Health Sciences Research Methods
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Health Sciences Research Methods introduces students to the fundamental principles and practices of research design, data collection, and statistical analysis applicable to health sciences. The course covers qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, ethical considerations, literature review strategies, and critical appraisal of scientific evidence. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, select appropriate methodologies, analyze and interpret data, and communicate findings effectively, preparing them to conduct independent research and contribute to evidence-based practice in health-related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Research 8th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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15 Chapters
564 Verified Questions
564 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Role and Importance of Research
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) High quality research has which of the following characteristics?
A) difficult to replicate
B) typically influenced by special interest groups
C) is linear in nature
D) based on the work of others
Answer: D
Q2) What is a characteristic of quasi-experimental research?
A) does not establish cause and effect relationships
B) assignment to groups based on some pre-determined characteristic
C) has the highest degree of control over the factors being examined
D) assignment to groups is random in nature
Answer: B
Q3) Correlational research provides information about which of the following?
A) the relationship between two or more things
B) historical trends
C) cause-and-effect relationships
D) general human behaviors in the context in which they occur
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: The Research Process: Coming to Terms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Given no other information, chance is always the most likely explanation for differences between two groups.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A
Q2) The significance level reported in a research study can be explained by which of the following?
A) importance of the results to the benefit of society
B) statistical methods to determine the results of the study
C) risk associated with not being 100% confident the difference is due to the treatment
D) importance of the results to the benefit of an individual
Answer: C
Q3) Which type of designs include more than one independent variable?
A) exploring designs
B) factorial designs
C) confounding designs
D) extraneous designs
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: A: Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research
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39 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a general source?
A) Lexis/Nexis Academic
B) Journal of Learning Disabilities
C) PscyhAbstracts
D) Encyclopedia of Psychology
Answer: A
Q2) What might a bibliographic database program help you to do?
A) limit your references to one specific format
B) find out how many times each of your references has been cited by others
C) organize your references and generate a final list for use in your manuscript
D) identify the number of primary and secondary references
Answer: C
Q3) For what purpose would you use a ListServ?
A) to automatically receive information on a particular subject
B) to send private messages to one of your classmates
C) to choose the appropriate statistical test
D) to see a one-paragraph summary of a journal article
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: B: Ethics: the Basic Principles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the primary shortcomings of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and what ethical guidelines are in place now to prevent such ethical lapses in the future. Is it enough?
Q2) Discuss two of the general issues in ethical research behavior.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT considered a basic principle of ethical behavior in research?
A) protection from harm
B) refraining from coercion
C) informed consent
D) a well-stated hypothesis
Q4) Forcing someone to participate in a study is an example of what ethical issue/concern?
A) protection from harm
B) maintenance of privacy
C) informed consent
D) coercion
Q5) Distinguish between anonymity and confidentiality. Which is required for research to be considered ethical?
Q6) What is the role of professional organizations in promoting ethical standards in human research studies?
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Chapter 4: Sampling and Generalizability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Susan calls every 10th name in the student phone book to ask them to participate in her study. This is an example of ________________________.
A) simple random sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) quota sampling
Q2) A table of random numbers _________________________________.
A) is used in nonprobability sampling methods
B) can be used to create a stratified sample
C) works well with convenience sampling
D) is a list of ordered numbers from which the researcher closes his eyes and randomly points until he obtains the desired number for his sample
Q3) What is the difference between probability and nonprobability sampling?
Q4) Why is generalizability the key to a successful study?
Q5) What type of sampling is usually the easiest to do?
A) quota sampling
B) simple random sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) cluster sampling
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Chapter 5: Measurement, Reliability, and Validity
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37 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A measure of how stable a test is over time is an example of which of the following?
A) inter-rater reliability
B) test-retest reliability
C) parallel forms reliability
D) internal consistency
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an example of reliability?
A) consistency
B) performing the same in the future as in the past
C) the test doing what it is supposed to do
D) measuring the same thing more than once with the same outcome
Q3) _________________ describes a measure used to compare two different tests with the same group of participants to see how closely correlated the two sets of scores are with each other.
A) inter-rater reliability
B) test-retest reliability
C) parallel-forms reliability
D) internal consistency
Q4) What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Q5) Name four ways to increase reliability.
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Chapter 6: Methods of Measuring Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) A discrimination index of +1.00 means that the item ____________________.
A) fails to discriminate
B) discriminates perfectly
C) is too easy
D) is too hard
Q2) With no information, what is the chance that a person can guess correctly on a four-option multiple-choice question?
A) 100%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 25%
Q3) A standardized test _________________________________________.
A) is usually commercially produced and requires a common set of administration and scoring procedures
B) compares an individual's test performance to the test performance of others
C) relies only on multiple choice questions
D) is designed and administered by a researcher for a specific research study
Q4) What are some advantages and disadvantages to using multiple choice questions?
Q5) Why is it important to be unobtrusive when observing behavior?
Q6) What are the five basic assumptions when using a questionnaire?
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Chapter 7: Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a step in data collection?
A) the collection of data
B) the designation of a coding strategy
C) the construction of a data collection form
D) the selection of a sample
Q2) In a set of scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what raw score is represented by a z-score of 2.00?
A) 115
B) 130
C) 100
D) 70
Q3) When a normal distribution is represented by a histogram, where would most scores fall?
A) in the extremes of the distribution
B) in the middle of the distribution
C) outside of the distribution
D) on the high end of the distribution
Q4) What is the difference between the mean, median, and mode?
Q5) Give an example of when you would use the median as the measure of central tendency.
10
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Chapter 8: Introducing Inferential Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The critical value is__________________________________.
A) the value found after calculating a test statistic
B) the value needed to determine a valid study
C) the value needed to determine a reliable study
D) the value needed to reject the null hypothesis
Q2) What is the difference between statistical significance and meaningfulness? Which is more important?
Q3) When examining the significance of the relationship between two variables, what test should you use?
A) t-test for dependent means
B) t-test for independent means
C) t-test for the correlation coefficient
D) analysis of variance
Q4) If Helen mistakenly accepts her null hypothesis when it should be rejected, what has occurred?
A) Type I error
B) Type II error
C) researcher bias
D) none of the above
Q5) What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
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Chapter 9: Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and
Correlational Methods
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39 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is the weakest correlation?
A) + 0.76
B) + 0.21
C) - 0.01
D) - 0.88
Q2) How do you know by looking at the correlation coefficient if there is a strong correlation between one variable and another?
Q3) Which interview question is open-ended?
A) Do you smoke?
B) Are you married?
C) How old are you?
D) How do you feel about tests?
Q4) What is the most frequently used measure of relationships?
A) Spearman's rho
B) Pearson product moment
C) Student's t
D) Holmes procedure
Q5) What does the sign (+ or -) on a correlation mean?
Q6) What are some advantages of survey research?
Q7) What are the Ten Commandments of interviewing? Page 12
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Research: Qualitative Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which would NOT be considered a source of information for qualitative research?
A) tests
B) records
C) observation
D) interviews
Q2) The last step in conducting historical research is __________________.
A) interpreting the results
B) formulating a hypothesis
C) defining a topic or problem
D) gathering data
Q3) Which type of research has only one subject?
A) correlational
B) case study
C) experimental
D) quasi-experimental
Q4) What is another term for historical research?
A) histology
B) historiography
C) histonomy
D) theory analysis
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Chapter 11: Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Choose one threat to internal validity, define and describe it then discuss what a researcher can do to avoid or minimize it.
Q2) The experimental design that uses one group and a pretest and posttest is called
A) one-group pretest posttest design
B) posttest only control group design
C) Solomon four-group design
D) one-shot case study
Q3) Besides randomization, which of the following is a technique used to equalize initial group differences?
A) using heterogeneous population
B) comparing males and females
C) using analysis of covariance
D) ignoring extraneous variables
Q4) In which of the following is randomization NOT possible?
A) selection of a sample from the population
B) assignment of participants to groups
C) post-testing of participants
D) assignment of treatment type to groups
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Chapter 12: Quasi-Experimental Research: a Close Cousin to Experimental Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which design is presented below? Group 1 Pretest Treatment Posttest
Group 2 Pretest No Treatment Posttest
A) nonequivalent control group design
B) static group comparison
C) Solomon two group design
D) factorial design
Q2) Why use nonequivalent control group design?
A) less cost
B) less time involved
C) easier training
D) because you cannot assign subjects to groups
Q3) Longitudinal studies examine changes that occur with age; what do cross-sectional studies examine?
A) immediate treatment effects across groups
B) long-term treatment effects
C) age changes
D) age differences
Q4) Give an example of static group comparison in an experiment.
Page 16
Q5) What is the difference between true and quasi-experimental research?
Q6) How do quasi-experimental methods help with ethical research?
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Page 17
Chapter 13: Writing a Research Proposal
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Sample Questions
Q1) What should you look for when evaluating the hypothesis of a research paper?
Q2) Name some things you should remember when selecting your dependent variable.
Q3) Which is NOT a common criticism of research articles?
A) data collection not carefully controlled
B) weaknesses in design of research
C) hypothesis was not interesting
D) limitations of the study were not stated
Q4) What should you consider when reviewing a test?
Q5) Which of the following would be found in the literature review section?
A) current status of topic
B) problem statement
C) time line
D) research design
Q6) Which of the following would be found in the introduction section?
A) current status of topic
B) problem statement
C) time line
D) research design
Q7) What is an effective way of judging how much time your proposal will take?
Q8) What should you consider when selecting a sample for your research study?
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Chapter 14: Writing a Research Manuscript
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Sample Questions
Q1) Does an abstract usually include a report of the study's sample size?
A) always
B) only in historical research
C) never
D) sometimes
Q2) How many words in length should your abstract be?
A) 50
B) 120
C) 300
D) There is no limit.
Q3) What type of information may be contained in the appendices of a manuscript?
A) original data
B) author's notes
C) references
D) both a and c
Q4) Which parts of a manuscript have limitations of words as suggested by the text?
A) title and abstract
B) title only
C) abstract only
D) no limits were suggested by the text
Page 19
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