Cognitive Psychology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Psychology explores the scientific study of mental processes such as perception, memory, attention, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. This course examines how people acquire, process, and store information, drawing on experimental research and theoretical frameworks. Students will investigate key topics including cognitions neural basis, intelligence, learning mechanisms, and the development and breakdown of cognitive functions. Through lectures, discussions, and hands-on activities, the course highlights applications of cognitive theory in real-world contexts, providing fundamental insights into how humans think, understand, and interact with their environment.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 5th Edition by Michael
Gazzaniga
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Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) The term synapse, coined by Sherrington, refers to the junction between
A)a blood vessel and surrounding neurons.
B)two different cytoarchitectonic regions in the brain.
C)two adjacent neurons.
D)an axon and the cell body of a neuron.
Answer: C
Q2) Ebbinghaus, who is considered the father of modern memory research, was among the first to demonstrate that
A)different types of brain lesions can produce different types of memory deficits.
B)in terms of cognition, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
C)behavior is best understood in terms of stimulus-response relationships.
D)internal mental processes can be measured in rigorous and reproducible ways.
Answer: D
Q3) Localizationist is to ________ as holistic is to ________.
A)Wernicke; Gall
B)Gall; Flourens
C)Flourens; Broca
D)Broca; Wernicke
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System
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Q1) Communication between two neurons is always achieved through chemical, and not electrical, mechanisms.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding the prenatal development of the human nervous system is correct?
A)The brain develops from ectoderm cells, whereas the spinal cord develops from mesoderm cells.
B)Ectoderm cells are the precursors of the entire nervous system.
C)Glial cells are derived from endoderm cells, whereas neurons are derived from ectoderm cells.
D)Mesoderm cells are the precursors for all parts of the human nervous system. Answer: B
Q3) The term commissure refers to the white matter tracts that connect the brain and spinal cord.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) The particular region of space in which a stimulus must be presented to evoke a response from a given neuron is its
A)topographic map.
B)sensory homunculus.
C)receptive field.
D)baseline space.
Answer: C
Q2) The electrical signal evoked by a class of sensory, motor, or cognitive events, which is observed by averaging multiple EEG traces, is known as a(n)
A)brain response potential.
B)mean event trace.
C)event-related potential.
D)neural activity trace.
Answer: C
Q3) The best neuroimaging method for visualizing the white and gray matter is computerized tomography (CT).
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Hemispheric Specialization
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Q1) How do the two hemispheres differentially process the local and global elements of visual hierarchical stimuli?
Q2) The main mass of fibers that carries signals from the cortex in one cerebral hemisphere to the other is called the A)anterior commissure.
B)corpus callosum.
C)arcuate fasciculus.
D)planum temporale.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT true of the Wada test?
A)It entails the injection of amobarbital.
B)It can be used to determine which hemisphere is language dominant.
C)It determines the extent to which the corpus callosum has been resected.
D)It is used before elective surgery for the treatment of epilepsy.
Q4) Many callosal projections link homotopic areas in corresponding locations in the two hemispheres.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Damage to the right hemisphere is known to cause visual spatial function deficits. Give an example of a result from an experiment that supports this.
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) Which area of the body has the greatest amount of representation in the human primary somatosensory cortex?
A)hands
B)feet
C)gums
D)trunk
Q2) Suppose you injected an anterograde tracer into taste-specific regions of the thalamus. Which of the following are you LEAST likely to find?
A)Clustering is evident for bitter tastes.
B)Clustering is evident for sweet tastes.
C)The salty cluster may be distributed over multiple pathways.
D)The sour cluster may be distributed over multiple pathways.
Q3) Speculate about what kinds of information might be processed in the superior temporal lobe of a congenitally deaf person. In your answer, consider the kinds of environmental information that are especially important in the absence of sound.
Q4) Describe two experiments that would allow you to determine if an individual has achromatopsia or has akinetopsia. If the symptoms appeared after a head injury, which brain regions are likely damaged in each case?
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Q1) Synesthesia is a deficit in the ability to recognize faces that cannot be directly attributed to deterioration in intellectual function.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Optic ataxia is an inability to
A)name familiar objects.
B)read, acquired as an adult.
C)recognize familiar visual objects.
D)use visual information to guide movements.
Q3) A patient's ability to represent the spatial layout of their environment has become disturbed. The patient most likely has damage in the _____ lobe.
A)temporal
B)parietal
C)frontal
D)occipital
Q4) An encoding model of brain activity predicts brain activity from a given stimulus.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Attention
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Q1) Studies of attention employing the P1 waveform and the N1 waveform suggest that
A)both vision and audition involve a late-selection mechanism.
B)both vision and audition involve an early-selection mechanism.
C)visual attention primarily involves early selection, whereas auditory attention primarily involves late selection.
D)auditory attention primarily involves early selection, whereas visual attention primarily involves late selection.
Q2) Patients with extinction are unable to detect a visual stimulus presented on the contralesional side of space if
A)the stimulus is presented alone in the visual field.
B)this stimulus is presented at the same time as a stimulus on the ipsilesional side of the visual field.
C)there is no cue that precedes the stimulus.
D)the stimulus is presented with another at a more lateral position in the contralesional visual field.
Q3) Unilateral spatial neglect typically results from damage to the left temporal lobe.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Action
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Q1) The term decussation refers to
A)a type of cerebrovascular accident that frequently damages motor structures.
B)the shift in involvement from the premotor cortex to the supplementary motor area (SMA) with motor learning.
C)the crossing of nerve fibers from one side of the body to the other.
D)a type of rapid involuntary movement made by people with Huntington's disease.
Q2) The excitatory command to contract the biceps muscle of the arm is normally accompanied by an inhibitory command to relax the antagonist triceps muscle. If this inhibitory signal failed to occur,
A)the passive stretching of the triceps would trigger a stretch reflex that would return the arm to its original position.
B)the contraction of the biceps would be irreversible, and the limb would remain frozen in the resulting position.
C)the contraction of the biceps would cause tearing of fibers in the triceps and severe muscle damage.
D)the fibers that make up the triceps muscle would shorten and thicken during the resulting passive stretch.
Q3) How is the planning of a complex movement hierarchical? Provide an example.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Memory
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Q1) After a brain injury, a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia. Which of the following brain regions is probably damaged?
A)the medial temporal lobes
B)the anterior temporal lobes
C)the superior parietal lobes
D)the dorsolateral frontal lobes
Q2) Hebbian learning occurs when
A)a synapse is strengthened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
B)a synapse is weakened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
C)short-term memories represented in the hippocampus are consolidated to the cortex.
D)short-term memories represented in the cortex are consolidated to the hippocampus.
Q3) Describe the phenomenon of LTP. How does blocking LTP affect memory?
Q4) Describe the subsequent-memory paradigm, used by Charan Ranganath and others. Explain how it has been used with neuroimaging to understand the specific involvement of brain regions in memory.
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Chapter 10: Emotion
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Q1) The insula is MOST involved in which of the following?
A)happiness
B)disgust
C)love
D)sadness
Q2) The role of the amygdala in emotion and memory has been studied using a form of classical conditioning known as fear conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent aversive events through fear conditioning is primarily implicit.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is an implicit measure? Describe a study covered in your text or in class that investigated cognition using both implicit and explicit measures.
Q5) What are some functions of the amygdala in emotional processing? In your answer, describe two experiments that illustrate the conditions in which the amygdala does (or does not) play a role.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) The symptoms of all of the following neurological language syndromes suggest the disruption of an organized semantic network in which word meanings are stored, EXCEPT
A)Wernicke's aphasia.
B)deep dyslexia.
C)progressive semantic dementia.
D)conduction aphasia.
Q2) What is the difference between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia? Where are Broca's area and Wernicke's area located in the brain?
Q3) ________ is to the meaning of a word as ________ is to the spelling of a word.
A)Orthography; phonology
B)Phonology; prosody
C)Prosody; semantics
D)Semantics; orthography
Q4) The left perisylvian network of language includes which areas?
A)Broca's area
B)Wernicke's area
C)both Broca's area and Wernicke's area
D)neither Broca's area nor Wernicke's area
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Cognitive Control
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Q1) Provide an example of a delayed-response task. How has this task informed our understanding of the prefrontal cortex?
Q2) The idea that the prefrontal cortex filters out and inhibits irrelevant information is supported by the ERP findings of Knight and Grabowecky (1995), who found that patients with prefrontal lesions produced ________ in response to ignored tones during a listening task.
A)smaller evoked potentials
B)larger evoked potentials
C)evoked potentials that were longer in duration
D)evoked potentials that were briefer in duration
Q3) You encounter a bear, which triggers an emotional response. Which of the following areas would not show increased dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway?
A)amygdala
B)hippocampus
C)anterior cingulate cortex
D)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Q4) Appropriate goal-oriented behavior is typically described as stimulus-driven.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Social Cognition
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Q1) Most children who are asked to sort a set of facial pictures will likely sort on the basis of ________, whereas autistic children will likely sort on the basis of ________.
A)emotional expression; physical features
B)physical features; emotional expression
C)eye gaze; emotional expression
D)emotional expression; eye gaze
Q2) Which brain area seems to be the most important for selectively attending to positive self-relevant information, as opposed to negative self-relevant information?
A)the anterior cingulate cortex
B)the medial prefrontal cortex
C)the orbitofrontal cortex
D)the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Q3) Phineas Gage, who suffered injury to the orbitofrontal cortex, experienced changes in all of the following areas as a result of his injury EXCEPT
A)inhibition of inappropriate social behavior.
B)performance on cognitive tests.
C)planning of complex behaviors.
D)personality and temperament.
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Chapter 14: The Consciousness Problem
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Q1) Which of the following of Damasio's categories is most associated with the brainstem?
A)core consciousness
B)core awareness
C)extended consciousness
D)extended awareness
Q2) Which of the following comparisons between someone experiencing somnambulism (sleepwalking) and someone experiencing locked-in syndrome (LIS) is true?
A)Both are similar in terms of their automatic behaviors and conscious awareness.
B)Both are opposite in terms of their automatic behaviors and conscious awareness.
C)Both are similar in terms of their automatic behaviors and opposite in terms of their conscious awareness.
D)Both are opposite in terms of their automatic behaviors and similar in terms of their conscious awareness.
Q3) Compare and contrast the roles of the brain regions responsible for the conscious mind.
Q4) Why do we need an interpreter system?
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