Foundations of Clinical Practice Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Clinical Practice introduces students to the essential principles and skills required for effective patient-centered care. This course emphasizes the development of communication, clinical reasoning, and professional behaviors within a healthcare setting. Through interactive lectures, small group discussions, and hands-on clinical skills training, students learn history taking, physical examination techniques, and basic procedural skills. Ethical and legal aspects of clinical practice, as well as the importance of teamwork and interprofessional collaboration, are explored. By building a solid foundation in clinical method and patient interaction, this course prepares students for subsequent experiential learning in real healthcare environments.
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Clinical Psychology 8th Edition by Timothy J. Trull
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Chapter 1: Clinical Psychology: An Introduction
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Q1) Traditionally,counseling psychologists work primarily with A) normal or moderately maladjusted individuals.
B) children or the elderly.
C) psychiatric inpatients.
D) individuals with alcohol dependency.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is generally true regarding the various mental health professions?
A) Over the years, the professional roles have tended to blur, such that the activities of various types of mental health professionals now overlap.
B) Over the years, the ability to prescribe medicine, which once belonged exclusively to psychiatrists, has spread to most mental health professions.
C) Although some overlap may occur in other areas, clinical psychologists are still the only mental health professionals who can ethically conduct psychotherapy.
D) Although some overlap may occur in other areas, clinical psychologists are still the only mental health professionals who can ethically conduct psychological testing.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Historical Overview of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following is an accurate statement about the treatments offered by clinical psychologists?
A) The number of treatments has been declining in recent decades.
B) The number of treatments has grown only slightly in recent decades.
C) The number of treatments has grown tremendously in recent decades.
D) The number of treatments has grown tremendously in recent decades, and most of these treatments have received empirical support.
Answer: C
Q2) Up until the end of WWII,one of the main focuses of clinical assessment and treatment was
A) youth.
B) the elderly.
C) addiction.
D) none of the above
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Current Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) The Psy.D.model of training grew out of a conference held in A) Vail in 1973.
B) New York in 1960.
C) Denver in 1988.
D) Boulder in 1949.
Answer: A
Q2) The influence of managed care is likely to impact psychological treatment in the future in ALL BUT THE FOLLOWING ways:
A) There will be increased use of master's level providers and decreased use of doctoral level providers.
B) There will be decreased use of self-help interventions.
C) There will be greater use of computer- or Internet-assisted therapy.
D) More psychological services will be delivered via primary care settings. Answer: B
Q3) APA published its first code of ethics in the A) 1930s.
B) 1950s.
C) 1970s.
D) 1990s. Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) __________ designs are those that evaluate or compare individuals at the same point in time,while __________ designs follow the same participants over time.
A) Cross-sectional; longitudinal
B) Longitudinal; cross-sectional
C) Quasi-experimental; experimental
D) Experimental; longitudinal
Q2) Dr.Greene would like to conduct an externally valid study on the topic of social anxiety.Which study methodology below is most likely to yield results that are externally valid?
A) case study of an individual with social anxiety
B) single-case design examining the effects of imagery exercises in a person with social anxiety
C) epidemiological study to estimate the prevalence of social anxiety
D) experimental study examining the effects of group therapy (versus being waitlisted) on social anxiety
Q3) Briefly compare and contrast unsystematic,naturalistic,and controlled observation methods.
Q4) Why is deception sometimes used in psychological research? What are some objections to its use?
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Chapter 5: Diagnosis and Classification of Psychological Problems
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Q1) A "psychopathologist" is
A) an individual currently diagnosed with a mental disorder.
B) a scientist who studies the development and causes of mental disorders.
C) an individual currently diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
D) a clinical psychologist who endorses the "violation of social norms" definition of abnormality above all others.
Q2) Which of the following features has been most heavily criticized regarding DSM-IV-TR's coverage of diagnostic conditions?
A) over-inclusiveness
B) the exclusion of childhood developmental disorders
C) the placement of personality disorders on Axis II
D) the limited number of schizophrenia subtypes
Q3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the "disability or dysfunction or impairment" definition of abnormal behavior?
Q4) What is the function of each axis of DSM-IV-TR?
Q5) Describe the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology.
Q6) Compare and contrast the categorical and dimensional approaches to the classification of mental disorders.
Page 7
Q7) Identify at least three ways that culture may impact diagnosis and/or treatment.
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Chapter 6: The Assessment Interview
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Q1) Mr.and Mrs.Hargett set up an assessment appointment for their 15-year-old son,Tommy; when they bring him in,they say that they want to find out "what is wrong" with him.According to the text,what should the psychologist do in this case?
A) The psychologist should conduct a comprehensive assessment of Tommy, examining him for every type of psychological problem.
B) The psychologist should tell the parents that their referral question is inappropriate, and that they should take their son elsewhere.
C) The therapist should talk with the parents to help them narrow down their questions about Tommy, and then conduct an assessment around these questions.
D) The psychologist should conduct a focused assessment of Tommy, examining him for the problems most commonly observed in 15-year-old males.
Q2) Briefly describe the ideal physical environment for a clinical interview.
Q3) According to APA's ethical code,video recording interviews
A) is unethical.
B) is ethical only if the client consents to it.
C) is ethical only if a copy of the recording is provided to the client.
D) is ethical with adult clients, but not with child clients.
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Chapter 7: The Assessment of Intelligence
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Q1) Identify at least three distinct types of stylistic appraisal that an intelligence test administrator might make from observing an examinee during testing.
Q2) A person whose lowest WAIS-IV subtest scores are Picture Completion,Block Design,and Matrix Reasoning most clearly has a relative weakness in A) long-term memory. B) verbal comprehension. C) perceptual reasoning. D) mathematical ability.
Q3) __________ is a measure of what one has already learned. A) Achievement B) Ability
C) Adeptness
D) Aptitude
Q4) Briefly compare and contrast the Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition.
Q5) How do the theories of intelligence developed since the 1980s differ from those that preceded them?
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Chapter 8: Personality Assessment
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Q1) The majority of contemporary test developers typically use the __________ approach to test construction.
A) factor analytic
B) content validation
C) construct validation
D) empirical criterion keying
Q2) Describe the TAT,and briefly summarize its administration and scoring procedures.Identify two general guidelines for interpreting the TAT.
Q3) What is the nature of the controversy surrounding the use of the MMPI-2 in personnel settings?
Q4) An advantage of objective tests is that they typically allow clinical psychologists to A) administer the same test to multiple clients at the same time.
B) allow significant leeway for personalized scoring and administration.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q5) Outline three reasons why the MMPI was revised.Also,outline two common criticisms of the MMPI-2.
Q6) Summarize the content validation approach to objective test construction.
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Chapter 9: Behavioral Assessment
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Q1) In the context of behavioral observation,ratings are usually made along ALL BUT WHICH of the following dimensions?
A) duration
B) intensity
C) pleasantness
D) frequency
Q2) Behavioral assessors use role-playing techniques to
A) build rapport with clients.
B) allow clients to express underlying emotional issues.
C) sample clients' behavioral skills and deficits.
D) none of the above
Q3) What are three advantages of having clients complete behavioral logs or diaries?
Two disadvantages?
Q4) What is functional analysis,and why is it essential to behavioral assessment?
Q5) The role of cognition in behavioral assessment
A) has been decreasing since the mid-1970s.
B) is highly criticized by Meichenbaum.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q6) What are the advantages and disadvantages of controlled observation?
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Chapter 10: Clinical Judgment
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Q1) There is a widely held belief that adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs)possess certain personality characteristics.A study to determine whether the acceptance of such descriptors is due,at least in part,to the Barnum effect showed that
A) typical descriptors of ACOAs appear to discriminate this group of individuals from people who are not ACOAs.
B) typical descriptors of ACOAs do not appear to discriminate this group of individuals from people who are not ACOAs.
C) the usual descriptors of ACOAs do appear to possess a Barnum-like quality.
D) more than one of the above
Q2) Research investigating the validity of judgments about mental health diagnoses has found that
A) medical practitioners are more accurate than nonmedical practitioners.
B) there is no difference in the accuracy of medical and nonmedical practitioners.
C) nonmedical practitioners are slightly more accurate than medical practitioners.
D) nonmedical practitioners are much more accurate than medical practitioners.
Q3) In what ways might clinical judgment and interpretation be improved?
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Chapter 11: Psychological Interventions
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Q1) Which of the following is an accurate statement about practice guidelines?
A) They recommend specific forms of intervention for specific psychological disorders.
B) They specify, in detail, the methods and procedures for each type of treatment.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q2) Lambert and Ogles's (2004)conceptualization of common factors in psychotherapy suggests that __________ factors lay the groundwork for any subsequent changes.
A) biological
B) action
C) learning
D) support
Q3) Across the majority of approaches,successful psychotherapy tends to be associated with
A) hope/positive expectations in the client.
B) a strong therapeutic alliance.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
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Chapter 12: Psychotherapy: The Psychodynamic Perspective
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Q1) What is the purpose of defense mechanisms,according to Freud? Briefly identify and describe at least three separate defense mechanisms.
Q2) What did Charcot observe while using hypnosis to treat women with hysteria?
A) that their "hysterical" symptoms would sometimes recede
B) that they would sometimes recall traumatic experiences associated with the onset of their symptoms
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q3) According to Freud,which of the following is true of the Oedipus complex?
A) It occurs only in female children.
B) It refers to a child's murderous impulses against the parent of the opposite sex.
C) If successfully resolved, it gives rise to the ego.
D) none of the above
Q4) How do problems at each of Freud's psychosexual stages contribute to adult personality?
Q5) What does recent research suggest about the efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy? What appears to be its most curative element?
Page 14
Q6) What is transference,and how might a psychoanalyst facilitate it?
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Chapter 13: Psychotherapy: Phenomenological
Humanistic-Existential Perspective
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Q1) Emotion-focused therapy (EFT)is best conceived as an integration of what two psychotherapy traditions?
A) client-centered therapy and existential therapy
B) client-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy
C) logotherapy and Gestalt therapy
D) existential therapy and psychodynamic therapy
Q2) A client who is afraid of flying describes a recent episode in which his/her job required her to take a one-hour flight.A client-centered therapist is most likely to respond by
A) acknowledging the anxiety that the client must have felt .
B) pointing out to the client that he/she survived the flight and no catastrophe occurred, thus challenging the belief that flying is dangerous.
C) offering social reinforcements including smiles and compliments to increase the likelihood that the client will fly again.
D) offering the interpretation that the client's fear of flying may actually be a response (reaction formation) to an unconscious wish to "fly" away from home.
Q3) Compare and contrast client-centered psychotherapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy.
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Chapter 14: Psychotherapy: Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
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Q1) A client tells his behavioral therapist that he has a goal of jogging for 30 minutes every other day.The therapist helps the client create a system by which he rewards himself first for putting on jogging clothes and doing any kind of exercise for any length of time,then for jogging for 5 minutes,then for jogging for 15 minutes,and ultimately for jogging for 30 minutes.This technique is best described as A) shaping.
B) behavioral instruction.
C) time-out.
D) a token economy.
Q2) According to Ellis,
A) the unconscious origins of irrational thought are the key elements to be examined during therapy.
B) therapists should focus exclusively upon stimuli and responses, and should not focus upon any intervening cognitive processes.
C) our interpretations of events, rather than the events themselves, determine our behavioral reactions.
D) none of the above
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Chapter 15: Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Couples Therapy
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Q1) Family therapy is conducted by A) social workers.
B) psychologists and psychiatrists.
C) counselors.
D) all of the above
Q2) Describe briefly at least four of the curative factors of group psychotherapy proposed by Yalom (1975).
Q3) Group psychotherapy in which members act out roles with each other is labeled A) transactional analysis.
B) psychoanalytic group therapy.
C) Gestalt group therapy.
D) psychodrama.
Q4) Describe current trends in the use of group,family,and couples therapy,and describe the reasons for these trends.
Q5) Multiple transference effects are most relevant to A) behavioral group therapy.
B) psychoanalytic group therapy.
C) Gestalt group therapy.
D) transactional analysis.
Page 17
Q6) Compare and contrast conjoint,concurrent,and collaborative family therapy.
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Chapter 16: Community Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of the kind of consultation that might be provided by a community psychologist?
A) Dr. Roeber is working with management at the auto parts factory to reduce employee absenteeism.
B) Dr. Fiske is working with middle school teachers in the local school district to adopt more effective classroom management/discipline strategies.
C) Dr. Kowalski is working with the local sheriff's department to help them recognize and refer for treatment individuals with mood and psychotic disorders. D) all of the above
Q2) __________ are considered viable alternatives to the chronic hospitalization of mentally ill patients.
A) Community lodges
B) Day hospitals
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q3) Identify at least four primary functions of self-help groups.How may professionals best contribute to the success of these groups?
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Chapter 17: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
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Q1) Dr.Stanley,who is treating a patient with hypertension,believes that nutritional deficiencies,behavior patterns,and family interactions all contribute to the disease.Dr.Stanley appears to endorse the __________ model of health and illness.
A) biopsychosocial
B) psychosocial
C) biomedical
D) psychosomatic
Q2) In explaining the relationship between hostility and health,Dr.Billings asserts that more hostile individuals have poorer health habits,and it's these habits that increase their susceptibility to coronary heart disease.Evidently,Dr.Billings is an adherent of the
A) transactional model of stress.
B) psychophysiological reactivity model.
C) psychosocial vulnerability model.
D) health behavior model.
Q3) Define self-efficacy,and explain the importance of this concept for health psychology.
Q4) Compare and contrast the biopsychosocial model of illness and health with the models that preceded it.
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Chapter 18: Neuropsychology
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Q1) The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test involves
A) sorting a standard deck of playing cards according to the evaluator's instructions.
B) cards that differ only in the number of stimuli printed on each card.
C) cards with visual figures that the examinee is asked to copy from memory onto a blank sheet of paper.
D) none of the above
Q2) Which of the following is considered a test battery rather than a single test for brain dysfunction?
A) Halstead-Reitan
B) Luria-Nebraska
C) Rey-Osterrieth
D) more than one of the above
Q3) __________ is the most common degenerative brain disease,and __________ is the degenerative brain disease with the earliest typical age of onset.
A) Alzheimer's; Alzheimer's
B) Parkinson's; Parkinson's
C) Alzheimer's; Huntington's chorea
D) Parkinson's; Huntington's chorea
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Chapter 19: Forensic Psychology
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Q1) Regarding cross-examination of the expert witness,Schwitzgebel and Schwitzgebel (1980)suggest
A) never admitting weaknesses.
B) answering questions quickly rather than taking time to think.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q2) Dr.Beatty,a forensic psychologist,has been contacted to serve as an expert witness for an upcoming court case.How will it be determined whether her testimony is admissible in court?
A) Her testimony will be admissible if she possesses all the necessary credentials (doctoral degree from an accredited program, postdoctoral training, board certification).
B) Her testimony will be admissible if it is generally accepted by others in her professional field.
C) Her testimony will be admissible if it is generally accepted by others in her own and other related professional fields (e.g., psychiatry).
D) Her testimony will be admissible if the trial judge deems it to be relevant and valid.
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