Elementary Statistics
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Elementary Statistics introduces students to the fundamental concepts and methods of statistical analysis. The course covers topics such as data collection, organization, and presentation; measures of central tendency and dispersion; probability theory; probability distributions; sampling techniques; estimation; hypothesis testing; correlation; and simple linear regression. Emphasis is placed on practical applications of statistics, interpretation of results, and critical thinking in decision-making. Through a combination of lectures, hands-on activities, and real-world examples, students gain the skills necessary to analyze and describe data effectively in various academic and professional contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics A Gentle Introduction 3rd Edition by Frederick L. Coolidge
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16 Chapters
341 Verified Questions
341 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: A Gentle Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) A series of studies is used to demonstrate the usefulness of a theory.This process is called
A)replication
B)duplication
C)inferential testing
D)demonstrativeness
Answer: A
Q2) A study linked a high blood pressure medicine to an increased risk of heart attacks.How many of the 70 published defenders of the medicine had financial ties to the manufacturer of the drug?
A)24
B)47
C)51
D)67
E)all of them
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics: Understanding
Distributions of Numbers
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Sample Questions
Q1) A very flat frequency distribution graph is said to be
A)positively skewed
B)negatively skewed
C)leptokurtic
D)mesokurtic
E)platykurtic
Answer: E
Q2) For the previous set of numbers, what is the cumulative percentage, including the second interval rounded to one decimal place?
A)62.96%
B)62.9%
C)63.0%
D)62.9629%
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Statistical Parameters: Measures of Central
Tendency and Variation
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the standard deviation of the salaries (rounded to a whole number)?
A)81,000
B)81,111
C)88,000
D)14,701
Answer: D
Q2) What is the mode score, and what is its frequency?
A)18 and 3
B)23 and 3
C)19 and 4
D)4 and 19
Answer: C
Q3) The top salary in the previous set was $115,000.Would you consider that salary
A)a klinker
B)an outlier
C)neither because it falls well within three standard deviations of the mean
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Standard Scores, the Z Distribution, and
Hypothesis
Testing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following T scores has a z score of 0.00?
A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40
E)50
Q2) From what negative z score to what positive z score would cut off the middle .6826 of the z distribution?
A)± 1.64
B)± 1.96
C)± 2.00
D)± 1.00
Q3) For a person with an IQ of 145, according to the z distribution, his or her score would be in the _________ percentile.
A)99th (or 100th)
B)95th
C)90th
D)145th
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Chapter 5: Inferential Statistics: The Controlled Experiment,
Hypothesis Testing, and the Z Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) A trend in the data means that the experimenter
A)rejected the null hypothesis at p < .05
B)rejected the null hypothesis at p < .01
C)did not reject the null hypothesis but came close to doing so
D)none of the above
Q2) When findings in an experiment do not reach the conventional level of statistical significance, they are reported to be ___________.
A)nonsignificant
B)insignificant
C)significant
D)unworthy
Q3) Which of the following is a Type I error?
A)rejecting H<sub>0</sub> when H<sub>0</sub> is false
B)rejecting H<sub>0</sub> when H<sub>0</sub> is true
C)not rejecting H<sub>0</sub> when H<sub>0</sub> is true
D)not rejecting H<sub>0</sub> when H<sub>0</sub> is false
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Chapter 6: An Introduction to Correlation and Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Variables may be analyzed and studied long after the data have been gathered.Such data are known as _______ data.
A)correlation
B)experimental
C)archival
D)archetypal
Q2) In multiple regression, the adjusted R-square can be interpreted as
A)the percentage of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by the set of independent variables
B)the percentage of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by a single independent variable
C)the strength of the relationship between the dependent variable and the set of independent variables
D)the percentage of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by the set of independent variables minus an estimate penalty
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8
Chapter 7: The T Test for Independent Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) The derived t value for this problem is
A)7.338
B)4.816
C)11.373
D)12.000
Q2) The correct statistical decision would be
A)retain the null hypothesis
B)reject the null hypothesis
C)retain the alternative hypothesis
D)reject the directional null hypothesis
Q3) The derived t value (either + or -) for this problem is
A)0.708
B)0.378
C)0.333
D)0.05
Q4) Are the mean percentages significantly different?
A)yes, at p < .05
B)yes, at p < .01
C)yes, at p < .001
D)no, at p > .05
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Chapter 8: The T Test for Dependent Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) What statistical decision is appropriate?
A)retain the null hypothesis
B)reject the null hypothesis
C)reject the alternative hypothesis
D)the results are significant at p < .05
Q2) Which of the following is not a way to increase the power of a t test?
A)increase the difference between two means
B)increase the number of participants
C)decrease within-subject variance
D)increase the number of independent variables
Q3) The two-tailed test of significance protects against the Type ____ error better than the one-tailed test of significance.
A)I
B)II
C)III
D)IV
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Chapter 9: Analysis of Variance Anova: One-Factor
Completely Randomized Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sum of squares total (SST) for this problem is
A)1150.75
B)436.75
C)1587.50
D)24.591
Q2) Which of the following can be concluded about this experiment?
A)There are differences in sales among the groups.
B)There are no differences in sales among the groups.
C)One group was superior to the other groups in sales.
D)Two of the groups were better than the other groups in sales.
Q3) A standard deviation derived from a finite sample of means from a population of scores is known as the
A)standard deviation
B)sampling deviation
C)standard error of the mean D)power of a test
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11
Chapter 10: After a Significant Analysis of Variance: Multiple Comparison Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) The value of q in the appendix for Tukey's q values is A)3.90
B)4.91
C)3.85
D)4.80
Q2) The value of q in the appendix for Tukey's q values is A)3.90
B)4.91
Q3) What error degrees of freedom would be chosen in the appendix for Tukey's q value? A)3 B)24 C)30 D)8
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12
Chapter 11: Analysis of Variance Anova: One-Factor
Repeated-Measures Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sum of squares for treatments (SSB) for this problem is A)285,285.94
B)5,948,285.98
C)82,485.38
D)9,064.68
Q2) The degrees of freedom for SST are A)3
B)6 C)27 D)35
Q3) The sum of squares total (SST) for this problem is A)830,582.583
B)68,616.964
C)4,794.845
D)6,947,204.958
Q4) The degrees of freedom for SSB are A)3 B)18
C)24 D)35
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: Two-Factor Completely
Randomized Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sums of squares for gender are
A)0.42
B)40.83
C)593.43
D)141.90
Q2) In a 2 × 3 × 4 ANOVA, the interaction will compare how many means?
A)9
B)24
C)3
D)4
Q3) The sums of squares for the interaction are
A)0.42
B)40.83
C)593.43
D)141.90
Q4) The degrees of freedom for the interaction are A)1
B)2
C)54
D)59
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Chapter 13: Post Hoc Analysis of Factorial Anova
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Sample Questions
Q1) When comparing boys and girls in the interaction, which of the following is true?
A)boys do better on Cylert and girls do better on Ritalin
B)boys do better on Ritalin and girls do better on Cylert
C)there is a significant difference in short-term memory between girls on Cylert and boys on Ritalin
D)none of the above
Q2) Tukey's HSD value at p = .05 for the main effect for drug levels is
A)3.44
B)2.628
C)20
D)1.25
Q3) When checking for the significance of a main effect, the degrees of freedom for the numerator are the
A)number of levels of the main effect
B)number of levels of the main effect minus 1
C)number of levels of the main effect times 2
D)degrees of freedom for the denominator minus 1
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Chapter 14: Factorial Anova: Additional Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The df for the time main effect is A)1
B)2
C)3
D)24 E)29
Q2) The df for the sessions factor is A)1 B)2 C)3 D)54 E)59
Q3) The SS for the interaction is
A)1540.267
B)273.067
C)10.033
D)9.033
E)463.733
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Chapter 15: Nonparametric Statistics: The Chi-Square Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) Karl Pearson originally called the chi-square test a A)parametrically challenged test
B)normal distribution test
C)"jolly good" test
D)goodness-of-fit test
Q2) The degrees of freedom for this chi-square problem are A)1
B)2
C)5
D)200
Q3) The expected cell frequency for the people living after atherectomy is
A)562.62
B)499.00
C)387
D)56.62
Q4) The degrees of freedom for this chi-square problem are A)1
B)2
C)5
D)200
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Other Statistical Parameters and Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Signal detection theory can be graphically represented by a A)scatterplot
B)receiver operating curve
C)histogram
D)bar graph
Q2) A test possesses good sensitivity if it has a
A)high true-positive rate
B)high true-negative rate
C)high false-positive rate
D)high false-negative rate
Q3) To have a reliable factor analysis of 57 items, the study should be conducted on at least ________ people.
A)57
B)285
C)570
D)1140
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