Educational Research
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Educational Research explores the principles, methods, and processes used to investigate issues within the field of education. This course introduces students to both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, emphasizing the formulation of research questions, literature review, data collection, and analysis techniques. Students will gain practical experience in designing research projects, interpreting findings, and critically evaluating published studies, equipping them with the skills necessary to contribute to evidence-based practices in educational settings.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding Research 2nd Edition by W.
Lawrence Neuman
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2
Chapter 1: Why Do Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Wells is very interested in the smoking habits of gamblers and has decided to do a field study where she observes and surveys various gamblers over a period of time.What type of data collection and research technique do you think that she is using? If Dr.Wells publishes her study,what types of additional studies might be generated (be creative,think of other studies that might go well with smokers and gambling)?
Answer: Qualitative data collection technique,ethnographic field research.Other studies might look at gamblers with lung cancer,smokers with tendencies for other addictions,high risk behavior,bankruptcy and smokers,etc.
Q2) Content analysis,surveys,and experiments are all part of______data collection techniques.
Answer: quantitative
Q3) Research that utilizes previously collected data organized in a different way to address a question is considered what type of data collection technique?
Answer: existing statistical sources
Q4) ______ should be collected carefully and systematically according to generally accepted rules or standards.
Answer: Empirical evidence
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3
Chapter 2: Planning a Study
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Sample Questions
Q1) Government documents are very rare (often protected by Homeland Security rules),and are typically not a source that a researcher would use in a literature review.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Mr.Marsh is conducting a research study that he describes as a quantitative study that describes historical events in a time line.Is his statement that this research is quantitative in nature most aptly true or false?
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) _______ are something in which we see a regularity,structure,or form.
Answer: Patterns
Q4) Inductive and deductive
A)are two approaches to reasoning in a study method.
B)cannot be used together.
C)reasoning are the same thing.
D)refer to quantitative research only.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Becoming an Ethical Researcher
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher has little responsibility in minimizing the risk of harm to participants.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) ______ is a form of persuasion by physical,social,legal,professional,financial,or some other means.
Answer: Coercion
Q3) When a researcher invites someone to participate in a research study and asks him/her to sign a voluntary consent form,this is called
A)the Milgram principle.
B)the Nazi doctor principle.
C)the Nuremburg Code.
D)principle of voluntary consent.
Answer: D
Q4) Subjects who participated in the Milgram Obedience study suffered from______ harm.
Answer: emotional or psychological
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Chapter 4: Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss confidence interval.What does it mean statistically?
Q2) The case or unit of analysis in a population is A)universe.
B)snowball.
C)sample frame.
D)sampling element.
Q3) Accidental sampling occurs when a researcher selects cases that are easy and convenient.It lacks depth and is also called A)convenience sampling.
B)snowball sampling.
C)quota sampling.
D)purposive sampling.
Q4) Probability samples are the same as______.
Q5) Sampling error assumes random sampling and is influenced by sample size and the diversity of cases in the sample.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Define convenience sampling.
Q7) ________ is the ratio of the sample size to the size of the target population.
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Q8) What is the difference between haphazard and random in regard to sampling?
Chapter 5: Measuring Social Life
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Q1) ______ means that a measurement does not vary because of how the researcher measured.
Q2) Give two examples of possible operational definitions.
Q3) What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Q4) The Guttman scale measures how well data fit into a A)combination.
B)hierarchical pattern.
C)Likert rating.
D)All of these answers are correct.
Q5) A scale that typically measures opinions or ratings at the ordinal level is probably A)a Likert scale.
B)a social distance scale.
C)a semantic differential.
D)central tendency.
Q6) It is more important to have high reliability than have high reliability and validity. A)True
B)False
Q7) Give an example of a social measurement scale and its use.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Survey
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Q1) What is the difference between a standard-format question and a full-filter question?
Q2) The first stage of a person-to-person interview is to A)find a quiet location.
B)introduction and entry.
C)greeting.
D)All of these answers are correct.
Q3) Dr.Mottle asks respondents if they have an opinion about gas prices,and if they answer yes,she asks them to give their opinion in the second part of the question.What is the name used for this type of question?
A)quasi-filter
B)full-filter
C)full-filler
D)full-question
Q4) In organizing survey questions,the demographic questions should be at the beginning of the survey.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What might be an example of a sensitive issue that a person would underreport?
Page 8
Q6) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a mailed questionnaire?
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Chapter 7: The Experiment
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Q1) Discuss interrupted time series and equivalent time series.What might be the advantage of the equivalent series?
Q2) Dr.Mottle's experiment is conducted in the School of Nursing's cafeteria.The student nurses that she observes in the study do not know that they are being studied.
A)Dr.Mottle is conducting a single-blind experiment.
B)Dr.Mottle has no idea what she is doing.
C)Dr.Mottle is conducting a highly controlled laboratory experiment.
D)Dr.Mottle wishes to avoid the Hawthorne effect.
Q3) Discuss the purposes for Factorial Design and Latin Square Design.
Q4) In probability theory,______ is a process in which each case has a known and has an equal chance of selection.
Q5) If a researcher accidentally or indirectly communicates desired findings to participants,this is called ______.
Q6) What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group?
Q7) What two effects can influence factorial designs?
Q8) A placebo is an independent variable,typically an active treatment.
A)True B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Research With Non-Reactive Measures
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Q1) Name and discuss five measurable characteristics of variables in content analysis.
Q2) Primary data research focuses on collecting data but secondary focuses on ______ analyzing data.
Q3) The Statistical Abstract of the United States contains large amounts of data;however,it is too much information for a researcher and should be avoided.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Social indicator is a measure of social conditions and A)should be avoided in research.
B)can be used in policy decisions.
C)has no real use.
D)is generally meaningless to the public.
Q5) People are not aware that they are being studied in nonreactive research. A)True B)False
Q6) ______ involves adjusting a measure by dividing it by a common base to make comparison possible.
Q7) What is the difference between manifest coding and latent coding?
Q8) List four types of nonreactive quantitative research techniques.
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Chapter 9: Making Sense of the Numbers
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Q1) When coding categories of variables,it is essential to keep written records of coding rules in a A)diary.
B)research log.
C)video tape.
D)codebook.
Q2) A graph that allows a researcher to see bivariate relationships and usually has independent variables on the horizontal axis and dependent variables on the vertical axis is called a
A)percent table.
B)bell curve.
C)scattergram.
D)covariation.
Q3) What is a control variable in a nonexperimental research study?
Q4) This measure of central tendency requires that one half of the variables are above it and half are below it on a curve.This is called the ______.
Q5) A graph that allows a researcher to see bivariate relationships using an X and Y axis is called what?
Q6) What does a .01 level of significance mean?
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Chapter 10: Observing People in Natural Settings
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Q1) Questions that focus on similarities are called
A)contrast questions.
B)structural questions.
C)similarity questions.
D)descriptive questions.
Q2) In getting organized for a field study a researcher begins the process with a narrow question or specific hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Very short notes of a few words,written inconspicuously in the field site and used only to trigger memory later are called ______ notes.
Q4) Name three types of field site events that a researcher can sample.
Q5) What is the most common ethical issue in field research?
Q6) What is the difference between explicit and tacit knowledge?
Q7) Building relationships through doing small favors,appearing interested,and avoiding conflicts are all strategies for success in field research.
A)True
B)False
Q8) _________ is the most common ethical issue that field researchers face.
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Chapter 11: Looking at the Past and Across Cultures
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Q1) As part of Dr.Mottle's research,she is examining the interaction of a South Korean family 500 years ago.Equivalence will be an issue that she needs to consider.What type of equivalence will most probably need the LEAST consideration in the list below?
A)lexicon
B)conceptual
C)context
D)measurement
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a similarity between H-C research and field research?
A)They incorporate an individual researcher's point of view as part of the research process.
B)They focus on quantitative methods to achieve results.
C)They focus on processes,time passage,and sequence.
D)They use grounded theory.
Q3) Discuss the five similarities between historical-comparative and field research.
Q4) Name three things that make historical-comparative research unique.
Q5) Comparative researchers use several types of data and combine types together in one study.Name four data/research types.
Q6) Discuss ethical ramifications of historical-comparative research.
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Chapter 12: Writing a Research Report
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Sample Questions
Q1) Three steps in the writing process include prewriting,rewriting,and what?
A)integrating data
B)calculating
C)data processing
D)composing
Q2) A scholar's audience that is interested in a detailed description of the research process is the
A)expert professionals.
B)public audience.
C)instructor audience.
D)management audience.
Q3) In showing cause-effect relations,
A)eliminating alternative explanations is the most difficult condition to satisfy.
B)quantitative research is the best.
C)qualitative research is the best.
D)None of these answers are correct.
Q4) ______ is part of the rewriting process in which a researcher moves ideas around or adds and subtracts ideas.
Q5) What is the difference between an abstract and an executive summary?
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