Health Sciences Research Methods
Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Health Sciences Research Methods provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the principles and practices involved in conducting scientific research within the health sciences field. This course covers key topics such as research design, data collection techniques, sampling strategies, ethical considerations, and data analysis methods relevant to both quantitative and qualitative research. Students will learn how to critically appraise published literature, develop research questions, formulate hypotheses, and design research protocols. Emphasis is also placed on interpreting research findings and translating evidence into practice, equipping students with foundational skills for evidence-based healthcare and further academic inquiry.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Research 8th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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Chapter 1: The Role and Importance of Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Qualitative research can be defined by which of the following?
A) directly tests the quality of a cause and effect relationship
B) examines human behavior in the contexts in which they occur
C) typically leads to high-quality numeric data
D) one of the oldest formalized types of research used in the social and behavioral sciences
Answer: B
Q2) What is another term for basic research?
A) real research
B) pure research
C) applied research
D) baseline research
Answer: B
Q3) Nonexperimental research methods consist of which of the following?
A) test causal relationships between variables
B) only describe characteristics of existing phenomenon
C) can be descriptive, historical, or correlational
D) examine factors that are not related
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Research Process: Coming to Terms
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Q1) Which of the following is another term for dependent variable?
A) interacting variable
B) predictor variable
C) criterion variable
D) restricting variable
Answer: C
Q2) What is the term often associated with the random variability introduced into every study as a function of the group of subjects participating, as well as many other unforeseen factors?
A) systematic error
B) non-normality
C) biased sampling
D) chance
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following might be considered a level of an independent variable?
A) hair color
B) blue eyes
C) party affiliation
D) favorite type of M&M
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: A: Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research
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Q1) Which source should NOT be cited in a formal literature review?
A) Newsweek
B) Review of Educational Research
C) Handbook of Child Psychology
D) Journal of Educational Finance
Answer: A
Q2) How would you use the Google phonebook to conduct research?
A) allows you to prompt Google to provide another set of results on the same topic
B) by using the name and university of a researcher to find contact information
C) by providing a wildcard search
D) to format your blog
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is a good way to find a research topic?
A) personal experience
B) getting an idea from your advisor
C) looking for the next step in the research process
D) all of the above
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: B: Ethics: the Basic Principles
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Q1) Which is NOT a component of informed consent?
A) the purpose of the research
B) who you are
C) how the participant can get a copy of the records
D) a computer simulation of the data
Q2) What does the ethical principle of "sharing benefits" mean?
A) all participants in the same study should receive an equal share of the benefits or subject payments
B) all those who belong to the population being studied will share equally from the benefits the study produces
C) the results of studies must be shared with the public so society may benefit from the increased knowledge
D) all groups involved in a study should eventually be given an opportunity to receive any treatments that were found to be effective in the study
Q3) Distinguish between anonymity and confidentiality. Which is required for research to be considered ethical?
Q4) List 10 informational elements that should be present in an informed consent letter. Must the letter be signed by the participant?
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Chapter 4: Sampling and Generalizability
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Q1) Which sampling technique is the most time-consuming?
A) simple random sampling
B) quota sampling
C) systematic sampling
D) cluster sampling
Q2) Explain how to use a table of random numbers.
Q3) Which of the following statements is a definition of sampling error?
A) the difference in characteristics between the sample and the population sampled from
B) the difference in amount of people between the sample and the population sampled from
C) greatest when using simple random sampling than other sampling types
D) larger when you have a larger sample
Q4) Sampling error can be defined by which of the following statements?
A) increased by increasing sample size
B) larger as the diversity of sample values becomes smaller
C) can be minimized by using simple random sampling
D) becomes equal to zero over many samples
Q5) Why does increasing the number of people in a sample decrease the sampling error?
7
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Chapter 5: Measurement, Reliability, and Validity
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Q1) Dr. Brown finds that results from different methods used to assess the same trait are highly correlated and results from different methods used to assess different traits are not
Significantly correlated. These results demonstrate which two types of validity respectively?
A) predictive and concurrent
B) concurrent and predictive
C) discriminant and convergent
D) convergent and discriminant
Q2) Which variable would be considered to be measured at the ordinal level?
A) religious affiliation
B) SAT score
C) temperature
D) racing results
Q3) The ratio level of measurement would include which of the following?
A) political affiliation
B) amount of books owned
C) order of finishing test
D) GRE score
Q4) What is the difference between reliability and validity?
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Chapter 6: Methods of Measuring Behavior
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Q1) With no information, what is the chance that a person can guess correctly on a four-option multiple-choice question?
A) 100%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 25%
Q2) What is the computed number for how well an item distinguishes between the "knowing" and the "unknowing"?
A) item analysis
B) discrimination index
C) difficulty index
D) attitude index
Q3) The Graduate Record Examination and the Miller's Analogy Test are generally used for ______________.
A) placement
B) selection
C) evaluation of a program
D) diagnosis
Q4) Why is it important to be unobtrusive when observing behavior?
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Chapter 7: Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics
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Q1) What is another way to describe a mean?
A) deviation
B) variability
C) average score
D) test statistic
Q2) What is the mode of 1, 1, 3, 4, 6?
A) 15
B) 1
C) 3
D) 2
Q3) Why is the sum of the deviation about the mean always 0?
Q4) What do you call research data that has not been analyzed and is still in an unorganized format?
A) raw data
B) research data
C) data points
D) descriptive data
Q5) What are some characteristics of a normal curve?
Q6) What is a measure of central tendency?
Q7) Why should we use standard scores instead of raw scores?
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Chapter 8: Introducing Inferential Statistics
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Q1) The first step for conducting a meta-analysis is ____________.
A) decide on an appropriate statistical software package
B) develop a system to code the various dimensions of the study
C) collect as many studies as possible or at least a representative group
D) determine the most appropriate type of descriptive or correlational technique to examine the outcomes of the studies as a whole
Q2) If Dr. Robinson rejects the null hypothesis after observing a test statistic which exceeds the critical value at the .05 level, there is_____________________________________________.
A) a 95% chance that the null hypothesis is actually true
B) a 5% chance that the null hypothesis is actually true
C) a 5% chance that the null hypothesis is actually false
D) no chance that the null hypothesis is actually true
Q3) What is the statistical test for examining the significant difference between two means from two unrelated groups?
A) t-test for dependent means
B) MANOVA
C) t-test for independent means
D) factor analysis
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Chapter 9: Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and Correlational Methods
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Q1) Samantha wanted to investigate the relationship between the amount of time her students engaged in outside leisure reading and their participation in class discussions. Her study would study be classified as _________________.
A) longitudinal
B) historical
C) cross-sectional
D) correlational
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding correlational research is false?
A) Correlational research describes the linear relationship between two or more variables.
B) Correlational research is a very effective means of establishing causal relationships.
C) Correlational research is a type of descriptive research.
D) Correlational research can help to "paint a broad picture" of the current state of some phenomenon.
Q3) What is the difference between a closed-ended and open-ended question?
Q4) What is the difference between the coefficient of determination and the coefficient of alienation?
Q5) What are some advantages of survey research?
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Research: Qualitative Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a case study?
A) It allows close examination of greatly detailed data.
B) It provides a rich account of what is being studied.
C) It is a quick method of obtaining information.
D) Several different types of techniques can be used to obtain data.
Q2) External criticism, as applied to historical data, is concerned with the _______________ of the data.
A) carbon dating
B) accuracy
C) authenticity
D) ethnography
Q3) Which would NOT be considered a source of information for qualitative research?
A) tests
B) records
C) observation
D) interviews
Q4) Why is it important to understand the history of a phenomenon?
Q5) Describe the difference between direct and participant observation.
Q7) What are some of the limitations of historical research? Page 13
Q6) Name two types of questions used in interviews and give examples of both.
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Page 14
Chapter 11: Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods
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Q1) To what does the term internal validity refer?
A) the degree to which results of a study can be generalized from one sample to another
B) the process of subject selection
C) the development of a treatment
D) the degree to which the results of a study can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable
Q2) What is the Hawthorne effect?
Q3) Which is a way to control extraneous variables?
A) matching
B) history
C) instrumentation
D) reactive arrangements
Q4) Besides randomization, which of the following is a technique used to equalize initial group differences?
A) using heterogeneous population
B) comparing males and females
C) using analysis of covariance
D) ignoring extraneous variables
Q5) How can you increase internal and external validity?
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Chapter 12: Quasi-Experimental Research: a Close Cousin to Experimental Research
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Q1) If nonequivalent control group design had random selection and assignment, what type of design would it be?
A) static group comparison
B) one-group pretest posttest design
C) one-shot case study design
D) pretest posttest control group design
Q2) What is one criticism of the AB single-subject design?
A) too short
B) may be unethical to not apply a facilitative treatment
C) takes too much time and energy
D) does not rely on graphical depiction
Q3) How do quasi-experimental methods help with ethical research?
Q4) If, while using the nonequivalent control group design, the researcher discovers that groups differ on the pretest measure, one technique which can be used to statistically equalize the groups on the pretest is ____________________.
A) factor analysis
B) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
C) parallel forms pretesting
D) Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
Page 16
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Chapter 13: Writing a Research Proposal
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name some things you should remember when selecting your dependent variable.
Q2) Which part of a research proposal is included at the author's discretion?
A) introduction
B) implications and limitations
C) review of literature
D) method
Q3) Which of the following would be found in the appendices section?
A) current status of topic
B) problem statement
C) time line
D) research design
Q4) Which of the following would NOT be considered a major section of a research proposal?
A) terminology
B) a review of the literature
C) the method
D) implications and limitations
Q5) What should you look for when evaluating the method section of a research paper?
Q6) What should you look for when evaluating the hypothesis of a research paper?
Q7) What should you consider when selecting a sample for your research study?
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Chapter 14: Writing a Research Manuscript
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Q1) List the parts of a prepared manuscript, in order.
Q2) Which section of the manuscript contains information on the instrumentation used?
A) introduction
B) method
C) results
D) discussion
Q3) What type of information may be contained in the appendices of a manuscript?
A) original data
B) author's notes
C) references
D) both a and c
Q4) In a prepared manuscript, what should follow the discussion section?
A) tables
B) title page
C) references
D) abstract
Q5) What information is usually included in a discussion section?
Q6) What are the differences between the results and discussion sections?
Q7) What are some subsections that may be found in the methods section?
Page 18
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