Child and Adolescent Development
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Child and Adolescent Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social growth of individuals from infancy through adolescence. The course examines key developmental theories, influences of family, peers, and culture, and factors affecting learning and behavior throughout childhood and teenage years. Students will analyze milestones, challenges, and the role of education and environment in shaping development, preparing them to apply this knowledge in real-world educational, healthcare, or social settings.
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Essentials of Life Span Development 2nd Edition by John W. Santrock
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Chapter 1: Introduction-Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Life expectancy refers to:
A)the average number of years a person can expect to live.
B)the maximum number of years a species can live.
C)the number of years lived by most people.
D)the oldest age of any person in recorded history.
Answer: A
Q2) The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is:
A)plastic.
B)contextual.
C)multidimensional.
D)lifelong.
Answer: D
Q3) An interrelated,coherent set of ideas that helps us to explain phenomena and make predictions is known as a(n):
A)idea.
B)scientific method.
C)theory.
D)hypothesis.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) This theorist suggested that development is an ongoing bidirectional interaction between heredity and the environment.This position is called the epigenetic view.
Answer: Gilbert Gottlieb
Q2) The process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnant size 5 to 6 weeks after birth.
Answer: involution
Q3) Marta recently went to see her doctor and learned that her unborn child was not receiving enough oxygen or nutrients from her.She was informed that there was a problem with the:
A)placenta.
B)embryo.
C)umbilical cord.
D)amnion.
Answer: A
Q4) The period immediately after childbirth when the mother adjusts,both physically and psychologically,to the process of childbirth.
Answer: postpartum period
Q5) This French obstetrician developed the prepared childbirth method.
Answer: Ferdinand Lamaze
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Chapter 3: Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you integrate information from two or more sensory modes,you experience:
A)extramodal perception.
B)intermodal perception.
C)bimodal perception.
D)multimodal perception.
Answer: B
Q2) Baby Kendra is presented with two nursing pads.One comes from her mother,and the other has not been used.Which one will Kendra probably prefer?
A)Kendra will probably not show any preference.
B)Kendra will prefer her mother's nursing pad.
C)Kendra will prefer the clean nursing pad.
D)Whether she shows a preference depends on Kendra's age.
Answer: D
Q3) Of the following infants,who is MOST at risk for SIDS?
A)Aimee;her mother smokes
B)Grace;she was born weighing more than most babies
C)Kyoko;her parents are Japanese
D)Sylvia;she sleeps in firm bedding
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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Q1) What is stranger anxiety,and when does it develop? What is separation protest,and when does it peak?
Q2) Which of the following statements about temperament is TRUE?
A)Temperament is fixed and unchangeable.
B)Temperament is fluid and changes throughout childhood and adulthood.
C)Temperament is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior.
D)Temperament tends to be unchangeable during infancy and childhood,but it is more fluid in adulthood when individuals are allowed to choose their own environments.
Q3) At what age do children first show fear when a new person enters their environment?
A)at birth
B)by 3 months of age
C)by 6 months of age
D)by 9 months of age
Q4) A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli.It happens during the month after birth and usually during sleep.
Q5) A close emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver.
Q6) Explain reciprocal socialization and scaffolding.
Q7) Describe the three main types of insecurely attached infants.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Myelination in the brain serves to:
A)nourish the nerve cells so that they function more efficiently.
B)increase the number of cells connected in a given neural network.
C)help nerve cells communicate with a larger number of other cells.
D)increase the speed of information traveling through the nerve cells.
Q2) The theory of _______ refers to the idea that children can begin thinking about their own thought processes.
A)cognition
B)mind
C)mentation
D)metacognition
Q3) When teachers adjust their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student,it is called:
A)modeling.
B)assimilating.
C)scaffolding.
D)zone of proximal development (ZPD).
Q4) The focusing of mental resources on select information.
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Q5) The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.
Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) List and describe 4 of the 6 types of play identified by Mildred Parten.
Q2) According to research,children start to understand others in terms of psychological traits (e.g. ,"my teacher is nice")starting around what age?
A)2 to 3 years
B)4 to 5 years
C)6 years
D)between 7 and 8 years
Q3) Research has shown that women perform more domestic work,spend fewer hours in paid employment,receive lower pay,and are less represented in the highest levels of organizations.These findings support which theory of gender?
A)social cognitive theory of gender
B)sex role theory of gender
C)psychoanalytic theory of gender
D)social role theory
Q4) This theorist suggested that children internalize their standards of right and wrong in order to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment.
Q5) The support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child.
Q6) The belief that when a rule is broken,punishment is sure to follow.
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) What is the percentage of children who were involved in daily physical education programs in the United States in 1999?
A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80
Q2) On average,children gain ______ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.
A)1 to 2
B)2 to 3
C)5 to 7
D)7 to 10
Q3) The neo-Piagetians seem to incorporate ideas from another view about cognitive development and learning.What other view is this?
A)information-processing approach to cognition
B)individual differences study of intelligence
C)behaviorist concepts of learning
D)Vygotsky's ideas about the importance of culture and context
Q4) A person's mental age divided by their chronological age multiplied by 100.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does the development of self-understanding change from middle to late childhood?
Q2) Why are there different patterns of gender-related attitudes and behavior in different ethnic groups?
A)The status of females in relation to males is different in different ethnic groups.
B)There are few similarities in gender roles across different ethnic groups.
C)Non-White ethnic groups tend to discriminate between men and women less than White ethnic groups.
D)The question is misleading;actually,there are few important differences in gender-related attitudes and behavior in different ethnic groups.
Q3) According to Lawrence Kohlberg,the highest and most internalized level of moral development is to be found in the stage called:
A)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity.
B)social systems morality.
C)social contract or utility and individual rights.
D)universal ethical principles.
Q4) Broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males.
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Recent research about hormones and behavior have found the relationship to be: A)unidirectional.
B)bidirectional.
C)correlative.
D)not statistically significant.
Q2) In the United States,an adolescent is most likely to die from: A)accidents.
B)suicide.
C)homicide.
D)disease.
Q3) Discuss two aspects of adolescent egocentrism.
Q4) "I'm not going to have an accident.I'm only drinking beer." This statement reflects: A)personal fable.
B)social monitoring.
C)imaginary audience.
D)perspective-taking.
Q5) According to cognitive developmental theory,adolescents are in this stage of thinking.This stage is characterized primarily by abstract thinking and hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) According to James Marcia,the term _______ refers to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in their own identity.
A)moratorium
B)commitment
C)foreclosure
D)achievement
Q2) Chaim was born in the United States,but his parents are both originally from Israel.Though his parents are very adamant about staying close to their roots and retaining their Israeli identity,Chaim feels a pull toward both Israeli and American ideals.Chaim might be best described as:
A)in a moratorium status.
B)having a bicultural identity.
C)ethnically isolated.
D)racially confused.
Q3) What is "co-rumination"?
A)excessive discussion of problems with friends
B)going on a double-date in early adolescence
C)living with a roommate in college
D)the use of two or more psychoactive substances at the same time
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is the most frequent form of sexual harassment experienced by college women?
A)inappropriate physical contact
B)inappropriate sexual remarks
C)blatant propositions or assaults
D)a victim's sense of exploitation
Q2) Professor Lone Dove argues that homosexuality is biologically determined during the prenatal period.She believes in the:
A)critical-period hypothesis.
B)genetic predisposition hypothesis.
C)in vivo hypothesis.
D)hormonal hypothesis.
Q3) Which of the following individuals is most likely to "binge drink" in college?
A)Kevin,who has lived in a fraternity house for 2 years
B)Marvin,who is a freshman who lives at home but is pledging a fraternity
C)Kayla,who is a senior and is the president of her sorority
D)Liesl,who has been in college for five years but never joined a sorority
Q4) Coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the perpetrator is at least casually acquainted.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Relationships with spouses and lovers tend to differ from relationships with friends in the areas of:
A)sexuality and infatuation.
B)intimacy and spontaneity.
C)dependency and trust.
D)respect and confiding.
Q2) Living together in a sexual relationship without being married.
Q3) When couples divorce in the United States,they are most likely to do so during which years of marriage?
A)1<sup>st</sup> to 3<sup>rd</sup>
B)2<sup>nd</sup> to 5<sup>th</sup>
C)5<sup>th</sup> to 10<sup>th</sup>
D)10<sup>th</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup>
Q4) According to the triarchic theory of love,this type of love includes intimacy and commitment,but does not include sexual attraction.
Q5) A type of love that has strong sexual and infatuation components and often predominates in the early period of a romantic relationship.
Page 14
Q6) This individual has proposed a five-step model of how to make a marriage work.
Q7) Discuss how men and women differ in their communication styles.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) When it comes to treating male menopause,hormone treatments are:
A)effective.
B)not effective.
C)effective only after age 60 years.
D)effective in about two-thirds of cases.
Q2) Bernard is now in his 50s.Body fat accounts for __________ of his total body weight.
A)5%
B)10%
C)20%
D)30%
Q3) More than for previous generations,the baby boom generation in the United States places ___________ maintaining a youthful physical appearance.
A)very little emphasis on B)great emphasis on
C)no emphasis on aging gracefully and D)too much emphasis on
Q4) The ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina.
Q5) In 1933,this theorist referred to midlife as "the afternoon of life."
Q6) Identify three of the physical changes that take place during middle adulthood. Page 15
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Chapter 14: Socioemotional Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) The ________ approach emphasizes mediating factors and sociohistorical context,among other factors,to explain individual development.
A)individual differences
B)psychosocial
C)contemporary life-events
D)seasons of life
Q2) Identify and discuss the seventh stage of Erikson's psychosocial life-span development perspective.
Q3) In the Berkeley longitudinal studies,which of the following characteristics generally changed across time for the adult?
A)intellectual orientation
B)nurturance or hostility
C)openness to experience
D)self-confidence
Q4) Describe the empty nest syndrome.
Q5) Based on longitudinal data of male participants from Harvard University,this theorist suggested that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis.
Q6) Describe the sandwich generation.
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Q1) Alzheimer disease is an example of:
A)major depression.
B)a purely psychological decline in old age.
C)paranoia.
D)dementia.
Q2) Martin has recently had a brain imaging test done,and it has revealed atrophy in the prefrontal lobe of his cerebral cortex.Which of the following types of memory would be most likely to be deficient as a result of this physiological decline?
A)working memory
B)sensory memory
C)implicit memory
D)semantic memory
Q3) Research has attempted to identify physiological markers of Alzheimer disease.Which of the following is NOT one of the physical changes that has been identified in these patients?
A)activity of the apolipoprotein E (apoE)gene
B)the formation of amyloid plaques
C)degeneration of the superior tissue of the amygdala
D)the formation of neurofibrillary tangles
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Late
Adulthood
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Q1) Which activity results in less frailty in order adults?
A)work
B)volunteering
C)jogging
D)reading
Q2) According to Baltes and his colleagues,successful aging is based on selection,optimization,and:
A)elaboration.
B)flexibility.
C)adjustment.
D)compensation.
Q3) According to research evidence,gender roles in the elder years tend to: A)become more stereotypically defined and divided. B)stay about the same as they were in earlier adult years. C)change,with only women becoming more masculine. D)change,with only men becoming more feminine.
Q4) Prejudice against individuals because of their age,especially prejudice against older adults.
Page 19
Q5) The process of looking back at one's life experiences,evaluating them,interpreting them,and often reinterpreting them.
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Chapter 17: Death, Dying, and Grieving
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Q1) An emphasis in our culture on using all life-prolonging methods possible,even in the face of certain death,is a sign of our culture's:
A)denial of death.
B)medical advancement.
C)acceptance of euthanasia.
D)abhorrence of assisted suicide.
Q2) Approximately __________ of survivors experience complicated grief reactions.
A)10 to 20%
B)20 to 30%
C)30 to 40%
D)40 to 50%
Q3) Marie's sister died 3 years ago.Marie is consistently bothered by sleeping problems,restlessness,and irritability.She often finds herself weeping uncontrollably because she misses her sister so much.Which of the following is probably TRUE of Marie?
A)She is recovering very quickly from her sister's death.
B)She is moving through the stages of grief and will eventually recover.
C)She is as recovered as one can hope to be from the death of a loved one.
D)She is experiencing an unusually long grief period and should seek help.
Q4) Define euthanasia.Name and describe the two types of euthanasia.
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