Educational Research Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Educational Research is a course that introduces students to the principles, methodologies, and applications of research in the field of education. The course covers both qualitative and quantitative research designs, including experimental, correlational, survey, and case study methods. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, review relevant literature, collect and analyze data, and interpret findings within educational contexts. Emphasis is placed on critical evaluation of existing research, ethical considerations, and the practical implications of research outcomes for classroom practice and educational policy. By the end of the course, students will be able to design, conduct, and present their own basic research projects related to educational issues.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Research 8th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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564 Verified Questions
564 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Role and Importance of Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a characteristic of quasi-experimental research?
A) does not establish cause and effect relationships
B) assignment to groups based on some pre-determined characteristic
C) has the highest degree of control over the factors being examined
D) assignment to groups is random in nature
Answer: B
Q2) What is another term for basic research?
A) real research
B) pure research
C) applied research
D) baseline research
Answer: B
Q3) Experimental methods can typically be described by which of the following?
A) descriptive
B) cause-and-effect
C) correlational
D) qualitative
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Research Process: Coming to Terms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following might be considered a level of an independent variable?
A) hair color
B) blue eyes
C) party affiliation
D) favorite type of M&M
Answer: B
Q2) Why is it important to choose a representative sample of the population?
A) increase statistical precision
B) determine group differences
C) maximize generalizability of results
D) find significant results
Answer: C
Q3) In testing whether riding a bicycle at least 30 minutes each day reduces weight, what would be the independent variable?
A) the person's age
B) amount of time bicycling each day
C) the person's weight
D) the person's diet
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: A: Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Provide an example of a source published annually that provides information about the United States.
A) Wikipedia
B) Annual Review
C) The Statistical Abstract of the United States
D) The New York Times Index
Answer: C
Q2) Which type of source is the "meat and potatoes" of the literature review?
A) general sources
B) tertiary sources
C) secondary sources
D) primary sources
Answer: D
Q3) A well-written hypothesis:
A) creates a unified theme
B) reflects a theory or body of literature upon which it is based
C) searches through secondary sources
D) uses participants in the study who have been used in similar studies
Answer: B
Page 5
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Chapter 3: B: Ethics: the Basic Principles
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Sample Questions
Q1) List 10 informational elements that should be present in an informed consent letter. Must the letter be signed by the participant?
Q2) Discuss the primary shortcomings of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and what ethical guidelines are in place now to prevent such ethical lapses in the future. Is it enough?
Q3) What is the role of professional organizations in promoting ethical standards in human research studies?
Q4) Discuss two of the general issues in ethical research behavior.
Q5) You can quote and analyze online information without asking for permission as long as the information is officially and publicly archived, not password protected and nothing on the site prohibits the use of this information.
A) True
B) False
Q6) Summarize the potential consequences for researchers who do not follow ethical guidelines.
Q7) I will give an F in class to anyone who refuses to participate in my study. Students will take a five-point survey on what they ate today. Identify the problem and modify the experiment so that it is ethical.
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Chapter 4: Sampling and Generalizability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following selection processes is the most random?
A) using a class of introductory psychology students
B) picking every third person
C) using a table of random numbers to select from the list of possible participants
D) throwing darts at the names of subjects on a dartboard
Q2) What type of sampling selects people with the desired characteristics until the desired number is reached?
A) convenience sampling
B) quota sampling
C) stratified sampling
D) systematic sampling
Q3) Why is generalizability the key to a successful study?
Q4) Which sampling technique is the most time-consuming?
A) simple random sampling
B) quota sampling
C) systematic sampling
D) cluster sampling
Q5) Why is the statement "the larger the sample, the better" NOT always accurate?
Q6) Explain how to use a table of random numbers.
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Chapter 5: Measurement, Reliability, and Validity
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an example of reliability?
A) consistency
B) performing the same in the future as in the past
C) the test doing what it is supposed to do
D) measuring the same thing more than once with the same outcome
Q2) What levels of measurement define most variables in behavioral and social science research?
A) interval and ratio
B) nominal and ordinal
C) nominal and ratio
D) nominal and interval
Q3) Which of the following is an example of method error?
A) subject fatigue
B) bias in grading
C) lack of motivation
D) test-taking anxiety
Q4) Why is the ratio level of measurement considered the most precise?
Q5) Name four ways to increase reliability.
Q6) What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Q7) What is the difference between continuous and discrete variables?
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Chapter 6: Methods of Measuring Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) A standardized test _________________________________________.
A) is usually commercially produced and requires a common set of administration and scoring procedures
B) compares an individual's test performance to the test performance of others
C) relies only on multiple choice questions
D) is designed and administered by a researcher for a specific research study
Q2) Which type of recording would measure the length of time a behavior occurs?
A) duration
B) interval
C) frequency
D) continuous
Q3) With no information, what is the chance that a person can guess correctly on a four-option multiple-choice question?
A) 100%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 25%
Q4) What are the five basic assumptions when using a questionnaire?
Q5) Discuss the characteristics of a good cover letter and why it is helpful to have one.
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Chapter 7: Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is another way to describe a mean?
A) deviation
B) variability
C) average score
D) test statistic
Q2) You are interviewing classmates to find out their political party affiliation. When you chose the measure of central tendency to use in presenting your results, which should you choose?
A) range
B) mode
C) median
D) mean
Q3) When you have interval or ratio data such as age in years) what is typically the best measure of central tendency to use?
A) range
B) mode
C) median
D) mean
Q4) Give an example of when you would use the median as the measure of central tendency.
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Chapter 8: Introducing Inferential Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Significance is better than meaningfulness.
B) Meaningfulness is better than significance.
C) Both significance and meaningfulness are equal in value.
D) Neither significance nor meaningfulness is important in a study.
Q2) The first step for conducting a meta-analysis is ____________.
A) decide on an appropriate statistical software package
B) develop a system to code the various dimensions of the study
C) collect as many studies as possible or at least a representative group
D) determine the most appropriate type of descriptive or correlational technique to examine the outcomes of the studies as a whole
Q3) The minimum or maximum value that one would expect the test statistic to yield if the null hypothesis is true is an example of which of the following?
A) critical value
B) F value
C) t-test score
D) sampling mean
Q4) What factors decrease the likelihood of making a Type II error?
Q5) Explain what t<sub>120 </sub>= 2.00, p < .05 means.
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Chapter 9: Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and Correlational Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the most frequently used measure of relationships?
A) Spearman's rho
B) Pearson product moment
C) Student's t
D) Holmes procedure
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding correlational research is false?
A) Correlational research describes the linear relationship between two or more variables.
B) Correlational research is a very effective means of establishing causal relationships.
C) Correlational research is a type of descriptive research.
D) Correlational research can help to "paint a broad picture" of the current state of some phenomenon.
Q3) What is the third step of developing an interview?
A) selecting a sample
B) developing the questions
C) training the interviewers
D) stating the purpose of the interview
Q4) What is the difference between a closed-ended and open-ended question?
Q5) What are some advantages of survey research?
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Research: Qualitative Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a case study?
A) It allows close examination of greatly detailed data.
B) It provides a rich account of what is being studied.
C) It is a quick method of obtaining information.
D) Several different types of techniques can be used to obtain data.
Q2) Which type of research has only one subject?
A) correlational
B) case study
C) experimental
D) quasi-experimental
Q3) What are original artifacts considered?
a) secondary sources
b) tertiary sources
c) primary sources
d) not used in historiography
Q4) Describe the difference between direct and participant observation.
Q5) What are the differences between primary and secondary sources?
Q6) Why is it important to understand the history of a phenomenon?
Q7) Name two types of questions used in interviews and give examples of both.
Q8) What are some of the limitations of historical research? Page 13
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Chapter 11: Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods
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Q1) Which is a threat to external validity?
A) history
B) selection
C) pretest sensitization
D) regression
Q2) What are the steps involved in using the pretest posttest control group design?
Q3) Which is a way to control extraneous variables?
A) matching
B) history
C) instrumentation
D) reactive arrangements
Q4) Which experimental design involves one experimental group and three control groups?
A) Solomon four-group design
B) pretest posttest control group design
C) posttest only control group design
D) quasi-experimental design
Q5) Choose one threat to external validity, define and describe it, then discuss what a researcher can do to avoid or minimize it.
Q6) Explain the effects of regression and how it affects internal validity.
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Chapter 12: Quasi-Experimental Research: a Close Cousin to Experimental Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) How can age and the time the measurement took place be confounding?
Q2) What is the difference between ABA and ABAB design?
Q3) What is the difference between true and quasi-experimental research?
Q4) If you want to answer a research question regarding whether a particular group of subjects experiences any significant changes in behavior as they age, but you do not have the time or money for a traditional longitudinal study, which method would be acceptable?
A) cross-sectional
B) historical
C) follow-up
D) none of the above would be acceptable
Q5) What is one criticism of the AB single-subject design?
A) too short
B) may be unethical to not apply a facilitative treatment
C) takes too much time and energy
D) does not rely on graphical depiction
Q6) Discuss differences between longitudinal and cross sectional methods.
Q7) When are follow-up studies useful?
Q8) How do quasi-experimental methods help with ethical research? Page 16
Q9) Give an example of static group comparison in an experiment.
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Chapter 13: Writing a Research Proposal
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, what is the correct spacing for the proposal?
A) single-spaced
B) 1.5 spaced
C) double-spaced
D) triple-spaced
Q2) What should you consider when reviewing a test?
Q3) In a research proposal, which section comes first?
A) introduction
B) literature review
C) implications and limitations
D) method
Q4) Which section of the proposal contains information on the instrumentation used?
A) introduction
B) method
C) implications and limitations
D) literature review
Q5) What should you look for when evaluating the method section of a research paper?
Q6) Name some things you should remember when selecting your dependent variable.
Q7) What should you consider when selecting a sample for your research study?
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Q8) What should you look for when evaluating the hypothesis of a research paper?
Chapter 14: Writing a Research Manuscript
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Sample Questions
Q1) What guidelines do most journals in the social and behavioral sciences follow?
A) Index Medicus
B) American Psychological Association
C) Society of Psychiatric Journals
D) Modern Language Association
Q2) In a prepared manuscript, which of the following comes first?
A) tables
B) title page
C) references
D) abstract
Q3) In a manuscript, the hypothesis __________________.
A) is not always stated
B) is stated in the method section
C) may be found in the introduction
D) both a and c
Q4) Manuscripts should be _____________________.
A) single-spaced
B) double-spaced
C) triple-spaced
D) half-spaced
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