Diagnostic Laboratory Methods
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth examination of the fundamental laboratory techniques used in the diagnosis of diseases and monitoring of health conditions. Students will explore a variety of diagnostic methods including hematology, clinical chemistry, microbiology, immunology, and molecular diagnostics. Emphasis is placed on specimen collection, handling, processing, and analysis, as well as on the interpretation and reporting of laboratory results. The course also covers quality assurance, safety protocols, and ethical considerations within the clinical laboratory environment, preparing students for professional practice in medical and research settings.
Recommended Textbook
Linne Ringsruds Clinical Laboratory Science 7th Edition by Mary Louise Turgeon
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17 Chapters
529 Verified Questions
529 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Fundamentals of the Clinical Laboratory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Informed consent upon patient's hospital admission can encompass:
A) agreement to the nature of the testing to be done.
B) agreement to what will be done with laboratory test results.
C) implied consent to many routine procedures that may be performed.
D) all of the above.
Answer: D
Q2) screens for strep throat infections
A)hematology
B)clinical chemistry
C)immunohematology
D)immunology and serology
E)microbiology
Answer: E
Q3) ASCLS
A)American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
B)National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences
C)American Society of Clinical Pathologists
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Safety in the Clinical Laboratory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lipstick or makeup should not be applied in the clinical work area.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Contact lenses can be manipulated with gloved hands.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Infectious waste includes:
A) blood and blood products.
B) contaminated sharps.
C) microbiological waste.
D) all of the above.
Answer: D
Q4) Standard Precautions is:
A) a term that has replaced the term Universal Precautions.
B) the process of treating all blood and body fluids as potentially infectious.
C) a safety precaution concerned with the handling of all patient specimens.
D) all of the above.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Quality Assessment and Quality Control in the Clinical Laboratory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sensitivity is defined as the:
A) proportion of cases with a specific disease or condition that give a positive test result.
B) proportion of cases with absence of the specific disease or condition that gives a negative test result.
C) proportion of a population that has the disease.
D) number of patients with a normal test result who do not have the disease.
Answer: A
Q2) Accuracy describes:
A) how close a test result is to the true value.
B) comparison of an instrument measure or reading to a known physical constant.
C) how close the test results are to one another when repeated analyses of the same material are performed.
D) the purity of a substance.
Answer: A
Q3) trend or drift
A)a gradual change in the control sample results
B)a sudden and sustained change in one direction in control sample values
C)when random error or lack of precision increases
Answer: A
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Phlebotomy: Collecting and Processing Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Quality assessment:
A) requires establishing policies that maintain and control processes involving the patient.
B) requires establishing policies that maintain and control the process of laboratory analysis of specimens.
C) regulates collection, transportation, and processing of patient specimens.
D) all of the above.
Q2) Most mistakes in laboratory testing involve ____ errors.
A) preanalytical (pre-evaluation)
B) analytical (evaluation)
C) postanalytical (post-evaluation)
D) a combination of any of the above
Q3) The draw volume of blood into an evacuated tube can be affected at greater than ____ feet of altitude.
A) 2000
B) 5000
C) 15,000
D) 25,000
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6
Chapter 5: The Microscope
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oil needs to be removed from the:
A) ocular.
B) 10× objective.
C) 40× objective.
D) 100× objective.
Q2) In a polarizing microscope,the polarizing filters are:
A) placed on top of each other.
B) placed at right angles to each other.
C) red and blue in color.
D) used to brighten the field being observed.
Q3) The definition of the microscopic working distance is the distance from the:
A) bottom of the objective to the material being studied.
B) ocular to the bottom of the objective.
C) ocular to the material being studied.
D) top of the objective to the material being studied.
Q4) The magnifying powers of the usual microscope objectives are:
A) 5×, 10×, 20×.
B) 10×, 20×, 40×.
C) 10×, 40×, 80×.
D) 10×, 40×, 100×.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Systems of Measurement, laboratory
Equipment, and Reagents
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Sample Questions
Q1) Distilled water is defined as water from which:
A) iron, magnesium, calcium, and other minerals have been removed by heating and cooling the vapor.
B) ions have been removed by charcoal filters.
C) microbiological organisms have been removed.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q2) The purest grade of chemicals used in the preparation of reagents is ____ grade.
A) analytic (AR)
B) chemically pure (CP)
C) United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF)
D) technical or commercial
Q3) Convert 50° F to ° C (Celsius).
A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 40
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8
Chapter 7: Laboratory Mathematics and Solution Preparation
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Sample Questions
Q1) blank solution
A)a solution prepared from a stock solution and usually stored in the refrigerator
B)one that contains a known, exact amount of the substance being measured
C)one that contains reagents used in the procedure but not the substance to be measured
Q2) Calculate the concentration expressed in percent,if 10 g of NaOH is diluted to 500 mL with water.
A) 1%
B) 2%
C) 5%
D) 10%
Q3) The more digits that are used in laboratory assay results,the more precise the answer is.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Report a laboratory result with the most number of significant figures as the accuracy of the final result.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Basic and New Techniques in the Clinical Laboratory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Coulometry measures the:
A) amount of current passing between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell.
B) color generated in a chemical reaction.
C) heat generated in a chemical reaction.
D) relative speed of current passing between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell.
Q2) 500-580
A)not visible (infrared light)
B)red
C)orange
D)yellow
E)green
F)blue
G)violet
H)not visible (ultraviolet light)
Q3) The piece of equipment that measures the H+ is:
A) pH meter.
B) photometer.
C) spectrophotometer.
D) flow cytometer.
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Chapter 9: Delivery of Laboratory Testing From Point of
Care to Total Automation
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Sample Questions
Q1) provider-performed microscopy (PPM)
A)slide examinations of freshly collected body fluids
B)simple procedures with little chance of negative outcomes if performed inaccurately
C)usually nonautomated, requiring considerable judgment
D)more complex than waived, usually automated
Q2) Systems for automated or semiautomated urinalysis chemical testing systems use:
A) visual reading.
B) reflectance photometers.
C) flow-cell analysis.
D) any of the above.
Q3) An advantage of a 2D bar code is that it is:
A) omnidirectionally scannable.
B) readable upside down.
C) readable backward, forward, or diagonally.
D) all of the above.
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11
Chapter 10: Introduction to Clinical Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is important to record the exact time and date in relation to the last dose of the drug when drawing a blood specimen for therapeutic drug monitoring.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Fasting lipid profile results for a 48-year-old male with diabetes are as follows: total cholesterol: 298 mg/dL,HDL cholesterol: 26 mg/dL,and triglycerides: 320 mg/dL.The patient has no evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD).What is the recommended course of action?
A) The LDL is normal, and no action is indicated.
B) The LDL is elevated, and the therapeutic goal is to decrease it to less than 100 mg/dL.
C) The LDL is elevated, and the therapeutic goal is to decrease it to less than 130 mg/dL.
D) The LDL is elevated, and the therapeutic goal is to decrease it to less than 160 mg/dL.
Q3) Free T is ____ and thyroid stimulating hormone is ____ in hypothyroidism.
A) increased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
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Chapter 11: Principles and Practice of Clinical Hematology
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Sample Questions
Q1) An initial evaluation of a blood smear should include):
A) an evaluation of the overall quality of the blood film.
B) an estimate of the red and white (leukocyte) blood cell counts.
C) a scan of the blood film for abnormal cells and clumps of platelets.
D) all of the above.
Q2) Hemoglobin consists of:
A) heme.
B) iron-containing portion of the molecule.
C) globin (protein-containing portion of the molecule).
D) all of the above.
Q3) The most popular anticoagulant used to prevent clotting in order to perform a coagulation test (e.g.,prothrombin time)is:
A) EDTA.
B) heparin.
C) sodium fluoride.
D) sodium citrate.
Q4) Platelets act as plugs around the opening of a wound.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Hemostasis
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Sample Questions
Q1) fibrinogen group
A)factors II, VII, IX, and X
B)factors XI and XII, prekallikrein (Fletcher factor), and HMWK (Fitzgerald factor)
C)factors I, V, VIII, and XIII
Q2) The protein "glue" that optimally binds platelets and collagen after vessel injury is:
A) fibronectin.
B) von Willebrand's Factor (VIII:vWF).
C) factor II.
D) factor I.
Q3) extrinsic pathway
A)It is thought that tissue injury, following exposure to foreign substances such as collagen, activates the pathway.
B)The pathway taken when tissue thromboplastin, a substance not found in the blood, enters the vascular system and, in the presence of calcium and factor VII, activates factor X.
Q4) A function or activity of platelets is to secrete fibronectin.
A)True
B)False
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Renal Physiology and Urinalysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Quality assessment of control specimens should include:
A) testing of all opened bottles of reagent strips or tablets each morning.
B) testing of each new bottle on opening.
C) recording data on the record sheet daily.
D) all of the above.
Q2) acyclovir
A)found in acid urine
B)envelope-shaped, glistening and colorless C)coffin lids
D)colorless slender needles that are strongly birefringent with polarized light
E)yellow or reddish-brown shapes (e.g., lemon- or barrel-shaped forms)
Q3) A routine urinalysis can provide information regarding:
A) patient's general health.
B) a clinical picture of the patient.
C) a potential disease.
D) all of the above.
Q4) Select the microscopic elements that could be found in normal or abnormal urinary sediment: Hyaline cases (20 to 30/lpf).
A) Normal
B) Abnormal
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Examination of Body Fluids and Miscellaneous Specimens
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Sample Questions
Q1) If CSF has a xanthochromic appearance,it can indicate bleeding:
A) within 30 minutes to 1 hour.
B) within 1 to 2 hours.
C) between 12 hours and 2 to 4 weeks.
D) within the past month.
Q2) Seminal fluid may be examined for:
A) infertility studies.
B) postvasectomy assessment.
C) evaluation of probable sexual assault.
D) all of the above.
Q3) Normally,____% or more of sperm are motile.
A) 15
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100
Q4) A macroscopically turbid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)may indicate:
A) blood clots.
B) increased white blood cell count.
C) presence of hemorrhage.
D) viral infection.
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Chapter 15: Introduction to Microbiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following refers to colony morphology?
A) Cocci in chains
B) Shiny, wet, or mucoid
C) Yellow, dry, rough
D) Both b and c
Q2) Sending appropriately collected specimens to the laboratory before antibiotic therapy is initiated is important because:
A) pathogenic bacteria could be hard to recover because of the effects of the antibiotic.
B) collection of specimens from around the wound area can result in contamination of the culture.
C) collection of a sputum specimen contaminated with saliva could yield a culture result that reflects normal mouth flora.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q3) Mycology is the study of:
A) viruses.
B) parasites.
C) yeasts and molds.
D) bacteria.
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Chapter 16: Immunology and Serology
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Sample Questions
Q1) lymphocytes-plasma cells
A)recognition of foreign antigen and antibody production
B)antigen-presentation
C)phagocytosis
Q2) The third line of defense is:
A) acquired.
B) adaptive.
C) natural.
D) both a and b.
Q3) The second line of body defense consists of:
A) neutrophils, tissue basophils, macrophages.
B) complement and lysozyme.
C) interferon.
D) all of the above.
Q4) A type I hypersensitivity reaction in sensitive persons is associated with agents such as:
A) peanuts.
B) poison ivy.
C) yellow hornet insect stings.
D) both a and c.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rh antibodies belong to the ____ subclass of antibodies.
A) IgM
B) IgG
C) IgD
D) IgE
Q2) Transfusion reactions that are the most life threatening are:
A) hemolytic.
B) febrile.
C) nonimmune.
D) iron-overload.
Q3) Monoclonal factor VIII
A)Best used when oxygen-carrying capacity is needed
B)Rarely used but can meet a patient's need for volume replacement, oxygen-carrying capacity, and heat-labile coagulation factors
C)Used to treat multiple coagulation deficiencies
D)Used to treat hemophilia
Q4) The first stage of red cell agglutination is sensitization.
A)True
B)False
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