Health Sciences Research
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Health Sciences Research explores the fundamental methods and principles used in conducting scientific investigations within the health sciences field. The course introduces students to research design, data collection and analysis, interpretation of findings, and ethical considerations in health research. Emphasis is placed on understanding both quantitative and qualitative research methods, evaluating scientific literature, and developing skills necessary for critically appraising and designing research studies. This foundational knowledge prepares students to participate in or lead research projects aimed at improving health outcomes and advancing evidence-based practice.
Recommended Textbook Nursing Research in Canada 4th Edition by
Geri LoBiondo Wood
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Role of Research in Nursing
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Q1) What was the focus of most nursing research studies conducted during the first half of the twentieth century?
A) Nursing education methods and outcomes
B) Effects of sanitation on health promotion and disease prevention
C) Use of epidemiology as a method of identifying risk for specific illnesses
D) Identification of the most effective means to disseminate positive findings from nursing research
Answer: A
Q2) Why are nursing practice-oriented scientific investigations valuable?
A) They validate the effectiveness of particular nursing interventions.
B) They encourage consumers to question the quality of health care.
C) They limit the theory base for clinical decision making.
D) They mandate health care reform.
Answer: A
Q3) A key step to the development of nursing research was
A) the endowment of nursing research chairs.
B) universities offering baccalaureate nursing programs.
C) a baccalaureate degree becoming the entry to practice.
D) the Canadian Nurses Association developing a research mandate.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework
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Q1) Which of the following research questions reflects an inductive approach to scientific inquiry?
A) Is there a difference in infection rates among patients with neutropenia who eat from dishes cleaned with automatic dishwashers as compared with patients with neutropenia who eat from dishes that are hand washed?
B) Do older adults residing in assisted-living settings have more social interaction than do older adults residing in their own homes?
C) What is the relationship between self-esteem and loneliness in recently widowed women over 60?
D) What is the experience of parents when their child is born more than 10 weeks preterm?
Answer: D
Q2) A theory would be described as
A) prediction of the outcomes of a study.
B) an image that represents an abstract idea.
C) set of interrelated concepts that can explain a phenomenon.
D) a general framework to identify factors related to a phenomenon.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the Research Process
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Q1) In which section of a research report or study would unexpected findings be presented?
A) "Methods"
B) "Discussion"
C) "Conceptual Framework"
D) "Review of Literature"
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following situations or factors would result in an unfavourable critique of a research article or paper?
A) There is no specific section titled "Conceptual Framework."
B) The discussion contains statements about the limitations of the study.
C) The abstract contains information that is not reflected in the actual research paper sections.
D) The description of author credentials indicates that one of the authors is prepared at only the master's level.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Developing Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) Which type of format is demonstrated by the following research question? "Is there a relationship between self-esteem and body weight among postmenopausal women?"
A) Correlational
B) Comparative nonexperimental
C) Quantitative experimental
D) Phenomenological
Q2) Which of the following hypotheses fails to meet the criteria of testability?
A) Proper hand washing prevents the spread of infection.
B) A consistent routine of low-impact aerobic exercising will increase coordination among older adults.
C) Patients who use guided imagery during MRI procedures will have reduced perceptions of emotional distress compared with patients who do not use guided imagery.
D) Postoperative patients who receive round-the-clock scheduled analgesics will have lower levels of pain compared with postoperative patients who receive analgesics on a PRN schedule.
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Chapter 5: Finding and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) What type of article is implied when the author uses the following phrase in the abstract of the article? "A study was conducted."
A) Empirical literature
B) Conceptual literature
C) Clinical literature
D) Informational literature
Q2) Which of the following is the most important question to ask when evaluating a journal article's literature review?
A) How was the review conducted?
B) Was every relevant article critiqued?
C) Does the literature review reveal existing knowledge?
D) Was there an appropriate number of secondary sources?
Q3) Which of the following resources represents the most comprehensive source for nursing literature?
A) CINAHL
B) MEDLINE
C) The Canadian Nurse
D) World Wide Web
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Chapter 6: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) Which of the following ethical principles was violated in the Hyman versus Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital case,in which doctors injected older adults with cancer cells to study their rejection responses?
A) Promoting Justice
B) Promoting Health and Well-Being
C) Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
D) Promoting and Respecting Informed Decision Making
Q2) You are a staff nurse,and you observe a health care professional coercing a patient to agree to participate in a research study.What should you do in this situation?
A) Contact the hospital's REB.
B) Confront the researcher with your concerns.
C) Document your suspicions in the patient's medical record.
D) Secretly record the researcher's interaction with the patient.
Q3) The Research Ethics Board (REB)is responsible for A) approval of the research design.
B) protecting participants from undue risk.
C) ensuring that informed consent is obtained.
D) promotion of nursing research in health care institutions.
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Chapter 7: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) The term triangulation refers to
A) a mathematical technique.
B) combining different methods, theories, data sources, or investigators.
C) information collected becoming repetitive.
D) possible applications of the results of qualitative studies.
Q2) Which of the following statements is consistent only with qualitative research methods?
A) The focus of qualitative research is measuring one or more human characteristics.
B) Qualitative research methods attempt to control or eliminate variables that interfere with what is being studied.
C) The basis for all qualitative interactions is the belief that a human being is a composite of many body systems.
D) The focus of qualitative research methods is the study of human experiences that occur within a person's natural setting.
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Chapter 8: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) Which of the following features distinguishes intensive dialogue from a simple interview?
A) The researcher makes detailed notes about the participant's responses during the interview.
B) The researcher is fully engaged, becoming a thoughtful presence during the interview.
C) The researcher develops the interview questions before the actual interview occurs.
D) The researcher completes the questionnaire for the participant to avoid any misunderstanding or confusion.
Q2) Which of the following data-gathering techniques is accepted in the grounded theory approach but not in the phenomenological approach?
A) Face-to-face interview
B) Recorded interview
C) Participant-written response to written questions
D) Skilled observation of individuals in a social setting
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Chapter 9: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) Which factors would be considered threats to internal validity?
A) Time
B) Selection effects
C) History
D) Testing
E) Participant availability
F) Cost
G) Selection bias
Q2) A study is examining the effect of a new antilipemic drug,compared with placebo,on lipoprotein levels in postmenopausal women.Which of these actions represents the researcher's attempt at constancy in data collection to control extraneous variables?
A) Drawing the serum lipoprotein levels of all participants at the same time of day
B) Having the same phlebotomist draw serum lipoprotein levels of all participants
C) Using the same room for drawing blood for lipoprotein levels of all participants
D) Ensuring that all participants are postmenopausal women taking lipid-lowering medication
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Chapter 10: Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
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Q1) The nurse is critiquing a research study that used an experimental design.Which of the following criteria must be met to infer causality?
A) The relationship between cause and effect must be reciprocal.
B) The relationship must not be explainable by any other variable.
C) The independent variable must change in response to manipulation of the dependent variable.
D) The outcome must be logical, expected, and predictable.
Q2) The nurse is critiquing a research study that involves participants undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer.Which finding would meet a criterion for inferring causality between performance of exercise and adaptive behaviour of the participants receiving chemotherapy?
A) Adaptation behaviour began before the exercise program was initiated.
B) Adaptive behaviour occurred in the control group over time.
C) The level of adaptation behaviours increased proportionately with increase in the intensity of the exercise.
D) No differences in adaptation behaviours were observed between participants in the experimental group and participants in the control group.
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Chapter 11: Non-Experimental Designs
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Q1) How does an experimental research design differ from a nonexperimental research design?
A) Experimental designs allow observation of a phenomenon as it naturally occurs, and nonexperimental designs permit environmental manipulation.
B) Nonexperimental designs manipulate the dependent variable, and experimental designs manipulate the independent variable.
C) Nonexperimental designs attempt to test differences among variables, and experimental designs attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
D) Experimental designs are scientific, and nonexperimental designs have no scientific basis.
Q2) The longitudinal study and the prospective study are similar for which reason?
A) Each moves forward in time.
B) Each has an experimental focus.
C) Each is able to establish causal relationships.
D) Each selects different samples from the same population at various periods of time.
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) Which of the following statements best identifies the sample descriptors that form the basis for eligibility criteria in sample selection?
A) A sample of 1,000 practising nurses in a selected state was surveyed.
B) The sample consisted of 267 Canadian girls and American girls who lived in urban areas in their respective countries.
C) The sample consisted of 40 men between the ages of 20 and 55 who were treated for burn injuries during the past decade at a specialized burn unit.
D) The sample consisted of 57 hospital nurse executives and 178 staff registered nurses employed in Ontario.
Q2) Which type of sampling is most at risk for sample bias?
A) Quota
B) Random
C) Purposive
D) Convenience
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Chapter 13: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) Which data-collection method can be assessed by asking,"Is there evidence that participants were able to answer the questions?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiological measurement
D) Records and databases
Q2) Which of the following methods of data collection has the lowest refusal rate?
A) Closed-ended questionnaire
B) Open-ended questionnaire
C) Physiological measurement
D) Interview
Q3) Use of records or data-available methods of data collection would be most appropriate in which case?
A) When the research participants are illiterate
B) When the participants are not reliable historians
C) When the goal of research is to analyze trends and change over time
D) When the researcher suspects that the participant may be attempting to alter responses in an attempt to please the researcher
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Chapter 14: Rigour in Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher determines an instrument's homogeneity using which type of reliability?
A) Split-half reliability
B) Test-retest reliability
C) Inter-rater reliability
D) Alternate-form reliability
Q2) A researcher who is developing a new instrument to measure pain has been told by experts and patients that the instrument has face validity.What should be the researcher's next step?
A) Use the instrument in a parent study
B) Use the instrument in a pilot study
C) Assess the reliability of the instrument
D) Assess the content validity of the instrument
Q3) Which type of validity is demonstrated when a nurse researcher submits items of an instrument to a panel of experts to evaluate item clarity?
A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Concurrent validity
D) Criterion-related validity
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) A student is critiquing a research report of a phenomenological research study that examines the lived experience of domestic violence.Which of the following answers is consistent with elements of a qualitative research report for a phenomenological research study?
A) Data from participants are presented in the form of narrative text.
B) The researcher details the natural setting in which field work was conducted.
C) The data analysis section discusses use of a statistical software package.
D) The sampling section indicates that all participants must currently be in an unstable domestic relationship.
Q2) Which of the following is the term for the huge volume of data collected during qualitative research?
A) Essential data
B) Fat data
C) Interview data
D) Observational data
Q3) What is the purpose of data display in qualitative analysis?
A) To describe relationships among emerging themes in qualitative data
B) To organize qualitative data into meaningful clusters
C) To record observational data for analysis
D) To organize data to facilitate conclusion drawing
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Chapter 16: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) The nurse researcher opts to use a measure of variability.Which measure of variability does the researcher recognize as being most unstable?
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Range
D) Semiquartile range
Q2) A nurse researcher determines the assignment of a number to an object for measurement by verifying what?
A) The object must vary within a narrow range to meet category requirements.
B) All objects assigned a specific measurement number must be similar to all other objects assigned the same number.
C) The objects assigned to one specific number must be positively related to the dependent variable of the study.
D) The objects assigned to one specific number must be positively related to the independent variable of the study.
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18
Chapter 17: Presenting the Findings
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Q1) What conclusion should be drawn when the research hypothesis is not supported by the findings of a study?
A) The theoretical framework is invalid.
B) The study findings have no relevance.
C) The researcher should have used a different statistical test.
D) The study has one or more problems that restrict adequate investigation of the phenomenon.
Q2) The nurse researcher questions the strength,quality,and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings.This is described in which part of the discussion section?
A) Inferences
B) Summary
C) Limitations
D) Recommendations
Q3) What critical behaviour should investigators demonstrate when presenting their results?
A) Researcher bias
B) Appropriateness
C) Objectivity
D) Inference
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Critiquing Qualitative Research
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Q1) Rigour in qualitative studies is measured by its
A) data audit.
B) fittingness.
C) trustworthiness.
D) statistical analysis.
Q2) Which of the following activities represents attention to credibility in a qualitative study?
A) Ensuring that all participants self-identified with a specific racial or ethnic group
B) Providing direct quotations from participants
C) Identifying the basic psychological process (BSP)
D) Participants recognizing their data and approving their accuracy during validation
Q3) What does the inclusion of study themes represent in the presentation of a qualitative research study?
A) The actual written report
B) The operational definition of the study's conceptual framework
C) The labelling of similar ideas shared by the study participants
D) The relationship between the hypotheses and the research questions
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Chapter 19: Critiquing Quantitative Research
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Q1) Where in a report of a quantitative research study would you expect the gaps or conflicts about the studied phenomenon to be identified?
A) Analysis of data
B) Research design
C) Problem statement
D) Review of the literature
Q2) A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question "Was inter-rater reliability calculated?" Which data collection methods and procedures would this question evaluate?
A) Physiological measurement
B) Interviews
C) Available data records
D) Observation
Q3) Under which heading of a research report are the threats to a study's internal and external validity usually presented?
A) Design
B) Results
C) Discussion
D) Data analysis
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Page 21
Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
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Q1) A nurse researcher writes an article for the Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics based on his research (previously published in Computers in Nursing)on the variables that predict the successful implementation of a computerized documentation system.This research activity is described as research
A) dissemination.
B) recruitment.
C) evaluation.
D) analysis.
Q2) What is a useful approach to evaluate an EIP standard that has been recorded in writing by the health care professional?
A) Nursing staff meeting
B) Focus group
C) Patient safety committee
D) Quality improvement committee
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