Criminological Research Methods
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Criminological Research Methods provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the techniques and principles used to investigate crime and criminal justice issues. The course explores both quantitative and qualitative research methods, focusing on research design, data collection, analysis, and ethical considerations unique to criminological contexts. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, conduct surveys, interviews, and field observations, as well as analyze and interpret data relevant to crime patterns, criminal behavior, and policy evaluation. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with practical skills to critically evaluate criminological research and undertake their own empirical studies.
Recommended Textbook
Essential Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods 1st Edition by Peter B. Kraska
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Chapter 1: Criminal Justice and Criminology Research:
Mapping the Terrain
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Sample Questions
Q1) NCVS is the acronym for the National Crime Victimization Survey,which is the primary source of information on criminal victimization in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) _________________ attempts to make theoretical sense of documents by analyzing their cultural meaning.The content of documents is generally seen as its "text," but recently this genre of inquiry includes visual images as well (still pictures and video images).
A)ethnographic field research
B)qualitative document analysis
C)historical research
D)academic legal research
Answer: B
Q3) Qualitative research as using numerically based data, A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Science and Research
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Q1) _______________ refers to observations that people experience through the senses-touch,sight,hearing,smell,and taste.
A)data
B)empirical evidence
C)theory
D)hypothesis
Answer: B
Q2) _________________ occurs when we feel we have all the answers and do not need to listen,seek information,or raise questions any longer.
A)overgeneralization
B)selective observation
C)premature closure
D)halo effect
Answer: C
Q3) The media knowledge does not uncritically feed off the information provided to them by government agencies and politicians,and vice versa.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations
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Q1) Critical Social Science defines social science as a critical process of inquiry that generates liberating knowledge so as to reveal structural and cultural inhibiting forces in an attempt to help people change their living conditions and build a better world for themselves.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) ______________,is a method for combining deductive logic with precise empirical observations in order to discover and confirm a set of probabilistic causal laws that can be used to predict general patterns of human activity.
A)epistemology
B)positivist social science
C)falsification doctrine
D)essentialist
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Ethics and Reviewing the Literature
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Sample Questions
Q1) The existing literature can help us to better understand the object of study.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Dissertation are peer-reviewed books,usually published by academic presses,that present comprehensive research studies,or a series of studies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _____________ are gross violations of human rights in the course of conducting scientific research.
A)scientific misconduct
B)research fraud
C)plagiarism
D)research atrocities
Q4) In the _____________________ male college students were divided into two role-playing groups: guards and prisoners.
A)Humphreys's "tearoom trade" research
B)Douglas Harper visual experience
C)Stanley Milgram's obedience study
D)Zimbardo prison experiment
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Chapter 5: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative research?
Q2) ____________ is an error in explanation in which empirical data about associations found among small-scale units of analysis are greatly overgeneralized and treated as evidence for statements about relationships among much larger units.
A)tautology
B)teleology
C)ecological fallacy
D)reductionism
Q3) Triangulation of method means mixing qualitative and quantitative styles of research and data.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If two variables are associated they are causally related.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Qualitative researchers look at the sequence of events and pay attention to what happens first,second,third,and so on.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement and Sampling
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Q1) _________________ is the highest,most precise level of measurement;variable attributes can be rank ordered,the distance between them precisely measured,and there is an absolute zero.
A)Ordinal-level measurement
B)Ratio-level measurement
C)Nominallevel measurement
D)Interval-level measurement
Q2) ____________means dependability or consistency.It suggests that if the same measure is repeated or recurs under similar conditions,the same result will occur.
A)Validity
B)Reliability
C)Operationalization
D)Conceptualization
Q3) Discrete variables have a relatively fixed set of separate values or variable attributes.Instead of a smooth continuum of values,discrete variables contain distinct categories.They are measured at the ordinal and interval levels.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Criminal Justice Research
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Q1) _____________ is an effect of two independent variables operating simultaneously and in combination on a dependent variable.It is a larger effect than occurs from the sum of each independent variable working separately.
A)Pretest
B)Posttest
C)Main effect/interaction effect
D)Experimental group
Q2) _______________is related to stability reliability.It occurs when the instrument or dependent variable measure changes during the experiment.
A)testing effect
B)instrumentation
C)history effects
D)maturation effect
Q3) What are the principles for accessing the feasibility of crime and justice experiments?
Q4) What are the steps in conducting an experiment?
Q5) List and describe the major threats to internal validity.
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Chapter 8: Survey and Interview Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A __________________ (structured,fixed response)both asks a question and gives the respondent fixed responses from which to choose.
A)double-barreled question
B)leading question
C)open-ended question
D)closed-ended question
Q2) Good survey questions yield valid and reliable measures of their constructs,and help respondents feel that they understand the question and that their answers are meaningful.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Questions such as: do you plan to purchase any home security devices in the next twelve months and do you plan to alter any of your routine activities because of your fear of crime are designed to measure ___________________.
A)expectations
B)characteristics
C)attitudes/beliefs/opinions
D)behavior
Q4) What should you avoid when writing survey questions?
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Chapter 9: Nonreactive Research: Content Analysis and Existing Documentsstatistics
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Q1) ______________ is a technique that checks to see whether the coding is stable or changing.
A)Intercoder reliability
B)stability reliability
C)manifest coding
D)fallacy of misplaced concreteness
Q2) ____________ is a type of content analysis coding in which a researcher first develops a list of words,phrases,or symbols and then locates them in a communication medium.
A)manifest coding
B)structured coding
C)coding system
D)structured observation
Q3) ___________ are the physical remains of human activity.
A)archival material
B)nonreactive data
C)unobtrusive measures
D)physical traces
Q4) Explain the categories of unobtrusive measures.
Q5) What are the strengths of unobtrusive research?
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Chapter 10: Crime and Justice Ethnographic Field Research
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Q1) The special language or terminology used by the members of a subculture or group that interacts regularly is called an:
A)argot
B)jotted notes
C)analytic memos
D)direct observation notes
Q2) The field research technique that allows the researcher to use her or his own personal reaction to his or her experience as part of the data and analysis is known as:
A)reflexivity
B)naturalism
C)field site
D)ethnographic field research
Q3) Qualitative data in which a researcher ignores most of the details of a social setting in and in order to convey a superficial feel for the setting and the outer lives of people in it is known as thick description.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the characteristics of an ideal field informant?
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Chapter 11: Historical, Qualitative, Document Analysis, Academic Legal, and Mixed Methods Research
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Q1) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using mixed methods?
Q2) Those sources of legal authority that are derived from actual legal statutes,common law,case law,and administrative law are referred to as:
A)Legal authority
B)Stare decisis
C)Primary authority
D)Secondary authority
Q3) Primary sources are found in archives (a place where documents are stored),in private collections,in family closets,or in museums.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Once the document passes as being authentic ________________ is used as an examination of the document's contents to establish credibility
A)internal criticism
B)bowdlerization
C)external criticism
D)dialogical criticism
Q5) What are the similarities between historical and ethnographic research?
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Data
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Q1) _______________ is the most difficult to compute measure of dispersion;it is also the most comprehensive and widely used.
A)Percentiles
B)Z-score
C)Standard deviation
D)Range
Q2) A curvilinear relationship means that a straight line can be visualized in the middle of a maze of cases running from one corner to another.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _____________ are ways to manipulate and summarize numbers that represent data from a research project.
A)descriptive
B)statistics
C)univariate
D)multivariate
Q4) A column or set of columns assigned to a variable is called a data field or just a field.
A)True
B)False
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