Course Introduction
Developmental Science Exam Preparation Guide
Developmental Science explores the systematic changes in behavior, cognition, and emotion throughout the human lifespan, from infancy to old age. Emphasizing the interplay between genetic, biological, and environmental factors, this course examines key theories, research methods, and empirical findings in areas such as perceptual, cognitive, social, and language development. Through analysis of both typical and atypical developmental trajectories, students gain an understanding of how individuals grow, adapt, and develop across diverse contexts and cultures, integrating perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, education, and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Child Development 9th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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15 Chapters
1978 Verified Questions
1978 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, Theory, and Applied Directions
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142 Verified Questions
142 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the sixteenth century, __________ prevented most Puritan parents from using extremely repressive child-rearing measures.
A) the belief that children are vulnerable
B) religious prohibitions against harsh punishment
C) love and affection for their children
D) the belief that children are close to angels
Answer: C
Q2) British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ___________ theory to understanding the human caregiver-infant relationship
A) social learning
B) cognitive-developmental
C) ethological
D) sociocultural
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Research Strategies
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about correlation coefficients?
A) The sign of the number refers to the strength of the relationship.
B) A negative correlation coefficient means that the two variables are not related to each other.
C) A positive correlation coefficient implies that as one variable increases, the other also increases.
D) The magnitude of the number shows the direction of the relationship.
Answer: C
Q2) Ms. Allan developed a test intended to measure eighth-grade children's knowledge of mathematics. Although children who took the new test twice received similar scores on both occasions, the test contained only multiplication problems. Ms. Allan's test has __________ reliability and __________ validity.
A) high; low
B) low; low
C) high; high
D) low; high
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) While the ovum is traveling, the __________ secrete(s) hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.
A) fallopian tubes
B) corpus luteum
C) cervix
D) blastocyst
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about genotypes?
A) They are directly observable characteristics.
B) They always pair up in the same way across the DNA ladder rungs.
C) They are rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that transmit genetic information.
D) They are a complex blend of genetic information that influences all our unique characteristics.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Crying typically peaks at A) 3 weeks.
B) 6 weeks.
C) 3 months.
D) 6 months.
Q2) Babies quickly learn that certain sights are linked with certain sounds. This is because babies are sensitive to A) optical sensory flow.
B) kinetic depth cues.
C) contrast sensitivity.
D) amodal sensory properties.
Q3) Babies with poor sleep organization are likely to A) nap excessively during the day.
B) grow out of it by the end of the first year.
C) be behaviorally disorganized.
D) be cognitively advanced.
Q4) Identify and describe useful techniques for soothing a crying baby.
Q5) Describe the five infant states of arousal.
Q6) Describe operant conditioning, reinforcers, and punishment.
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Chapter 5: Physical Growth
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies of pubertal timing show that
A) early-maturing girls are more satisfied with their body image than their late-maturing agemates.
B) the negative body image of early-maturing boys worsens throughout adolescence.
C) early-maturing boys tend to be overly talkative and attention seeking.
D) early-maturing adolescents of both sexes seek out older companions.
Q2) Kiana is 2 years old and has an unbalanced diet very low in protein. She has an enlarged belly, swollen feet, a skin rash, and thinning hair. What is the most likely cause of Kiana's condition?
A) HIV/AIDS
B) marasmus
C) kwashiorkor
D) iron-deficiency anemia
Q3) Discuss the factors that contribute to adolescent moodiness.
Q4) Discuss brain plasticity. When is the brain the most plastic? What evidence does research on brain-damaged children and adults provide?
Q5) Summarize the major nutritional and health advantages of breastfeeding.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core
Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives
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137 Verified Questions
137 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research indicates that amount of TV viewing is negatively related to 8- to 18-month-olds'
A) motor development.
B) language process.
C) analogical problem solving.
D) visual development.
Q2) Anthony has a learning disability. Which of the following statements is most likely true about Anthony?
A) Anthony's private speech is an indication of unhealthy egocentric behavior.
B) Anthony's use of self-guiding private speech during a challenging activity will not lead to better task performance.
C) Anthony's private speech will only be as good as his communication skills with others.
D) Anthony uses private speech to help compensate for impairments in cognitive processing.
Q3) Describe how Vygotsky's ideas influence trends in education today.
Q4) Describe the core knowledge perspective of cognitive development.
Q5) Compare and contrast Piaget's and Vygotsky's views on children's private speech, and evaluate each on the basis of research findings.
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Chapter 7: Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Younger children are more likely than older children to organize by A) sorting items alphabetically.
B) grouping items by their everyday association.
C) placing items into taxonomic categories.
D) repeating an entire list of items backwards.
Q2) Research on building memory suggests that
A) children learn how to structure personally significant memories in narrative form by conversing about them with adults.
B) fuzzy traces are more likely than verbatim memories to be forgotten.
C) children begin to talk about the past with others sometime during their third year.
D) scripts often clutter long-term memory with unimportant information.
Q3) Studies of infantile amnesia suggest that the advent of __________ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia.
A) implicit memory
B) automization
C) a clear self-image
D) phonological awareness
Q4) Describe and evaluate Siegler's model of strategy choice.
Q5) How can adults influence children's autobiographical narratives?
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Chapter 8: Intelligence
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dynamic assessment is consistent with A) Piaget's theory.
B) the information-processing perspective.
C) behaviorism.
D) Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.
Q2) The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, measures general intelligence and five intellectual factors:
A) verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, verbal reasoning, number sequencing, and spatial visualization.
B) fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, knowledge, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
C) reasoning, memory, knowledge, perceptual speed, and spatial visualization.
D) language comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, sequential reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, and quantitative reasoning.
Q3) Describe Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and its similarity to the core knowledge perspective (discussed in Chapter 6).
Q4) Explain Cattell's theory of intelligence, including how it relates to children with different cultural and educational backgrounds.
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Chapter 9: Language Development
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ms. Lipscomb talks to her 4-month-old son using short sentences with distinct pauses between speech segments. She uses a high-pitched voice and exaggerated expressions, clearly pronouncing her words. Ms. Lipscomb is demonstrating
A) infant-directed speech.
B) baby talk.
C) cooing.
D) babbling.
Q2) __________ is the aspect of grammar that provides the rules by which words are arranged into sentences.
A) Phonology
B) Morphology
C) Syntax
D) Semantics
Q3) Which of the following words is most likely to be among a toddler's first spoken words?
A) "skip"
B) "ball"
C) "tree"
D) "chair"
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When emotional self-regulation has developed well, young people acquire a sense of
A) entitlement.
B) regulated self-expression.
C) emotional self-efficacy.
D) attachment.
Q2) Beginning in the preschool years, __________ is an important motivator of prosocial, or altruistic, behavior.
A) fear
B) empathy
C) social referencing
D) emotional contagion
Q3) Alexandar Thomas and Stella Chess discovered that __________ can modify children's temperament considerably.
A) diet and exercise
B) operant conditioning
C) parenting practices
D) sibling relationships
Q4) Discuss paternal depression. How common is it? How does it interfere with children's development?
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Chapter 11: Self and Social Understanding
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) By the early school years, children associate power and privilege with __________ and poverty and inferior status with __________.
A) white people; people of color
B) people of color; white people
C) white males; white females
D) black males; black females
Q2) Most North Americans regard favorable self-esteem as __________ for healthy development, whereas Chinese adults generally see it as __________.
A) crucial; unimportant or even negative
B) unimportant or even negative; crucial
C) somewhat important; maladaptive and harmful
D) somewhat important; crucial
Q3) Research on adolescent suicide indicates that compared to boys, girls
A) are twice as likely to kill themselves.
B) make more unsuccessful suicide attempts.
C) tend to choose techniques that lead to instant death.
D) are more likely to blame their parents for their suicide attempts.
Q4) How do children use their categorical self in the development of their self-awareness?
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Chapter 12: Moral Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true regarding the influence of schooling on fostering mature moral reasoning?
A) Higher education introduces young people to social issues that extend beyond personal relationships to entire political or cultural groups.
B) Moral reasoning is explicitly taught in college and university settings.
C) When young people do not attend school, they often engage in deviant behavior, which has a negative impact on moral reasoning.
D) Students who attend college must have advanced moral reasoning in order to be successful in a competitive environment.
Q2) In response to the Heinz dilemma, Dana says, "Respect for human life and personality is absolute; people have a duty to save one another from dying." Dana is most likely in the stage of __________ orientation.
A) social-contract
B) universal ethical principle
C) instrumental purpose
D) social-order-maintaining
Q3) What is moral identity, and why is it important to identify its origins?
Q4) Describe the biological bases for morality.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Development of Sex Differences and Gender
Roles
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a study in which 20- to 40-year-olds were shown photos of children and adults and asked to rate each on "masculine," "feminine," and "neutral" personality traits, adults
A) differentiated men from women more sharply than they did boys from girls.
B) differentiated girls from women more sharply than they did boys from men.
C) differentiated boys from girls more sharply than they did men from women.
D) had great difficulty assigning gender-stereotyped traits based on photos.
Q2) __________, not social experience, is largely responsible for young children's difficulty grasping the permanence of sex.
A) Language development
B) Cognitive immaturity
C) Parenting style
D) Exposure to formal education
Q3) The gender gap in emotional sensitivity seems to come primarily from.
A) exposure to androgens prenatally.
B) parenting styles that downplay gender stereotypes.
C) cultural expectations that girls be warm and expressive and boys be distant and self-controlled.
D) reinforcement from teachers for quiet and self-controlled behavior.
Q4) Describe the development of gender constancy.
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Chapter 14: The Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the case study of Zinnia Mae, being cut off from family and community ties and being overwhelmed by financial strain and feelings of helplessness resulted in
A) her preoccupation with finding her children's father.
B) the abandonment of her children at a local church.
C) a depleted home learning environment for her children.
D) her eventual suicide at age 25.
Q2) Name and describe the most successful approach to child rearing, noting the benefits of this approach.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true regarding only children?
A) They tend to be spoiled and self-centered.
B) They tend to experience high levels of anxiety due to extreme parental pressures to succeed.
C) They tend to be less well-accepted in their peer group, because they have not had opportunities to learn effective conflict-resolution strategies.
D) They tend to have low self-esteem and perform poorly in school.
Q4) Discuss how children typically respond to being raised in a blended family.
Q5) Explain why many affluent youths are at risk for poor adjustment.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Peers, Media, and Schooling
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) American teenagers spend considerably more of their free time with peers than do Asian adolescents. What cultural factor accounts for this difference?
A) American parents' encouragement of extracurricular activities
B) less demanding academic standards in the United States
C) the different roles of peer interaction in industrialized versus nonindustrialized nations
D) greater access to activities and organizations designed specifically for teenagers in the United States
Q2) Compared to American preschoolers, Chinese preschoolers are
A) more likely to reject reticent classmates.
B) more aggressive during make-believe play.
C) encouraged to be independent and assertive.
D) more likely to include a quiet, reserved child in play.
Q3) Which of the following interventions is most effective for changing the behavior of victimized children?
A) Use tutors who specialize in social skills.
B) Change victims' negative opinions of themselves.
C) Move aggressive children to an alternative school.
D) Develop a school code against bullying.
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