Cross-Cultural Perspectives
Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
This course explores the diverse ways in which culture shapes human experience, behavior, and perception across global societies. Students will examine theoretical frameworks for understanding cultural differences, including language, values, beliefs, and social norms. Through interdisciplinary readings, case studies, and experiential activities, the course fosters critical thinking about cultural identity, intercultural communication, and the impact of globalization. By engaging with perspectives from anthropology, psychology, and sociology, students gain practical skills for navigating and appreciating cultural diversity in an increasingly interconnected world.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology A Global Perspective 8th Edition by Raymond Scupin
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18 Chapters
1138 Verified Questions
1138 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most academic anthropologists work in departments of anthropology. What are the other university departments that might have anthropologists on their faculties, and why?
Answer: In addition to departments of anthropology, academic anthropologists may also work in departments such as sociology, history, geography, and cultural studies. This is because anthropology is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with these other disciplines. For example, sociologists and anthropologists both study human behavior and society, while historians and anthropologists both examine cultures and societies from a historical perspective. Geographers and anthropologists both study human-environment interactions and cultural studies often incorporates anthropological perspectives on culture and society. Therefore, it is common for anthropologists to collaborate and contribute to these other departments within a university setting.
Q2) Interconnected hypotheses that offer general explanations for natural or social phenomena are called:
A) paradigms
B) theories
C) deductive methods
D) inductive facts .
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Human Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) The replacement model or "Eve Hypothesis" suggests that modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and then migrated to other areas of the world, replacing the in?digenous populations such as the Neandertals.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The theory of natural selection was arrived at simultaneously and independently by two different scholars.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q3) It has been estimated that humans possess in the neighborhood of 1,000,000 genes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The order Primates, to which humans belong, arose about 67 million years ago.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ethnocentrism is a:
A) common notion that we all evolved from the same woman (dubbed "Eve") who lived in Africa about 200,000 years ago
B) belief that all ethnic groups can eventually be traced back to one central location
C) practice of judging another society by the values and standards of one's own society
D) belief that race mixing will produce inferior children
E) view that cultural traditions must be understood within the context of a particular society's solutions to problems or opportunities
Answer: C
Q2) Real culture __________.
A) consists of what people say they do
B) consists of people's actual behavior
C) is the same as ideal culture
D) is impossible to document
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Process of Enculturation: Psychological and Cognitive Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Patterns of human sexuality are strongly influenced by culture.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The childhood familiarity hypothesis proposes that children raised together are more likely to become sexually involved as adults.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Anthropologists have discovered that children raised together in Israeli kibbutzim:
A) will usually have successful marriages to one another as adults
B) make lousy marriage partners for one another
C) have a natural tendency towards homosexuality
D) tend to have little appreciation for nuclear families
Q4) What are some of the most important methods of enculturation used in your own society? Give an example of how your own personality has been affected by enculturation.
Q5) According to Derek Freeman, most Samoans had puritanical views towards sexuality.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) The word "lower" contains:
A) two bound morphemes
B) two bound phonemes
C) two free morphemes
D) one bound morpheme and one free morpheme
E) no morphemes of any sort
Q2) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is an example of linguistic relativism because it maintains that the world is experienced differently among different language communities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Unlike animal communication systems, human language can refer to people, things, or events that are not present, a feature called displacement.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Research conducted by Sue Savage-Rumbaugh on Kanzi suggests that this chimpanzee can understand English words and does appear to have a crude command of syntax.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Anthropological Explanations
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Malinowski, magic __________.
A) has a basis in the existence of supernatural powers in all cultures
B) functions to relieve the anxieties of individuals
C) only works when it has the full participation of a given society
D) has no useful purpose for thinking people
Q2) Explanations for the differences and similarities among societies have been many and varied throughout the development of anthropology. What are the basic premises, strengths, and weaknesses of the following ideas: unilineal evolution, diffusionism, historical particularism, functionalism, and structural functionalism? What are some of the things that anthropologists have learned by employing these perspectives?
Q3) The idea that societal and cultural change (or evolution) occurs when societies borrow cultural traits from one another is known as the "Cultural Spread Theory."
A)True
B)False
Q4) Malinowski's psychological functionalism focused on how society functions to serve the interests or needs of the individual.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Analyzing Sociocultural Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) During your lifetime you will probably be a member of two families, the family of orientation (the family into which you were born and enculturated) and the family of __________ (the family in which you will have or adopt children).
A) acculturation
B) deculturation
C) procreation
D) life
E) socialization
Q2) A family is a social group that consists of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption that live together while sharing economic resources and caring for their young.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Shamans are full-time religious practitioners who serve in an official capacity as the custodians of sacred knowledge.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the difference between legitimate and illegitimate political power? Give an example of each.
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Chapter 8: Band Societies
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Sample Questions
Q1) As in U.S. politics, there is much prestige, wealth, and power associated with being a bandleader in a forager society.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How can the study of contemporary foragers provide us with an understanding of Paleolithic lifestyles?
Q3) !Kung San women were often able to gather enough food from wild sources in one or two days to feed their children for an entire week.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The most likely reason why hunter-gatherer technology is limited to simple tools made of stone, wood, and bone is because foraging peoples:
A) lack the basic intelligence necessary to make anything more complex
B) are too busy looking for food to spend time on more advanced tools
C) have not acquired knowledge of more sophisticated technologies
D) substitute profound knowledge of their environment for complex tools
Q5) Would you rather be involved in warfare as a member of a forager society or as a member of an industrial nation? Why?
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Chapter 9: Tribes
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the descent group of a man transfers some of its wealth to the descent group of a woman at or around the time of their marriage, this practice is known as:
A) bondage
B) levirate
C) bridewealth
D) chattel
Q2) Anthropologists have found about the same number of matriarchal as patriarchal societies in the world.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the relationship among gender, subsistence, and female status in matrilineal societies.
Q4) Like forager societies, tribal groups lack art and music because of the mobile nature of their society.
A)True
B)False
Q5) When a society is divided into two parts, each is called a moiety.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Chiefdoms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Archaeologist Timothy Earle suggests that the key factor in the evolution of chiefdoms was:
A) regional symbiosis managed by descent groups
B) ceremonial trade and reciprocal exchange
C) control by individuals over resources and human labor
D) the storage and redistribution of food
Q2) A hierarchical society is one in which some individuals have access to more wealth, authority, rank, status, and power than other individuals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The ancient chiefs of Hawaii often sought to legitimize their authority through ritual human sacrifice.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The status of an individual chief is closely linked to:
A) the size of his tribe
B) the prestige of his descent group
C) his skills as a hunter
D) the seasonality of resource availability
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Chapter 11: Agricultural States
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Sample Questions
Q1) Despite the domination by the state or landlords, the peasantry developed norms that emphasized community cooperation in production, distribution, and consumption. This system involved sharing food and labor with one another in a reciprocal manner to provide a form of social and economic security so that individual peasant families would not perish. This system is known as:
A) negative reciprocity
B) a moral economy
C) the Serf Social Security System
D) the reciprocal-surplus mode
E) the serf self-sufficiency system
Q2) State organized rituals were also referred to as:
A) rites of legitimation
B) universalistic religions
C) ecclesiastical religions
D) religious traditions
Q3) Review at least four reasons for state-level society collapse. Which do you think is the most rational? Explain why.
Q4) What are some of the advantages of having an extended family organization in an agricultural state as opposed to an autonomous nuclear family?
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Chapter 12: Industrial States
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Q1) A system in which the state government regulates the economy to insure growth, a positive trade balance, and the accumulation of wealth is called:
A) modernization
B) a circuitous strategy
C) mercantilism
D) a market economy
E) socialism
Q2) Socialism evolved as a reaction to the considerable economic inequalities that existed in capitalist societies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Kinship in industrial societies becomes less important as new structures and organizations take over the primary functions of kinship groupings.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast principal tenets of capitalism and socialism. Would it be possible to create a functional economy that would combine these two systems into one?
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Globalization, Culture, and Indigenous Societies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Conflict between the Iroquois and other indigenous tribal groups in the 1600s was NOT due to:
A) the introduction of guns and ammunition by the French
B) dependence on European goods
C) depletion of beavers and other fur-bearing animals vital to trade
D) ancient traditions of blood revenge and glory on the warpath
Q2) Revitalization movements can take the form of violent military resistance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Ju/'hoansi or San men fought against guerrillas who opposed apartheid as members of the South African military.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the principal elements of Immanuel Wallerstein's "world-systems theory"? How has it been used in anthropology?
Q5) According to modernization theory, self-sustained growth requires the consistent reinvestment of savings and capital into modern technology.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Globalization in Latin America, africa, and the Caribbean
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Sample Questions
Q1) Historians have estimated that 40 million Africans were captured for the purposes of slavery between 1440 and 1870.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The principal motivation for the conquest of the New World by Europeans was:
A) economic
B) religious
C) strategic
D) scientific
Q3) One of the strategies used by European colonies to force native villagers to abandon agricultural lands and become wage laborers was:
A) the formation of labor unions
B) collection of taxes in cash
C) their recruitment into the military
D) construction of low-cost housing
Q4) The Afrikaners and the Boers of South Africa came from England.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Globalization in the Middle East and Asia
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Sample Questions
Q1) Arabic is the exclusive language of the Middle East region.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is meant by jatis and the jajmani system in India? How does a jajmani economy work? Describe two of the anthropological explanations for the origin and maintenance of jajmani?
Q3) The caste system is a:
A) hierarchical organization of social groups based on birth group
B) system of rural economic transactions based on reciprocity
C) political organization run by educated peasants
D) method of processing wheat in rural India
Q4) The population of the People's Republic of China contains approximately 30 percent minorities.
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to caste ideology, all individuals are equal with respect to ritual purity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Nuyoricans" are Cuban immigrants who fled the Castro regime and settled in Florida.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Ethnicity is not innately determined by biology or purported racial characteristics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The famous American anthropologist subjected scientific racist beliefs to rigorous testing and evaluation; he found that there are no superior or inferior races.
A) Johann Blumenbach
B) Joseph Arthur de Gobineau
C) Carolus Linnaeus
D) Franz Boas
Q4) Select an ethnic group with which you are familiar and compare objective aspects of their culture to subjective aspects.
Q5) Nazis originated the concept of racism.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Contemporary Global Trends
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Q1) What is the Doomsday Model (neo-Malthusian approach)? Has this view been challenged by anyone? If so, on what grounds?
Q2) The collapse of the former Soviet Union was characterized by:
A) declaration of independence by non-Russian republics
B) "federalism" and increased solidarity of the states that had been joined to create the Union
C) the spread of Communism throughout Eastern Europe
D) the disappearance of perestroika and glasnost
Q3) Between 1980 and 1990, the annual growth rate in China fell from to 1.4 percent.
A) 5.3
B) 4.4
C) 2.0
D) 2.4
Q4) Which of the following countries is likely to have the lowest per capita energy consumption?
A) Sudan
B) Japan
C) Mexico
D) Canada
Q5) What are perestroika and glasnost?
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Chapter 18: Applied Anthropology
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Q1) Is there such a thing as universal human rights?
Q2) What is medical anthropology? What are some of the things that medical anthropologists do?
Q3) Problems sometimes arise between applied anthropologists and private developers or government officials. Many agencies want to implement changes immediately, without consideration for the people who will be impacted. Anthropologists often recommend against these rapidly planned innovations and, as a consequence, the agencies ignore recommendations. In these circumstances, applied anthropologists have often been forced to take an advocacy approach, or the:
A) representative role
B) analyst role
C) facilitator role
D) informant role
Q4) What is cultural resource management?
Q5) Universal human rights have been spread through the process of globalization and are mostly based on the United States Declaration of Independence.
A)True
B)False
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