Course Introduction
Ethnographic Methods Study Guide Questions
Ethnographic Methods introduces students to the qualitative research techniques used to study cultures and social practices through immersive fieldwork. The course covers foundational concepts such as participant observation, in-depth interviewing, and fieldnote documentation, while also addressing ethical considerations and reflexivity in data collection and analysis. Through hands-on exercises and critical readings, students learn how to design and conduct ethnographic research, interpret complex social phenomena, and present their findings in scholarly formats. This course equips students with practical skills for investigating cultural contexts within diverse communities and social settings.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 3rd Edition by Nancy Bonvillain
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a method of ethnographic "fieldwork" research?
A) observation
B) colonization
C) documentation
D) data collection
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an example of ethnology?
A) Some Tibetans practice polyandry (plural marriage between one woman and multiple men) in order to satisfy economic needs.
B) Incest is taboo in all societies because inbreeding can cause birth defects in offspring.
C) Near Eastern populations adopted agriculture over 10,000 years ago.
D) Many Christians use religion as a means of coping with the loss of a loved one.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Culture
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Q1) The behaviors, attitudes, and ideas formed through interaction with others describes which characteristic of culture?
A) shared
B) learned
C) integrated
D) adaptive
Answer: A
Q2) The idea that Euro-American values and practices are creating a culturally uniform world dominated by similar values and practices is an example of what theory of globalization?
A) westernization
B) hybridization
C) polarization
D) homogenization
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Studying Culture
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Q1) The anthropology of anthropology is called __________.
A) self-analysis
B) anthropological ethnography
C) reflexive anthropology
D) critical anthropology
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following modern anthropological methods of analyzing cultures contrasts with structural-functional analyses?
A) interpretive
B) evolutionary
C) empirical
D) conflict
Answer: A
Q3) __________ can be described as the study of the social functions of cultural traits.
A) Interpretive anthropology
B) Evolutionary anthropology
C) Functionalism
D) Materialism
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Language and Culture
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Q1) What steps did the Oakland Board of Education take in 1996 to improve the standard English reading comprehension of African-American students? Why was their statement on their policy mistaken? What was the outcome?
Q2) A/An __________ is a variation in the way languages are pronounced.
A) accent
B) dialect
C) pidgin
D) creole
Q3) A person learns to apply rules for differentiating phonemes unconsciously
__________.
A) in the womb
B) during infancy
C) during childhood
D) in adulthood
Q4) Non-standard versions of a language tend to be stigmatized __________.
A) when they cannot be understood
B) to the extent that they deviate from the standard
C) when there is a strong system of national government
D) if the members of the group who speak it are indigenous
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Chapter 5: Learning Ones Culture
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Q1) One of the least common of all types of initiation rituals are those in which boys are taught __________.
A) to take on traditionally female behaviors
B) songs that they must never reveal to anyone
C) recipes passed down for generations
D) the true meaning of life
Q2) In many traditional societies infants may be nursed __________.
A) for as long as three or four years
B) for as long as six or seven years
C) according to a very restrictive schedule
D) less than one year
Q3) In early societies, __________ were the only children sent to schools.
A) boys
B) girls
C) children of the elite
D) children of peasants
Q4) How do people in Inuit and Yoruba societies respond to mental illness? What do they recognize as mental illness? How are these two things different from the understanding of mental illness in the United States?
Q5) Explain the pre-Spanish conquest Aztec system of education.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Making a Living
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Q1) Explain what is meant when pastoralism is called a combined subsistence strategy. Give examples.
Q2) Horticulturalists in Africa often shift between two stable residences during __________.
A) food shortages
B) the dry and rainy seasons
C) intergroup conflicts
D) ritual periods
Q3) Which of the following is the reason that meat is highly valued by Ju/'hoansi people?
A) Meat is a less highly concentrated source of protein than vegetable foods.
B) Uncertain success at hunting means that meat is a rarer food than vegetable resources.
C) Meat is not shared frequently in the Ju/'hoansi society.
D) The Ju/'hoansi prefer the taste of meat to the taste of vegetables.
Q4) The Basseri are a pastoral society in __________.
A) Syria
B) Iran
C) Algeria
D) Turkey
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Chapter 7: Economic Systems
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Q1) What is another form of redistribution?
A) trade
B) markets
C) negative reciprocity
D) barter
Q2) Which of the following is an example of negative reciprocity?
A) capital
B) redistribution
C) barter
D) economic systems
Q3) In general, __________ people tend to produce and keep greater amounts of surplus than __________ people.
A) wealthy, poor
B) nomadic, sedentary
C) sedentary, nomadic
D) future oriented, present oriented
Q4) Summarize the 2002 report by the International Labor Office on the status of child labor in the world.
Q5) Explain how changes in economic systems lead to status differences and social inequalities.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Kinship and Descent
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Q1) Who is most likely to exert authority over a child among the Trobriand Islanders?
A) child's father
B) child's mother
C) child's maternal uncle
D) child's maternal aunt
Q2) __________ creates strong gender identity and solidarity in a society.
A) Ambilineal descent
B) Double descent
C) Parallel descent
D) Unilineal descent
Q3) A Mohawk household usually consisted of __________.
A) an elder man, his sons and their wives and children, and unmarried sons and daughters
B) an elder woman, her husband, their daughters and daughters' families, and the couples' unmarried sons
C) a nuclear family of a single married couple and their children, as well as possibly the man's grandparents
D) a woman and her sisters along with their families
Q4) Using Aboriginal Australians as an example, explain totems in kinship systems.
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Chapter 9: Marriage and the Family
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Q1) In extreme patriarchal societies, who usually has the right to divorce?
A) women
B) men
C) the bride's father
D) the groom's father
Q2) What purpose do woman-woman marriages serve in Nuer society?
A) They recognize homosexual couples.
B) They make it possible for women to form economic units without men.
C) They allow a woman to act as a husband so that a lineage without an heir can produce one.
D) They allow for the creation of female lineages.
Q3) __________ sometimes do not follow the general rule for households of occupying a single dwelling.
A) Neolocal
B) Avunculocal
C) Polygynous
D) Polyandrous
Q4) How do levirate and sororate marriages differ? What are the benefits of these systems to family members?
Q5) Describe several economic deterrents to divorce.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Gender
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Q1) The __________ represent a third-gender role in India, translated as "neither man nor woman."
A) two-spirit people
B) transvestites
C) hijra
D) kathoey
Q2) Which of the following contributes to the ability of men to dominate gender relationships?
A) a foraging or horticultural society
B) patrilocal residence
C) small family sizes
D) industrialized society
Q3) The symbol of yin and yang represent the idea of the complementary nature of genders with yin representing __________ and yang representing __________.
A) maleness, femaleness
B) femaleness, maleness
C) heterosexuality, homosexuality
D) homosexuality, heterosexuality
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12
Chapter 11: Equality and Inequality
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Q1) As of 2009, approximately what percentage of Americans lived below the poverty levels?
A) 10%
B) 14%
C) 19%
D) 25%
Q2) Which of the following statements is true regarding the concept of White Privilege?
A) All white people have high social status and wealth.
B) While there are poor and marginalized white groups, their status is based on class, not race.
C) While people of color have "race," white people do not have a racial category.
D) There is no such thing as White Privilege.
Q3) In ranked societies the benefits of high rank tend to be __________.
A) material
B) spiritual
C) social
D) insubstantial
Q4) What is race? How is race integrated into systems such as class and caste?
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Political Systems
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Q1) A society that doesn't have private property and has leadership based on achievement, rather than family relations, is most likely a __________.
A) band
B) tribe
C) chiefdom
D) state
Q2) Societies have gone through many social and political transitions in human history. What kinds of social changes do you think that globalization will lead to in the future? How will this affect our current concept of societal "types," including bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states?
Q3) Discuss the roles that kinship and social associations play in each type of political system. Why do you think the role of family differs in different societies?
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a cultural correlate of chiefdoms?
A) well identified system of ownership or rights over resources
B) sedentism
C) production of little or no surplus
D) well demarked boundaries between kin and/or political groups
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Chapter 13: Conflict and Conflict Resolution
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Q1) In Iran, __________ is the intention of a hurt or slighted parent to withdraw from interaction with a child.
A) qahr
B) ashti
C) becharaa
D) mana
Q2) Among the Ju/'hoansi who attempts to squelch conflicts from erupting into dangerous combat?
A) mostly children
B) friendly peacemakers
C) older males
D) mothers
Q3) How do gender status, household composition, and kinship patterns influence patterns of interfamily violence cross-culturally?
Q4) In what ways did colonization and trade affect patterns of warfare among North American indigenous societies?
Q5) What role do legal anthropologists play in conflict management in cultures around the world? Give examples.
Q6) Describe how conflicts are resolved in Semai society in Malaysia.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Religion
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Q1) The term "supernatural" may not be the most fitting term to describe religion, as some societies __________.
A) do not know the meaning of the word "supernatural"
B) do not understand nature
C) regard the spirit realm as ever-present and a part of the natural world
D) think the spirit realm hardly ever communicates with humans
Q2) __________ is belief in the existence of souls.
A) Religion
B) Animatism
C) Polytheism
D) Animism
Q3) Full-time religious specialists are called __________.
A) monks
B) priests
C) shamans
D) mediums
Q4) What were cargo cults? What were the rituals and practices of cargo cults in general and what assumptions underlay them? What happened to cargo cults?
Q5) How are Islam, Christianity, and Judaism different from one another?
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Chapter 15: The Arts
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Q1) Which of the following societies have traditionally used scarification as a form of body art?
A) Maori
B) Inuit
C) Navajo
D) Yoruba
Q2) Ownership of art from both dominant and traditional cultures is often used to express all of the following EXCEPT__________.
A) aesthetic values
B) economic success
C) social status
D) power
Q3) How does clothing act as art and social identity in Western society? Why does this happen and what role does capitalism play in it?
Q4) Discuss the aesthetics of Yoruba art (including music and dance) in terms of the values it emphasizes.
Q5) What are the connections between art and ritual? How are the two mutually reinforcing? Why do you think such connections are so strong between art and ritual?
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Chapter 16: Colonialism and Cultural Transformations
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Q1) Early state societies in North Africa, the Middle East, China, Mexico, and __________ engaged in expansion through conquest.
A) England
B) Australia
C) Canada
D) Peru
Q2) One introduction to Native Americans by missionaries was __________.
A) the eight hour work day
B) religious holidays
C) the concept of sin
D) the concept of heaven
Q3) What did the U.S. government do when settlers ignored treaties and intruded on Native American lands?
A) it removed the settlers as quickly as possible
B) it claimed Native American aggression had instigated the episode
C) it claimed they could do nothing
D) it unilaterally cancelled treaties by an act of Congress
Q4) How have post-colonial governments generally dealt with indigenous peoples? What do you think are the reasons for this? How can indigenous people re-gain their rights?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Living in a Global World
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Q1) The Kenyan and Tanzanian governments took thousands of square miles of land from the Maasai in order to create __________.
A) a wildlife reserve
B) military training camps
C) farmland
D) a national forest
Q2) Women are preferred employees in maquiladora factories because __________.
A) they need to provide for their children
B) they have flexible schedules
C) they are willing to accept lower wages
D) they are more educated on average than men
Q3) The 1994 genocide in Rwanda can be best understood as __________.
A) a longstanding and traditional rivalry between two ethnic groups
B) an invasion by Burundi designed to unify both portions of the former Belgian colony
C) a conflict over limited food resources during a period of drought induced stress
D) an internal struggle for political power between two post-colonial groups
Q4) Why did the genocide in of 1994 occur in Rwanda?
Q5) What are the promises and dangers to indigenous peoples of ecotourism?
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