Clinical Diagnostics
Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Clinical Diagnostics is a comprehensive course that introduces students to the principles and practices of laboratory testing as they relate to the detection and monitoring of disease in clinical settings. The course covers the fundamental biochemical, molecular, and microscopic techniques used in the analysis of bodily fluids, tissues, and cells, emphasizing the interpretation of diagnostic results and their relevance to patient care. Students explore topics such as sample collection and handling, test selection, quality control, clinical decision-making, and the role of emerging technologies in diagnostics. Through lectures, case studies, and practical laboratory experience, the course equips students with the knowledge and skills necessary for effective collaboration with healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and management of disease.
Recommended Textbook
Clinical Laboratory Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine Practices 1st Edition by Gretchen Johns
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
21 Chapters
420 Verified Questions
420 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1251 Page 2
Chapter 1: The Immune Process: the Origin and Interaction
Between Antigens and Antibodies
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24694
Sample Questions
Q1) The term immunogen refers to a substance capable of eliciting the formation of a(n)
A)Antigen
B)Antibody
C)Cytokine
D)Protein
Answer: B
Q2) All of the following statements about agglutination are true except
A)Is defined as the aggregation of particulate matter caused by combination with a specific antibody
B)Is the visible endpoint of antigen-antibody reactions for blood bank testing
C)Is an irreversible reaction between antigen and antibody
D)Is thought to be a two-step process
Answer: C
Q3) Which is the principal isotype found in mucosal secretions?
A)IgA
B)IgD
C)IgE
D)IgM
Answer: A
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 3
Chapter 2: Immunogenetics: the Origin of Antigens
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24695
Sample Questions
Q1) When alleles at a given locus on both chromosomes are identical they are
A)antithetical
B)indecipherable
C)heterozygous
D)homozygous
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is the method used for predicting genotype frequencies of offspring?
A)Combination grouping
B)Dominant grouping
C)Dosage effect
D)Punnett square
Answer: D
Q3) The tendency for genes that are close together on the same chromosome to be inherited as a unit is called
A)codonage
B)linkage
C)morphing
D)replicating
Answer: B
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 4
Chapter 3: Blood Bank Applications of Antigenantibody
Reactions
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24696
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would be a disadvantage to using a monoclonal reagent?
A)No contaminating antibodies
B)Small variation between batches
C)Specificity may be relative
D)Unlimited production
Answer: C
Q2) During the incubation phase of an antibody screen test,how long should the test tubes be incubated?
A)5-10 minutes
B)10-30 minutes
C)Depends on the temperature of incubation
D)Depends on the enhancement reagent added
Answer: D
Q3) In transfusion medicine,the antihuman globulin (AHG)technique is used for numerous purposes including
A)Analyzing DNA
B)Detecting unexpected antibodies
C)Diagnosing the presence of human globulin
D)Inspecting microorganisms
Answer: B
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 5
Chapter 4: Abo and Hh Blood Group Systems
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24697
Sample Questions
Q1) How many nucleotide differences are there between the A and B genes?
A)3
B)4
C)6
D)7
Q2) Forward grouping
A)Identifies antibody by combining the unknown plasma with known ABO red blood cells
B)Identifies antigen by combining the unknown red blood cells with known antibody
C)Occurs when the results of the forward and reverse grouping do not correlate
D)Occurs when the results for the A and B antigen do not correlate
Q3) In order to avoid the chance of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction,most laboratories will transfuse only group ____ red blood cell units and group ____ plasma products to patients who have an unresolved ABO-typing discrepancy.
A)A,AB
B)B,AB
C)O,AB
D)A,B
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 5: Rh, Rhag, and Lw Blood Group Systems
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24698
Sample Questions
Q1) The C/c antigens arise from a single amino acid difference at position
A)10³
B)215
C)226
D)302
Q2) Which antigen is routinely tested for in all blood donors and recipients in most countries?
A)C
B)D
C)E
D)O
Q3) The Ce antigen is present when C and e are found in the ____ position.
A)cis
B)co-dominant
C)null
D)trans
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 7
Chapter 6: Other Blood Group Systems
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24699
Sample Questions
Q1) The most common chemical reagent used in North America to alter reagent red blood cells is the enzyme
A)bromelin
B)ficin
C)papain
D)trypsin
Q2) Detection of anti-i has been associated with
A)hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
B)infectious mononucleosis
C)paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
D)sickle cell anemia
Q3) The Xg antigen results from a gene on the ____ chromosome.
A)X
B)Y
C)XG
D)YG
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 8
Chapter 7: Pretransfusion and Compatibility Testing
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24700
Sample Questions
Q1) Crossmatch is also known as
A)Compatibility testing
B)Donor cell antigen typing
C)Immediate spin phase testing
D)Patient cell antigen typing
Q2) All of the following are methodologies used for routine transfusion medicine testing except
A)Gel testing
B)Immunodiffusion testing
C)Solid phase testing
D)Tube/microplate testing
Q3) Another term for the electronic crossmatch is
A)computer-aided crossmatch
B)computer-assisted crossmatch
C)computer-enhanced crossmatch
D)computer-generated crossmatch
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
9
Chapter 8: Identification of Unexpected Antibodies
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24701
Sample Questions
Q1) Rabbit erythrocyte stroma removes ____ and antibodies in the P blood group system.
A)Anti-A
B)Anti-B
C)Anti-Le
D)Anti-Le
Q2) The k antigen is destroyed by
A)the enzyme bromelin
B)the enzyme pronase
C)a combination of chymotrypsin and trypsin
D)a combination of ficin and pronase
Q3) If the autocontrol is negative and the patient has been transfused or pregnant,then positive reactions in the antibody screen test are likely due to an A)alloantibody
B)antigen
C)autoantibody
D)anti-drug antibody
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
10
Chapter 9: Donor Selection, Phlebotomy, and Required Testing
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24702
Sample Questions
Q1) How many categories of deferrals are there?
A)Two
B)Three
C)Four
D)Five
Q2) The minimum hemoglobin level for an allogeneic whole blood donation is
A)10.5 g/dL (105 g/L)
B)12.5 g/dL (125 g/L)
C)13.3 g/dL (133 g/L)
D)13.6 g/dL (136 g/L)
Q3) The maximum volume of blood that may be collected in a whole blood,allogeneic donation is
A)10.5 mL/kg of body weight
B)11.5 mL/kg of body weight
C)12.0 mL/kg of body weight
D)14.0 mL/kg of body weight
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
11
Chapter 10: Blood Products: Preparation, Storage, and Shipment of
Blood Components
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24703
Sample Questions
Q1) Who coined the term "blood bank"?
A)Bernard Fantus
B)Francis Rous
C)JR Turner
D)Richard Weil
Q2) Plasma fractionation produces what three categories of protein concentrates?
A)Albumin,beta globulins,and coagulation factors
B)Albumin,immune globulins,and coagulation factors
C)Haptoglobin,immune globulins,and coagulation factors
D)Haptoglobin,immune globulins,and complement factors
Q3) For irradiated red blood cells,what is the storage temperature and expiry period?
A)33.8-50° F (1-6° C)for up to 4 hours
B)68-75.2° F (20-24° C)for up to 4 hours
C)33.8-50° F (1-6° C)for up to 24 hours or to the original component expiry date
D)33.8-50° F (1-6° C)for up to 28 days or to the original component expiry date
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 12
Chapter 11: Component Therapy and Massive Transfusion
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24704
Sample Questions
Q1) Community-directed donation programs are often used to find donors for patients suffering from one of which two diseases?
A)Anemia or coagulopathy
B)Hemophilia A or hemophilia B
C)Leukemia or lymphoma
D)Sickle cell anemia or thalassemia
Q2) Cryoprecipitate contains which coagulation factors?
A)Factor V,factor VII,factor VIII
B)Factor VII,factor VIII,factor XIII
C)Fibrinogen,factor V,factor VIII
D)Fibrinogen,factor VIII,factor XIII
Q3) Whole blood transfusion achieves all of the following except
A)Improved cellular immune function
B)Improved tissue oxygenation
C)Replacement of fluid
D)Replacement of nonlabile coagulation factors
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
13
Chapter 12: Adverse Reactions to Transfusion
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24705
Sample Questions
Q1) What causes allergic transfusion reactions?
A)Patient antibodies that are directed against antigens present on the transfused red blood cells.
B)Patient antibodies to non-ABO red blood cell antigens.
C)Preformed plasma antibodies that react with protein-based allergens.
D)Pulmonary infiltrates caused by antibodies to HLA antigens.
Q2) According to the 2005 UK SHOT data,the risk of a patient receiving an incorrect blood component is 1 in ____ blood components transfused.
A)100
B)5,000
C)15,000
D)100,000
Q3) All of the following are signs and symptoms of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction except
A)Fever
B)Muscle cramps
C)Chest pain
D)Dyspnea
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 13: Transfusion-Transmitted Infections
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24706
Sample Questions
Q1) Nucleic acid amplification-based testing (NAT)reduced the window period for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)to approximately how many days?
A)12
B)14
C)16
D)22
Q2) Which of the following is a mode of transmission for cytomegalovirus?
A)Fecal/oral
B)Respiratory
C)Transfusion
D)Vector
Q3) All of the following transfusion-transmitted infections are also considered to be sexually transmitted diseases except
A)Hepatitis C
B)Human immunodeficiency virus
C)Syphilis
D)Toxoplasmosis
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
15
Chapter 14: Perinatal and Neonatal Transfusion Issues
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24707
Sample Questions
Q1) Prior to giving Rh-immune globulin (RhIG),when should a second antibody screen be tested on an Rh(D)-negative woman whose initial antibody screen was negative?
A)8 weeks gestation
B)12 weeks gestation
C)24 weeks gestation
D)28 weeks gestation
Q2) Complications of amniocentesis include
A)Infection
B)Pyruvate kinase deficiency
C)Rh sensitization
D)Thalassemia
Q3) All of the following are pregnancy-related indications for Rh-immune globulin injection except
A)Antepartum after abdominal trauma
B)Perinatal after termination of pregnancy
C)Postpartum when fetal death occurred
D)Postpartum when baby is Rh(D)negative
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 16
Chapter 15: Autoimmune and Drug-Induced Immune
Hemolytic Anemias
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24708
Sample Questions
Q1) What is the most common underlying etiology of cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS)?
A)Autoimmune conditions
B)Bacterial or viral infections
C)Lymphoproliferative disorders
D)Systemic lupus erythematosus
Q2) Which laboratory test result is associated with immune destruction of red blood cells?
A)Decreased serum lactate dehydrogenase
B)Decreased serum hemoglobin
C)Increased serum haptoglobulin
D)Increased serum bilirubin
Q3) Which of the following is defined as the process of removing antibodies bound to red blood cells?
A)Adsorption
B)Alloadsorption
C)Autoadsorption
D)Elution
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 17
Chapter 16: Platelet Refractory Patients
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24709
Sample Questions
Q1) Which is the most common causative agent of drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia today?
A)Amphotericin B
B)Cephalexin
C)Heparin
D)Quinine
Q2) Which antibody is the most common cause of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia?
A)Anti-HLA-DQ1
B)Anti-HLA-Dq²
C)Anti-HPA-1a
D)Anti-HPA-1b
Q3) An advantage of platelet crossmatching is
A)the immediate availability of compatible units
B)the fact that it decreases the overall transfusion time
C)that platelets have a shelf-life of 5 days
D)that crossmatched platelets perform better than high-grade HLA-matched products
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
18
Chapter 17: Transfusion Support of Selected Patient
Populations
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24710
Sample Questions
Q1) What is the recommended hematocrit in patients with end-stage renal disease?
A)22-25% (0.22-0.25)
B)28-33% (0.28-0.33)
C)33-36% (0.33-0.36)
D)36-42% (0.36-0.42)
Q2) Donor and patient red blood cells are typically matched for which antigens when a patient with sickle cell disease is going to be transfused?
A)C,c,E,e
B)C,E,K
C)E,K,S
D)M,N,S
Q3) Red blood cell and platelet transfusions are used as supportive therapy in patients who have undergone a hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC)transplant until when?
A)Chemotherapy is complete
B)CMV reactivation occurs
C)Engraftment occurs
D)Factor levels reach 70%
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 19
Chapter 18: Human Histocompatibility
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24711
Sample Questions
Q1) In humans the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)is also called the _____ system.
A)DRA
B)HAL
C)HLA
D)MIC
Q2) Which chromosome carries the genes for the HLA system? A)1
B)3
C)6 D)9
Q3) If all possible alleles have the same nucleotide sequence in the exons coding for the peptide-binding domains,the string is reported as the possible allele with the lowest number followed by a capital A)A
B)D
C)G
D)P
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 20
Chapter 19: Methods in Parentage Testing
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24712
Sample Questions
Q1) Bayes' theorem
A)allows a level of certainty for a given belief or hypothesis to be modified either positively or negatively by incorporating new information pertinent to the hypothesis
B)involves the use of electrophoresis to separate alleles by size
C)is specific to parentage testing and the evolution of the associated statistical calculations
D)standardizes the calculations used in parentage testing and the interpretation and communication of the results
Q2) VNTR refers to
A)variable nucleotide test result in DNA testing
B)variable number of tandem repeats in a DNA sequence
C)venous nucleotide type repeat in DNA sequence
D)very neutral transition reactions in DNA synthesis
Q3) In what year were DNA typing procedures incorporated into parentage testing standards?
A)1953
B)1967
C)1985
D)1992
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 21
Chapter 20: Transfusion Safety and Regulatory Issues
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24713
Sample Questions
Q1) A full inspection of all systems is designated as what level of inspection?
A)Level I
B)Level II
C)Level III
D)Level IV
Q2) All of the following are categories of enforcement action that the FDA can use except
A)Administrative
B)Advisory
C)Deviation
D)Recall
Q3) In North America,the three organizations currently most recognized for accrediting to ISO 15189 standards are all of the following except
A)A2LA
B)AABB
C)CAP
D)OLA
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
22
Chapter 21: Quality Assurance
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/24714
Sample Questions
Q1) A near-miss event is a(an)
A)failure to meet accreditation requirements
B)event resulting in a patient or donor experiencing a fatal,life-threatening,or serious adverse outcome
C)measureable facet of a process
D)unexpected occurrence where an error was identified and corrected before a patient or product was adversely affected
Q2) A nonconformance event is defined as a
A)corrected error where the patient or product was not adversely affected
B)departure from policies
C)deviation from cGMP
D)failure to meet accreditation requirements
Q3) Validation is defined as
A)conformance of a product or process with pre-established specifications
B)documented evidence that provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting predetermined specifications
C)monitoring performed to ensure that the quality system is being adhered to and is effective
D)standardization of an analytic instrument
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 23