story, is called a
A) Thema
B) Unity-thema
C) Durance
D) Serial
Q2) The Icarus complex is a
A) Trait
B) Clinical syndrome
C) Thema
D) Biographical type
Q3) In her study of life histories of European men and women in the 1920s and 30s, Frenkel found that a search for the "meaning of life" begins
A) In early childhood
B) In late adolescence
C) Around age 30
D) At midlife
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