Cross-Cultural Studies
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Course Introduction
Cross-Cultural Studies explores the similarities and differences among cultures, examining how cultural contexts shape individuals, communities, and societies. The course introduces students to key concepts such as cultural identity, ethnocentrism, cultural relativism, and intercultural communication. Through the analysis of diverse worldviews, traditions, values, and social practices, students gain an understanding of the dynamics of cultural interaction in an increasingly globalized world. Emphasis is placed on case studies, applied projects, and critical discussions to foster cultural awareness, sensitivity, and competence, preparing students to navigate and engage effectively in multicultural environments.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 14th Edition by Carol
R. Ember
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18 Chapters
990 Verified Questions
990 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two broad classifications of subject matter within anthropology?
A) biological and cultural
B) contemporary and ancient
C) Western and non-Western
D) theoretical and practical
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following disciplines would have the greatest overlap with biological anthropology?
A) genetics
B) philosophy
C) history
D) physics
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following may be trained in any or all of the subfields of anthropology?
A) applied anthropologist
B) biological anthropologist
C) ethnologist
D) political anthropologist
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture and Culture Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Individuals have __________, but groups share __________.
A) behavior; culture
B) culture; society
C) society; beliefs
D) beliefs; behavior
Answer: A
Q2) How does material culture differ from the broader concept of culture?
A) It consists of the physical products of customary behavior.
B) It is only present in societies with a market economy.
C) Material culture is related to wealth and high status.
D) Only material culture can be studied through historical records.
Answer: A
Q3) An adaptive custom is one that __________.
A) enhances survival and reproduction
B) changes with other cultural fluctuations
C) persists over several generations
D) was learned from other cultures
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Culture and the Individual
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the Applied Anthropology example, how did Chinese and American preschools instill cultural value lessons in the children?
A) The Chinese preschool emphasized group activities, while the American preschool emphasized individualized activities.
B) The Chinese preschool emphasized individualized activities, while the American preschool emphasized memorization of facts.
C) The Chinese preschool emphasized memorization of facts, while the American preschool emphasized group activities.
D) The Chinese preschool emphasized memorization of facts, while the American preschool emphasized individualized activities.
Answer: A
Q2) Humans are unusual among mammals in our __________.
A) long post-reproductive life span for females
B) close connections between mothers and their infants
C) high lifetime reproductive rates in males
D) tendency to live in social groups of unrelated adults
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Understanding and Explaining Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why can theories not be proved?
A) Many of the concepts and ideas in theories are not directly observable.
B) They are too complex to be tested.
C) Theories are too vague to be tested.
D) Human behavior is basically unpredictable.
Q2) Theories are __________.
A) explanations of laws and statistical associations
B) ideas that explain untested hypotheses
C) guesses as to how things are related
D) precise answers to a question that had been unanswerable
Q3) Participant-observation refers to the __________.
A) practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society
B) use of a laboratory to standardize measurements
C) observation of how people interact in carefully contrived situations
D) employment of natives to gather information from their peers
Q4) What does the p-value tell a researcher?
A) the likelihood that the observed result could have occurred by chance
B) the accuracy of the study's findings
C) the chance that the observation will be accepted by other scientists
D) the level of importance of the finding
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Communication and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although gorillas and chimpanzees appear to have the capacity for symbolic communication, human language is a unique communication system because
A) its spoken and symbolic nature permits an infinite number of combinations of meaning
B) it relies heavily on body language more than other animals
C) it requires fewer phonemes than other primate communication systems
D) it is more effective than animal call systems
Q2) A study comparing Japanese and American facial expressions found that
A) the two had similar expressions in private, but the Japanese participants tried to mask their feelings in front of authority figures
B) the two had similar expressions in public, but the American participants were more expressive when they thought they were alone
C) participants of both cultural groups were careful to mask their feelings in front of authority figures
D) participants of the two cultural groups had nearly identical facial expressions, both in public and in private
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Chapter 6: Getting Food
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which region are foraging societies least likely to be found today?
A) temperate climates
B) dense tropical forests
C) deserts
D) the Arctic
Q2) Why must we be cautious about drawing inferences about our past from the lifestyles of modern foraging societies?
A) Like all societies, foraging societies have evolved and are still evolving.
B) Our ancestors had regular interactions with other societies, while modern foragers remain isolated.
C) Contemporary foragers live in environments that ancient foragers never used.
D) Modern foraging societies represent an artificial return to what people believe were the "old" ways.
Q3) Although food production is not necessarily __________ than food collection, it is generally __________ per unit of land.
A) easier; more productive
B) harder; more productive
C) easier; less productive
D) harder; less productive
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Economic Systems
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Q1) Why do state authorities have a particularly unfavorable view of mobile pastoralists?
A) Their mobility makes them difficult to control.
B) They have no wealth with which to pay taxes.
C) Most pastoralists are fiercely territorial.
D) Pastoralists use up too much land for their population size.
Q2) Among pastoral nomads, wealth is usually measured in __________.
A) animals
B) the amount of land people own
C) the number of children people have
D) the number of wives a man has
Q3) All societies divide labor by what two factors?
A) gender and age
B) productivity and gender
C) class and productivity
D) age and class
Q4) Give specific examples of how you, personally, have recently participated in generalized reciprocity, balanced reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange.
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Slaves are persons who do not own their own labor. As such, they represent a(n)
A) class
B) ethnicity
C) caste
D) society
Q2) What support does Gerhard Lenski have for his suggestion that the trend toward increasing inequality is reversing?
A) The spread of democracy has broadened the political power of the lower classes.
B) The birth rate in industrialized societies now matches the birth rate in developing nations.
C) Technology has become less complex and more accessible to the general public.
D) Slavery is now abolished in all modern nations of the world.
Q3) The term ethnicity involves a group of people emphasizing shared __________.
A) language, history, and culture
B) socioeconomic status
C) physical characteristics
D) religion and beliefs
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10
Chapter 9: Sex and Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anthropologists studying gender cross-culturally have documented what interesting feature among some Native American groups such as the Cheyenne, Kaska, Klamath, and Mohave?
A) In addition to male/female genders, they recognize a third gender in which a person who is biologically male or female takes on the social roles and behaviors of the opposite gender.
B) Women in these groups take on more leadership roles than in other foraging societies.
C) In these societies, women do the hunting while men stay close to home with the children.
D) Men in these groups are allowed to marry their first cousins due to low numbers of possible marriage partners.
Q2) How do gender concepts vary cross-culturally? Describe at least two examples of cases in which a culture recognizes a third gender beyond the male/female dichotomy recognized in the United States. What is the accepted role of these individuals in their societies?
Q3) How do we define status when discussing relative status of men and women? Discuss the use of this term, and the difficulties in comparing status cross-culturally.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Marriage and the Family
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Q1) What is the primary weakness of both the gender division-of-labor and prolonged-infant-dependency models for the benefits of marriage?
A) There are many ways other than marriage for groups of men and women to work together.
B) Marriage seems to be much older than the typical division of labor by gender found today.
C) The division of labor around childcare responsibilities is only found in a few cultures.
D) Many species have a longer infant dependency than humans and get by without marriage.
Q2) Some polygynous societies try to reduce competition by practicing sororal polygyny, which is when the co-wives are __________.
A) sisters
B) good friends
C) of similar temperament
D) of very different ages
Q3) Write a definition of marriage that would embrace all known forms of marriage recognized by anthropologists. In other words, what factors do these diverse unions have in common?
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Chapter 11: Marital Residence and Kinship
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Q1) How is a culture's kinship terminology related to other aspects of social life? Connect kinship terminology to residence and descent patterns.
Q2) One of the most important political functions of unilineal descent groups is their role in __________.
A) warfare
B) discussion
C) elections
D) mediation
Q3) Although avunculocal residence is rare, nearly all avunculocal societies are
A) matrilineal
B) ambilineal
C) bilineal
D) patrilineal
Q4) In general, the incest taboo in unilineal societies is __________.
A) extended to all presumed unilineal relatives
B) limited to parallel cousins
C) extended to all cross and parallel cousins
D) limited to the nuclear family
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Chapter 12: Associations and Interest Groups
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Q1) The Alaskan Federation of Natives was formed as a response to __________.
A) economic development that threatened native peoples' subsistence resources
B) professional and academic discrimination encountered by native peoples
C) dwindling population of native peoples in the United States and Canada
D) low levels of representation of native peoples in U.S. and Canadian governments
Q2) Membership in the Poro and Sande associations __________.
A) includes scarification for both male and female members
B) is voluntary for all men and women
C) is illegal in most African nations
D) has been found in all societies in Africa
Q3) What forms the basis of organization and administration of most noncommercial societies?
A) kinship
B) neighborhood
C) political views
D) school cohort
Q4) Discuss the reasons that may explain why voluntary associations exist.
Q5) Describe an association in which you participate. How does it fit the characteristics of an association as defined by anthropologists?
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Chapter 13: Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
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Q1) How does the degree of political participation relate to warfare?
A) Democratically governed nations rarely go to war with one another.
B) Low political participation tends to spark internal warfare.
C) Low political participation reduces a society's involvement in war.
D) Democratically governed nations rarely participate in war.
Q2) The prominence of women in the politics of Vanatinai is most likely linked to
A) the absence of war
B) importance of women's foraging
C) low fertility and child-care responsibilities
D) matrilocal residence
Q3) On what area has anthropological theory and research on political organization focused?
A) the origins of the first state societies
B) the governance abilities of chiefdoms
C) conflict management in bands
D) kinship ties in tribal societies
Q4) Pre-colonial American societies had examples of both chiefdoms and states. Explain how you would distinguish between the levels of political organization, and give an example of each from the Americas.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Religion and Magic
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Q1) What social forces drive a revitalization movement? Give an example of a revitalization movement and explain the social background surrounding the movement.
Q2) When people are said to be anthropomorphizing the gods, they are __________.
A) attributing human motivations and characteristics to them
B) following the rituals without actually believing in the gods
C) revering deceased ancestors as if they were gods
D) worshiping them with the expectation of a future reward
Q3) How do Alice Kehoe and Dody Giletti explain the observation that, cross-culturally, women are more often believed to be possessed than are men?
A) Women are more likely than men to suffer from nutritional deficiencies.
B) Women are more susceptible to suggestion than men.
C) There are many more women than men in most religious communities.
D) In most cultures, supernatural beings or forces are believed to favor women over men.
Q4) Cargo cults generally occurred in Melanesian societies that had __________.
A) felt deprived of Western goods after decreasing contact
B) recently come into contact with Western powers
C) traditionally been at war with each other
D) never seen Western goods
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Chapter 15: The Arts
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Q1) Which of the following is a shared artistic value in American culture?
A) coordinating colors in one's home
B) dancing at the office
C) decorating one's car
D) wearing a mask to protect one's identity
Q2) In a cross-cultural study of 3,500 folk songs from around the world, Alan Lomax found that songs with more words and clearer enunciation were associated with
A) complex societies, since they depend more on transmitting complex verbal information
B) tribal groups, because they have such intricate lineages to pass on through song
C) hunter-gatherer bands, since they have more free time and sing more songs
D) chiefdoms, since "big men" must be good oral communicators
Q3) How is folklore transmitted?
A) It is generally transmitted orally, but may also be written.
B) It is generally transmitted through writing, but may also be oral.
C) It is only transmitted orally.
D) It is only transmitted through writing.
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Chapter 16: Practicing and Applying Anthropology
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Q1) What is the ethical difficulty involved in many development projects?
A) Some lives may be improved while others are worsened.
B) One cannot implement the improvements for everyone at the same time.
C) Development projects only benefit those in wealthy nations.
D) There is no evidence of benefit from development projects, but people request them anyway.
Q2) Which creatures provide important clues to forensic anthropologists' investigations?
A) insects
B) bacteria
C) snakes
D) birds
Q3) What is one of the most important steps in developing an effective project?
A) understanding why previous projects failed
B) forcing the project on the local people through economic sanctions
C) raising support for the project from sponsors
D) implementing the project slowly and gradually
Q4) How does a "top down" approach differ from policy changes based on community participation? How do environmental anthropologists approach change programs?
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Chapter 17: Health and Illness
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Q1) What may have an overall harmful effect on nutrition?
A) commercial or cash crops
B) foraging
C) intensive agriculture
D) small village horticulture
Q2) Which of these statements is true of the relationship between biomedicine and ethnomedicine?
A) Biomedicine is embedded in Western culture, and therefore is a form of ethnomedicine.
B) Biomedicine has been clinically proven to work, but ethnomedicine is based on superstition and folklore.
C) Biomedicine has replaced ethnomedicine in all but the most remote communities.
D) Biomedicine is relatively rare, and is found only in European and North American societies.
Q3) Lack of adequate nutrition usually results in what conditions for children?
A) retarded weight and height
B) tooth deformity
C) cognitive difficulties
D) lower social and economic standing in their society
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Global Problems
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Q1) What is the major cause of China's Hwang River floods?
A) deforestation
B) burst dams
C) farming on floodplains
D) too few dams
Q2) What can we do to reduce the effects of natural disasters significantly?
A) change the social factors that exacerbate disasters
B) move people to safer places
C) provide aid money after a disaster
D) change weather patterns to prevent storms
Q3) What did Mary Kay Gilliland discover in her ethnographic work in Croatia?
A) There was little concern for ethnic differences, and mixed marriages were common.
B) Croat nationalism had already been a subtle presence for a few decades.
C) Social inequalities between Croats and Serbs had been growing for years.
D) Yugoslavia was willing to allow Croatia to secede peacefully, with some conditions.
Q4) Consider the many global problems discussed in this chapter. Of these, on which do you feel applied anthropologists can make the biggest impact? Explain your answer.
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