Child Development Exam
Answer Key
Course Introduction
Child Development is an in-depth exploration of the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social growth of children from conception through adolescence. The course examines major theories and empirical research findings regarding developmental milestones, individual and cultural differences, and factors that influence development such as family, peers, and educational environments. Through analysis of real-life case studies and current issues, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which genetics, environment, and experience interact to shape human development, preparing them for further studies or careers in education, psychology, healthcare, or related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Infants Children and Adolescents and MyVirtualChild 7th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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17 Chapters
2126 Verified Questions
2126 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies
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152 Verified Questions
152 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr. Newman spent three years in Botswana, participating in the daily life of a community there. She gathered extensive field notes, consisting of a mix of self-reports from members of the community and her own observations. Which research method did Dr. Newman most likely use in her research?
A) ethnography
B) structured observation
C) the microgenetic design
D) the case study method
Answer: A
Q2) Dr. McMath is an evolutionary developmental psychologist. Which of the following is probably true about Dr. McMath?
A) He is primarily concerned with the genetic and biological basis of development.
B) He wants to understand the entire organism-environment system.
C) He is primarily concerned with environmental influences on development.
D) He focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements reflects a widely held opinion in the United States?
A) "The government should help poor parents raise their children."
B) "Most people are content with others intruding into family life as long as help is needed."
C) "If you decide to have a baby, you should be ready to care for it."
D) "People should try to define themselves as part of a group."
Answer: C
Q2) __________ halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells.
A) Mitosis
B) Osmosis
C) Meiosis
D) Autosome formation
Answer: C
Q3) Most children with sex chromosome disorders
A) suffer from mental retardation.
B) have verbal difficulties.
C) have trouble with spatial relations.
D) have very specific intellectual problems.
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development
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100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The relationship between social support, positive pregnancy outcomes, and subsequent child development is
A) strongest for affluent women.
B) moderate for minority women.
C) particularly strong for low-income women.
D) strongest for middle-income women.
Answer: C
Q2) The average number of children per North American has decreased since 1960 from 3.1 to 1.8. What are some reasons for this decline?
Answer: One of the main reasons for the decline in birth rate is the availability of more effective birth control. Another major reason for this decline is that a family size of one or two children is more compatible with a woman's decision to divide her energies between family and career. Marital instability has also contributed to smaller families: More couples today get divorced before their childbearing plans are complete.
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Chapter 4: Birth and the Newborn Baby
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dawn and Richard have the economic and personal resources to care for Amelia, their preterm infant. Research shows that
A) interventions are not usually needed for economically advantaged parents like Dawn and Richard to promote healthy development.
B) Dawn and Richard will need extensive coaching in recognizing and responding to Amelia's needs.
C) just a few sessions of coaching in recognizing and responding to Amelia's needs could reduce Amelia's crying and improve her sleep.
D) Dawn and Richard will need comprehensive long-term, intensive intervention to meet Amelia's needs.
Q2) Birth weight is the best available predictor of A) childhood obesity.
B) adolescent anorexia.
C) myopia.
D) infant survival.
Q3) Discuss the use of epidural analgesia to control pain during labor, noting the pros and cons of its use.
Q4) What is "kangaroo care"? When and how is it used? What are its benefits?
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Children whose parents postpone intensive toilet training until the beginning or middle of the third year are generally trained
A) within 2 to 3 weeks.
B) within 4 months.
C) within 6 months.
D) by age 4.
Q2) Studies of perception demonstrate that
A) Western adults, but not infants, can detect rhythmic-pattern deviations of non-Western music.
B) Western children retain the ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms throughout childhood.
C) Western babies lose their ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms by 12 months of age.
D) several weeks of daily opportunities to listen to non-Western music restores Western adults' sensitivity to music rhythms.
Q3) Describe growth faltering, including factors that contribute to it. What interventions are used to treat this disorder?
Q4) What is lateralization of the brain, and why does it occur?
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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126 Verified Questions
126 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mental tests focus on
A) the process of development.
B) cognitive delays.
C) how children's thinking changes.
D) cognitive products.
Q2) Quality tends to be the lowest in
A) nonprofit child-care centers.
B) family child-care settings.
C) for-profit child-care centers.
D) single child-care settings.
Q3) The extent to which parents ________ contributes strongly to early language process, which, in turn, predicts intelligence and academic achievement in elementary school.
A) engage their children in physical activity
B) watch educational television with their children
C) talk to their infants and toddlers
D) teach their children specific literacy and math skills
Q4) Define and describe recognition and recall. Discuss the development of recall memory.
Q5) Compare the three major theories of language development.
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Chapter 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development?
A) Infants, children, and adults use diverse responses to express a particular emotion.
B) The emotional expressions of blind infants are exaggerated compared to infants with normal vision.
C) Babies on the visual cliff generally display a fearful facial expression, but do not show other signs of fear.
D) Wide cultural differences exist in the facial expressions that people associate with different emotions.
Q2) The heritability of attachment is
A) virtually nil.
B) moderately low.
C) moderately high.
D) very high.
Q3) Describe how living in a family with siblings might have an influence on a child's temperament.
Q4) Describe the development of fear, noting the concepts of stranger anxiety and secure base.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Physical Development in Early Childhood
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78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When young children with psychosocial dwarfism are removed from their emotionally inadequate environments,
A) their dwarfism is permanent, even with immediate treatment.
B) they rarely exhibit catch-up growth.
C) they must be given high levels of iron to prevent anemia.
D) their GH levels quickly return to normal and they grow rapidly.
Q2) Infectious diseases like measles
A) do not occur until after age 3 throughout the world.
B) occur at about the same rate in all countries.
C) have been eradicated through mass immunization.
D) occur much earlier in developing countries than in industrialized nations.
Q3) The _________ plays a critical role in the rate of physical growth.
A) pituitary gland
B) hippocampus
C) reticular formation
D) corpus callosum
Q4) Describe strategies for preventing early otitis media.
Q5) Discuss the use of synthetic growth hormone (GH) to treat short, normal-GH children.
Q6) Describe the development of drawing in children in Western nations.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the following statements, which is supported by research on Head Start?
A) Gains for Head Start participants are similar, though not as strong as for participants of university-based programs.
B) All eligible preschool-age children in the United States and Canada receive Head Start services.
C) Head Start and other similar interventions are not very cost effective.
D) Parental involvement in Head Start has minimal impact on children's development.
Q2) Which of the following is true about children's questions?
A) With age, preschoolers increasingly ask about function, activity, state, and theory of mind.
B) At every age between 1 and 5 years, non-information-seeking questions are more often used than information-seeking questions.
C) Children do not begin asking questions until they have the vocabulary to formulate sentences.
D) Inquisitive children are more often merely clamoring for attention than seeking real answers to their questions.
Q3) How are a Piagetian and Vygotskian classroom similar? How do they differ?
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true about gender-role learning in gender-segregated peer groups?
A) Boys are especially intolerant of cross-gender play in other boys.
B) Preschoolers are rarely criticized for engaging in cross-gender activities.
C) Preschoolers play in mixed-gender groups more than they play in same-sex groups.
D) To get their way, girls often rely on commands, threats, and physical force.
Q2) Cousins Easton and Jack are both infants. Sometimes Easton watches Jack while he rolls on the floor. However, both babies engage in solitary play. This is known as A) parallel play.
B) cooperative play.
C) associative play.
D) nonsocial activity.
Q3) Mild, patient tactics are sufficient to prompt conscience development in ________ children.
A) all
B) fearless
C) impulsive
D) anxious
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Chapter 11: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true about childhood injuries?
A) Injury fatalities decrease from middle childhood into adolescence.
B) Injury rates for girls rise considerable above those for boys.
C) Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of injury fatalities in middle childhood.
D) Sports-related injuries are the second leading cause of injury in middle childhood.
Q2) School-age children sometimes believe that sharing a Coke causes AIDS because they
A) lack the cognitive skills necessary for understanding biological causes of disease.
B) think diseases are punishment for doing something bad.
C) view illnesses in superstitious ways.
D) generalize their knowledge of familiar diseases to unfamiliar ones.
Q3) Which of the following children is at risk for excessive weight gain?
A) Lauralee, whose parents are average weight
B) Stewart, who lives in a stressful family environment
C) Donato, who was breastfed for two years
D) Donna, whose parents are vegans
Q4) List and describe common factors associated with childhood obesity.
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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160 Verified Questions
160 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a child is creative, he or she is able to
A) reproduce others' work with little effort.
B) come up with original, appropriate work.
C) think convergently.
D) achieve outstanding scores in a specific field.
Q2) Noah thinks more skillfully than others when faced with novelty. Given a new task, Noah applies his information-processing skills in exceptionally effective ways, rapidly making these skills automatic so that working memory is freed for more complex aspects of the situation. According to Sternberg's theory, Noah's strengths lie in ________ intelligence.
A) analytical
B) creative
C) practical
D) experiential
Q3) How are gifted, creative, and talented students identified? What are some characteristics they share?
Q4) Define emotional intelligence. How is it assessed? How can teachers promote it?
Q5) Describe Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.
Q6) Explain the educational benefits of a small class size in early elementary school.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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172 Verified Questions
172 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Trent's parents are divorced and he resides with his mother. Trent's father sees him only occasionally. His father's parenting style is likely to be
A) uninvolved, but loving.
B) harsh, but consistent.
C) authoritative and warm.
D) permissive and indulgent.
Q2) Andy has developed a learned-helpless approach to peer acceptance-concluding, after repeated rebuffs, that he will never been liked. Andy is a _______child.
A) rejected-withdrawn
B) rejected-aggressive
C) neglected
D) controversial
Q3) When Amanda succeeds, her mother says, "You're so smart!" This type of trait statement might lead Amanda to
A) exert more effort when faced with a challenge.
B) question her competence in the face of a setback.
C) focus on learning rather than performance.
D) pay little attention to her academic achievements.
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Chapter 14: Physical Development in Adolescence
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The U.S. adolescent pregnancy rate is __________ than that of other industrialized nations.
A) much lower
B) slightly lower
C) slightly higher
D) much higher
Q2) Compared with adult mothers, adolescent mothers
A) deliver healthier babies.
B) know less about child development.
C) have low expectations for their infants.
D) less often engage in child abuse.
Q3) Sexual attitudes in the U.S. are
A) extremely liberal.
B) fairly open.
C) relatively restricted.
D) highly restricted.
Q4) Describe an effective sex education program. What key elements should be included?
Q5) Describe the secular trend in pubertal timing in industrialized nations.
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Chapter 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Boys' superiority over girls in mathematics
A) is steadily increasing in industrialized nations.
B) has remained steady over the last 30 years.
C) has greatly diminished.
D) is actually a myth.
Q2) Which period of vocational development characterizes early and middle adolescence?
A) fantasy
B) tentative
C) realistic
D) exploratory
Q3) Do sex differences in mental abilities exist during childhood and adolescence? Explain.
Q4) The percentage of North American adolescents completing high school has risen to just over ____ percent.
A) 39
B) 54
C) 90 D) 98
Q5) Explain why teenagers have difficulty with decision making.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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161 Verified Questions
161 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) As young people progress through the adolescent years,
A) crowd membership becomes more important.
B) mixed-sex cliques gain importance.
C) deviant crowds lose members.
D) deviant crowds gain members.
Q2) Children with early-onset delinquency
A) feel closer to their families than those whose delinquent behavior begins in adolescence.
B) have subtle deficits in cognitive functioning.
C) show restlessness and willfulness as early as age 7.
D) often outgrow their dysfunctional behavior by late adolescence.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Responses to moral dilemmas tend to generalize to everyday moral conflicts.
B) Adolescents rarely report feeling confused or tempted over real-life dilemmas.
C) Situational factors seem to play a very small part in people's responses to moral dilemmas.
D) Real-life problems seem to elicit reasoning below a person's actual capacity.
Q4) Describe the four identity statuses described by James Marcia, and cite factors that promote identity development.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Emerging Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rita is similar to the average emerging adult. Which of the following is probably true?
A) She sustains regular, formal religious activities.
B) She does not vote.
C) She sees work as merely a way to obtain spending money.
D) She does not believe in cohabitation.
Q2) Many ethnic minority young people
A) experience a longer period of emerging adulthood than their Caucasian agemates.
B) arrive at emerging adulthood with experiences that compromise their academic preparedness for college.
C) complete their college degrees by age 23 and enroll in graduate school shortly thereafter.
D) focus on career goals over finding a long-term romantic partner.
Q3) Proponents of emerging adulthood as a distinct period note that
A) it fails to describe the experiences of most of the world's youths.
B) it applies to most young people in industrialized societies.
C) it occurs across diverse cultures and SES groups.
D) emerging adults are part of a general trend toward blurring of age-related expectations.
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