Cognitive Development
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Cognitive Development explores the processes by which humans acquire, organize, and utilize knowledge from infancy through adolescence. This course examines major theoretical perspectives, including Piagetian, Vygotskian, and information-processing approaches, as well as recent advances in the field. Topics cover the development of perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, social cognition, and executive function. Emphasis is placed on experimental findings, observational studies, and the influence of biological, environmental, and cultural factors on cognitive growth. The course also discusses applications to education and implications for understanding cognitive disorders.
Recommended Textbook
Developmental Psychology 1st Edition by Frank
Keil
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Chapter 1: Approaching Psychological Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The various developmental perspectives that have been advanced are important because of all of the following EXCEPT:
A) they offer varyingly complementary points of view
B) they provide irreconcilable points of view
C) they give perspectives that emphasize some aspects over others
D) they offer perspectives that approach development differently
Answer: B
Q2) When psychologists are described as taking a "lifespan" approach, this means they are interested in:
A) the prenatal period to late adulthood
B) the prenatal period to adulthood
C) the prenatal period to adolescence
D) infancy to late adulthood
Answer: A
Q3) A within-subjects design is conducted such that all children:
A) participate in only one out of several conditions
B) participate in all experimental conditions
C) come from within the same cultural background
D) come from within the same cohort
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Biology of Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is a possible base pair?
A) adenine and cytosine
B) adenine and thymine
C) thymine and cytosine
D) thymine and guanine
Answer: B
Q2) While pregnant, Juana is exposed to a teratogen known to affect the heart of the developing organism.The effects will likely be most severe if the exposure occurred during the:
A) period of the zygote
B) embryonic period
C) fetal period
D) third trimester
Answer: B
Q3) Heavily myelinated bundles of axons in the brain are called:
A) glial cells
B) black matter
C) gray matter
D) white matter
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Coming to Perceive the World
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of depth cues are infants most likely to rely on in the visual cliff paradigm?
A) binocular cues
B) dynamic cues
C) monocular cues
D) pictorial cues
Answer: B
Q2) What statement best describes the way newborn chicks peck at their food?
A) Newborn chicks peck 20 degrees to the left of their actual food.
B) Newborn chicks peck more at rounded objects.
C) Newborn chicks peck more at objects with straight edges.
D) Newborn chicks peck more at objects with sharp angles.
Answer: B
Q3) The retina of the eye, the hair cells of the auditory system, and the taste buds of the tongue are all involved in:
A) speech
B) olfaction
C) perception
D) sensation
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Emergence of Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a father places his index finger in the palm of his son's hand, the newborn will:
A) attempt to move his hand away
B) grasp the finger tightly
C) flare his fingers outward
D) turn his head in that direction
Q2) Briefly describe how research with the Hopi Native Americans was important to the study of development.
Q3) As described by Moro and others, when a baby experiences a lack of support, she will:
A) look in the direction of the loss of support
B) close her palms tightly around any nearby objects
C) kick her legs outward and then retract them to normal
D) flare her arms out and then close back around her center
Q4) Possibilities for action based on the properties of objects or surfaces are:
A) reflexes
B) perceptual-motor skills
C) visual flow fields
D) affordances
Q5) How might attention be both a punisher and a reinforcer of behavior?
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Chapter 5: Coming to Understand the Physical World
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Q1) How is spatial representation in infants encoded, and how are these encoded concepts tied to different abilities/expectations?
Q2) A child who explores objects with her mouth is most likely in which Piagetian stage?
A) oral
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) concrete operational
Q3) A 3-year-old child who understands object permanence and solidity begins to be capable of:
A) using symbols to mentally represent objects
B) quasi-logical thought with concrete information
C) logical abstract thought
D) primary circular reactions
Q4) Spatial relations that reference where things are relative to landmarks are considered:
A) schematic
B) thematic
C) egocentric
D) allocentric
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Chapter 6: Connecting with the Social World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Monkeys who were reared in isolation and were exposed to therapist monkeys:
A) showed no signs of rehabilitation
B) behaved in an overly aggressive fashion to the therapist monkeys
C) avoided the therapist monkeys
D) interacted and played with the therapist monkeys
Q2) Which type of infants seems to have more successful social abilities in childhood?
A) type A
B) type B
C) type C
D) type D
Q3) What is an internal working model? How would the internal working model of a secure infant differ from that of an insecure infant?
Q4) What are some of the limitations associated with the learning theory approach to infant-parent bonds?
Q5) Differentiate between insecure/avoidant and insecure/resistant attachment styles.
Q6) How does the smile serve as an attachment behavior?
Q7) Describe the concept of a secure base.
Q8) Describe how extreme infant irritability may affect the quality of attachment.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Origins of Emotion, Temperament, and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dena is really bothered by something that happened at school.She tries to rethink the situation and interpret its negative aspects in a more positive way.This illustrates:
A) attentional deployment
B) cognitive modification
C) cognitive reframing
D) response modification
Q2) The Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised describes temperamental differences between infants on all of the following dimensions EXCEPT:
A) negative affectivity
B) effortful control
C) rhythmicity
D) surgency/extroversion
Q3) Describe conditions under which a difficult temperament may be advantageous.
Q4) What methods do researchers use to study infants' facial expressions?
Q5) What are complex emotions? Describe why shame is considered a complex emotion.
Q6) Differentiate between difficult babies and "slow to warm up" babies.
Q7) What are the two reasons that some emotions are considered "basic"?
Q8) What are phobias and how are they explained by the preparedness model? Page 9
Q9) Differentiate between situation modification and situation selection.
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Language Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does parental responsiveness affect language development?
Q2) All the following are examples of critical-period effects EXCEPT:
A) adults pick up vocabulary in a second language more quickly than do children due to their fast mapping skills
B) adults learning a second language may speak with an accent, whereas children learning a second language may sound like a native
C) those who learned English later in life show poorer grammatical abilities than those who learned English before their fifth birthday
D) children who grow up without human communication struggle to learn the grammatical structure of any first language at a later age
Q3) Linda, a toddler, says "I don't like about broccoli." Her mother responds, "You don't like broccoli but you like carrots." This is an example of:
A) motherese
B) recasting
C) rephrasing
D) semantic rephrasing
Q4) List and briefly define three types of constraints on word meaning.
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Chapter 9: The Growth of Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is/are used to mentally represent the spatial layout of the environment and infer distance, direction, and ways of navigating.
A) Cognitive maps
B) Cognitive schemas
C) Geometric information
D) Landmark processes
Q2) Cin Cin, a preschooler, is shown a plate of fruit consisting of seven grapes and two blueberries.If asked if there are more grapes or more fruit, Cin Cin will likely say:
A) there are more grapes
B) there is more fruit
C) there is the same amount of grapes and fruit
D) grapes are a type of fruit
Q3) Describe how the performance of preoperational and concrete operational children differs on Piaget's three mountains task.
Q4) Describe the three logical operators necessary for conservation that Piaget believed the preoperational child lacked.
Q5) Differentiate between qualitative versus quantitative development.
Q6) Describe the process of scaffolding and provide an example.
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Chapter 10: The Growth of Cognitive Skills
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Q1) What are the major steps in learning how to read?
Q2) Briefly, summarize the findings on chess expertise in children; then describe why that research was important.
Q3) When Jason is read a list of words, he has a better memory for the last few words in the list.This is consistent with a:
A) production deficit
B) utilization deficit
C) primacy effect
D) recency effect
Q4) Alerting structures in the brain discussed in the text include all of the following EXCEPT the:
A) frontal area
B) thalamus
C) anterior cingulate gyrus
D) posterior area
Q5) What is infantile amnesia, why does it occur, and what cutoff age is typically associated with it?
Q6) Describe the three broad mathematical skills used in mathematical reasoning.
Q7) What are the three components of attention, and how are they different?
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Intelligence and Schooling
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general, men typically perform better on ________ tasks than women.
A) memory
B) facial recall
C) linguistic
D) spatial
Q2) Gina is able to think flexibly and solve new problems she encounters.She has very good:
A) crystallized intelligence
B) fluid intelligence
C) social intelligence
D) naturalistic intelligence
Q3) What are Gardner's multiple intelligences, and how are they different?
Q4) All of the following are examples of environmental influences on children's intelligence test scores EXCEPT:
A) sensitive parenting
B) heritability
C) birth order
D) parental education
Q5) Briefly describe and defend Spearman's description of intelligence.
Q6) What is IQ and how is it computed (both historically and now)?
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Morality in Thought and Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following factors are associated with greater likelihood of copying a model's behavior EXCEPT:
A) respect for the model
B) fear of the model
C) model's actions are clear
D) model frequently performs actions
Q2) All of the following were presented as a critique of Kohlberg's theory EXCEPT:
A) it is not clear how each stage logically forms the basis for the next one
B) the theory may be gender biased as Kohlberg based his model on data collected from middle-class boys
C) young children may have had difficulty with Kohlberg's tasks asking them to consider rules typical of most games
D) researchers have found that different cultures show different proportions of the population having reached higher moral levels
Q3) Who conducted the Bobo doll experiment?
A) Bandura
B) Kohlberg
C) Parke
D) Watson
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Knowing Ourselves, Knowing Others
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ability to think about other people's beliefs and desires is known as:
A) concept of others
B) extended self
C) other-based reasoning
D) theory of mind
Q2) Primates tend to show more sophisticated forms of social cognition when they are:
A) in the presence of a predator
B) in competitive situations
C) in cooperative situations
D) with their offspring
Q3) Glenn is a 15-month-old infant.His mother puts a dab of rouge on his face and puts him in front of the mirror.Which is the LEAST likely outcome?
A) Glenn ignores the dot on his face.
B) Glenn touches the mirror image as if it were an "other child."
C) Glenn points to the dot on the mirror image.
D) Glenn wipes off the dot from his face.
Q4) Describe the interpersonal self, noting when this is evident in development.
Q5) Describe how self-esteem changes with development.
Q6) Define the fundamental attribution error and provide an example of this bias.
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Becoming Part of the Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mayank is a 9-year-old boy who seems more immature than his peers.He has trouble controlling his own impulses.This type of behavior is often associated with which of the following parenting styles:
A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved
Q2) Bonnie is the mother of a 6-month-old child.She is worried about enrolling her daughter in child care so that she can go back to work.She believes day care will negatively affect her daughter's development.Discuss whether this belief is consistent with the existing research evidence on child care and child development.
Q3) Sylvie cares a lot about her children and is very warm.She has few rules and her children decide what to eat and when to go to bed.What type of parent is Sylvie?
A) accommodating
B) authoritative
C) lenient
D) permissive
Q4) How can stress at work affect parenting styles?
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Chapter 15: Becoming Part of the Community
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Sample Questions
Q1) Julie, age 6, and Meagan, age 11, participated in a novel jobs task.They were presented with two novel jobs: clipster and ziver.The clipster job was explained as one with all male workers and the ziver job was explained as one with all female workers.What is the most likely outcome?
A) Both Julie and Meagan would view the clipster as a lower status job.
B) Julie would judge the clipster as a lower status job than would Meagan.
C) Meagan would judge the ziver as a lower status job than would Julie.
D) Both Julie and Meagan would view the ziver as a lower status job.
Q2) Researchers have suggested that specific parent-child interaction patterns help instill certain social cognitive processing skills in children that then influence social cognitive processing of interactions with peers, which in turn influences peer acceptance.In practice, it is difficult to tell if such links are causal because the research in this area has largely been:
A) correlational
B) cross-sectional
C) observational
D) quasi-experimental
Q3) Describe the concept of friendship jealousy.When does friendship jealousy peak and why might this be the case?
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Chapter 16: Psychopathology in Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are cognitive biases seen in anxious children EXCEPT:
A) paying more attention to aversive stimuli
B) quickly shifting attention from distressing stimuli
C) tendency to interpret ambiguous events in negative ways
D) selective recall of negative memories and events
Q2) There are differences in the depressive behaviors of unipolar and bipolar depression.Compared to unipolar depression, bipolar depression is characterized by all the following characteristics EXCEPT:
A) more lethargy
B) more sleeping
C) more changeable mood
D) more ruminative cognition
Q3) Ms.Asbury is a guidance counselor at a local school district.She notices that more females than males have unipolar depression.What social factors may help account for these gender differences?
Q4) John Watson instilled anxiety in a child through:
A) classical conditioning
B) exposure therapy
C) observational learning
D) operant conditioning
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Chapter 17: Development after Childhood and Adolescence
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of the study examining how younger and older adults track faces?
A) Older adults tracked information about negative faces most effectively.
B) Older adults tracked information about positive faces most effectively.
C) Older adults tracked information about neutral faces most effectively.
D) Older adults did not differ in their tracking of negative, positive, and neutral faces.
Q2) Martina is 45 years old.According to Erikson, Martina would be in which stage?
A) generativity versus stagnation
B) industry versus inferiority
C) integrity versus despair
D) intimacy versus isolation
Q3) Raymond is in his 70s and exercises every day.The effects of exercise will be strongest for his performance on:
A) controlled tasks
B) executive tasks
C) spatial tasks
D) speed tasks
Q4) Describe how telomere length can be viewed as a psychobiomarker.
Q5) What are some consequences of negative stereotypes of the elderly?
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