Course Introduction
Criminal Behavior
Test Preparation
Criminal Behavior examines the psychological, social, and biological factors that contribute to unlawful actions. The course explores major theories regarding why individuals commit crimes, such as sociological, psychological, and developmental perspectives, and examines the roles of environment, personality, and opportunity. Students will analyze criminal typologies, patterns, and case studies to understand the motivations, profiles, and behaviors of offenders. The course also discusses the impact of crime on victims and society, the effectiveness of prevention strategies, and approaches to rehabilitation and treatment.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology The Essentials 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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17 Chapters
1248 Verified Questions
1248 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Overview of Crime and Criminology
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72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Predictive scope
A)maintains that a theory has merit and is useful to the extent that it accurately predicts what is observed
B)maintains that if two competing theories are essentially equal in terms of the first two criteria, then the less complicated one is considered more "elegant"
C)asserts that a theory must have the quality of being falsifiable or disprovable D)refers to the scope or range of the theory and thus the scope or range of the hypotheses that can be derived from it
Answer: D
Q2) The basic idea behind phrenology was that cognitive functions are localized in the brain, and that the parts regulating the most dominant functions were bigger than parts regulating the less dominant ones.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Provide two examples of acts that would be considered mala prohibita.
Answer: prostitution, drug dealing
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3
Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does it mean when we say cleared by arrest?
Answer: A person has been arrested and charged for a Part I crime.
Q2) NIBRS has almost completely replaced the UCR as the leading source of official crime statistics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) One strength of the NCVS is that it provides A)data that has been held to strict legal standards
B)a good source of information on rates of drug use
C)access to information on crimes that have not been reported to the police
D)detailed information on each criminal incident
Answer: C
Q4) The UCR and NCVS agree on the geographic areas and times of the year and month when crimes are more likely to occur.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q5) What does NIBRS stand for?
Answer: National Incident-Based Reporting System
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Chapter 3: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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83 Verified Questions
83 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most offenders incarcerated for sex offenses had victimized ______.
A)children
B)college-aged women
C)the elderly
D)the mentally ill
Answer: A
Q2) The Crime Victims Bill of Rights passed by the Senate applies to all state and federal violent crimes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Identify one occupation that has one of the highest risks for victimization.
Answer: police officers; correctional officers; taxi drivers
Q4) Define lifestyles in regards to lifestyle theory.
Answer: The routine patterned activities that people engage in on a daily basis, both obligatory (e.g., work related) and optional (e.g., recreational).
Q5) Briefly explain the basic premise of victim precipitation theory.
Answer: By acting in certain provocative ways some individuals initiate a chain of events that lead to their victimization.
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Chapter 4: The Early Schools of Criminology
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74 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The doctrine whose central tenet is that the achievement of pleasure is the main goal of life is known as
A)hedonism
B)the principle of utility
C)the cartographic approach
D)the contrast effect
Q2) The argument that crime can be reduced by increasing individuals' sense of ownership and generating a sense of belonging in an area through its physical design is central to the idea of ______.
A)atavism
B)defensible space
C)general deterrence
D)hedonism
Q3) Cesare Lombroso, Raffael Garofalo, and Enrico Ferri founded what became known as the ______ school of criminology.
A)American
B)French
C)German
D)Italian
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Crime As Choice: Rationality, Emotion, and Criminal Behavior
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58 Verified Questions
58 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______ is as much a "cause" of crime as its poverty because it brings with it many opportunities for crime.
A)inequality
B)unemployment
C)affluence
D)gender
Q2) Why is rationality considered the most glaring criticism of rational choice and routine activities theory?
Q3) Who are more likely to be victimized according to Cohen and Felson (1979)?
A)females
B)living alone
C)with many possessions
D)only a and b
E)a, b, and c
Q4) Because guilt is psychologically punitive, it motivates individuals to do what two things?
Q5) What is meant by "arranging the environment" to prevent crime?
Q6) Motivated offenders are individuals unwilling and not able to commit crimes.
A)True
B)False Page 7
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Page 8
Chapter 6: Social Structural Theories
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define and discuss the five modes of adaptation according to Merton.What does Merton believe leads to antisocial behavior? Explain.
Q2) Sanchez-Jankowski identified five critical periods that have affected the social and organizational development of gangs over the last 150 years.Common to all five periods were two factors
A)increase in ethnic diversity and residential instability
B)population increase and poverty
C)poverty and decrease in socioeconomic mobility
D)decrease in ethnic diversity and socioeconomic mobility
Q3) Sanchez-Jankowski defines gangs as
A)organized defiant individualism
B)criminal defiant individualism
C)loose associations
D)individual entities
Q4) Identify the three variables most strongly and consistently associated with rates of crime and delinquency in urban settings according to social disorganization theory.
Q5) Define social disorganization according to Osgood and Chambers.
Q6) Define short-run hedonism.
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Chapter 7: Social Process Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) For social control theorists, the real question is not why some people behave so badly, but rather why most of us behave well most of the time.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Social control and social learning theories agree with each other on a majority of issues relating to crime and criminals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ______ argues that an individual's propensity for crime is largely determined during childhood as a result of incompetent parenting, and tends to persist thereafter.
A)differential association theory
B)self-control theory
C)social learning theory
D)social bonding theory
Q4) Explain the primary concepts of social learning theory.Discuss the various types of reinforcement and punishment.Give an example of each.
Q5) Briefly explain one of the positive elements of neutralization theory.
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Critical and Feminist Theories
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82 Verified Questions
82 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly explain Freda Adler's masculinization hypothesis.
Q2) The name most closely associated with peacemaking criminology is ______.
A)Karl Marx
B)Max Weber
C)Richard Quinney
D)Willem Bonger
Q3) ______ is a condition that entails the estrangement or distancing of individuals from something, such as another person, society in general, or the products of their labor.
A)alienation
B)altruism
C)emancipation
D)patriarchy
Q4) Karl Marx and his collaborator, Friedrich Engels, wrote extensively on the topics of crime and crime causation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Briefly describe the emancipation hypothesis.
Q6) Briefly explain the economic marginalization hypothesis.
Q7) Briefly explain the power-control theory.
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Chapter 9: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______ is an individual's set of relatively enduring and functionally integrated psychological characteristics that result from his or her temperament interacting with cultural and developmental experiences.
A)intelligence
B)personality
C)traits
D)ANS
Q2) The PCL-R is the most widely used measure of lifestyle influences on criminality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully [and] think rationally is part of the person's______.
A)altruism
B)intelligence
C)personality
D)temperament
Q4) Describe the relationship between crime and IQ.What does the research show regarding this relationship? Why is this topic controversial?
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Biosocial Approaches
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______ is associated with the functioning of our flight/fight system.
A)adrenaline
B)DNA
C)dopamine
D)serotonin
Q2) According to biosocial criminologists, behavior is always the result of biological factors interacting with environmental factors.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Genetic effects on antisocial behavior are most likely to be found among those who begin offending in their early teenage years, and desist by their mid-twenties.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to reward dominance theory, what causes crime?
Q5) Compare the perspectives of evolutionary psychologists and neuroscientists.How does each perspective explain criminal behavior? Do you feel that one has more to offer in our efforts to understand crime? Support your answer.
Q6) What is the flight/fight system?
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Chapter 11: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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83 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast Agnew's super traits theory and Moffitt's dual pathway theory.How are they similar? How are they different?
Q2) Provide two examples that would be considered a turning point according to age-graded theory.
Q3) In Robert Agnew's super traits theory, he identifies impulsiveness and sensation seeking as super traits.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Sampson and Laub, ______is the purposeful execution of choice and individual will.
A)human agency
B)social capital
C)turning points
D)hedonism
Q5) Identify Robert Agnew's five life domains.
Q6) Define and discuss risk factors and protective factors of antisocial behavior.What is ADHD? What is conduct disorder? How are they related?
Q7) List the two super traits identified by super traits theory.
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Chapter 12: Crimes of Violence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify one factor that makes it difficult to compare rape rates between nations.?Possible
Q2) What proportion of female murders is committed by their intimate partners?
A)just under a quarter
B)slightly more than half
C)over three fourths
D)more than one third
Q3) Identify and explain two theoretical arguments that have been used to explain the crime of rape.Compare and contrast these arguments.Do you think that one is more accurate than the other? Support your answer with information you have learned in this course.
Q4) In 2011, knives were used in 67.7% of murders in the United States. A)True B)False
Q5) Identify one characteristic associated with a disproportionate risk for rape victimization.
Q6) In states that have the death penalty, what is the only type of murder for which a convicted murderer can be executed for?
Q7) What are competitively disadvantaged males?
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Terrorism
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly describe the relationship between terrorism and common crime.
Q2) Identify the reasons that individuals join terrorist groups.Based on what is known about their motivations, propose three strategies for reducing terrorist activity.
Q3) The majority of terrorist groups today
A)follow a Marxist/Maoist philosophy
B)are Irish in membership
C)are comprised equally of men and women
D)originated after the 1960s
Q4) One commonality among all terrorist groups is that they originate in response to some perceived injustice.
A)True
B)False
Q5) ______, the group responsible for 9/11 and other terrorist attacks, was started by Osama bin Laden.
A)al-Qaeda
B)Hizballah
C)Ismailis
D)Sicarrii
Q6) What are some reasons that terrorism is easier to accomplish today?
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Property Crime
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62 Verified Questions
62 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Price gouging is an example of fraud.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The "salami technique" refers to a method used to print counterfeit money.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The high recovery rate of stolen vehicles indicates that most motor vehicle thefts are for expressive rather than financial reasons.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why is it difficult to gather accurate statistics on the crime of arson?
Q5) Identify the various ways that motor vehicle theft is distinct from other forms of property crime.
Q6) Burglary statutes are
A)not utilized in many states
B)contain common language and are extremely similar in each state
C)apply to only the most serious offenses
D)are a hodgepodge of laws covering a variety of conduct
Q7) Describe the "salami technique."
Q8) What is carjacking?
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Chapter 15: Public Order Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 1999 nationwide study of DUI offenders found that the average BAC at arrest was 0.24, or three times the legal limit.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The notion that public order crimes are "victimless" is
A)widely accepted among criminologists and the general public
B)contested by criminologists but accepted among the general public
C)rejected by criminologists, due to the number of "secondary victims" harmed by such crimes
D)rejected by criminologists, due to the large number of public order crimes reported each year on the NCVS
Q3) What was the Harrison Narcotic Act? Include its significance.
Q4) Heritability estimates for Type I alcoholism are about 0.90 and about 0.40 for Type II, indicating that environmental factors are more important to understanding Type II alcoholism than Type I alcoholism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is a stimulant?
Q6) Identify the three ways that drugs are believed to contribute to violence.
Page 18
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Chapter 16: White-Collar Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is professional occupational crime?
Q2) Just about everyone who enters cyberspace is a potential victim of cybercrime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is occupational crime?
Q4) What is the difference between an internal locus of control and an external locus of control?
Q5) What was the purpose of Walters and Geyer's (2004) study on white-collar criminals?
Q6) Which demographic was significantly more influenced by techniques of neutralization?
A)women
B)men of color
C)men over 35
D)men under 35
Q7) What type of students were selected for the sample?
A)criminal justice
B)masters of business
C)law students
D)economic students
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Chapter 17: Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the "big four" motorcycle groups of the United States, women enjoy full and equal membership.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act outlawed the consumption and manufacturing of alcohol.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Briefly describe the structure of organized crime groups according to the feudal model.
Q4) The greater the wealth, the greater the organized crime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The Chicago criminal gang headed by Al "Scarface" Capone consisted of more than ______ gunmen at its most prosperous heights.
A)400
B)700
C)900
D)2,000
Q6) What are the five major opportunity factors identified by Albanese (2000)?
Q7) Explain the link between political corruption and organized crime.
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