Chemistry for Life Sciences
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Chemistry for Life Sciences is an introductory course designed to provide students with a foundational understanding of chemical principles as they apply to biological systems. The course covers essential topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, equilibria, acids and bases, and an introduction to organic molecules and their behavior. Emphasis is placed on the relevance of chemistry in cellular processes, metabolic pathways, and the molecular structure of biomolecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Through lectures, laboratory experiments, and problem-solving sessions, students develop the chemical literacy required for advanced studies in biology, medicine, biochemistry, and related life science fields.
Recommended Textbook
Organic Chemistry 8th Edition by Paula Yurkanis Bruice
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Chapter 1: Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic
Structure and Bonding
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among the hydrogen halides,the strongest bond is found in ________ and the longest bond is found in ________.
A)HF,HF
B)HF,HI
C)HI,HF
D)HI,HI
E)HCl,HBr
Answer: B
Q2) The compound methylamine,CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>,contains a C-N bond.In this bond,which of the following best describes the charge on the nitrogen atom?
A)+1
B)slightly positive
C)uncharged
D)slightly negative
E)-1
Answer: D
Q3) Identify the hybridization of the nitrogen atom in the molecule (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>N.
Answer: sp<sup>3</sup>
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) Would you predict trifluoromethanesulfonic acid,CF<sub>3</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>H,to be a stronger or weaker acid than methanesulfonic acid,CH<sub>3</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>H? Explain your reasoning.
Answer: Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid is a stronger acid.Compare the strengths of the conjugate bases and remember that the weaker the base,the stronger the conjugate acid.In the case of the trifluoro derivative,the presence of the highly electronegative fluorine atoms serves to delocalize the negative charge to a greater extent.This additional delocalization makes trifluoromethanesulfonate a weaker base.
Q2) Give the conjugate acid and the conjugate base for HSO4<sup>-</sup>: Answer: conjugate acid: H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> conjugate base: SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>
Q3) HCN has a pKa = 9.1.What form of the compound,HCN or CN<sup>-</sup>,will predominate in a solution of pH = 7.0
Answer: HCN
Q4) 2-Propanol is shown below.Draw the structure of its conjugate base. (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHOH
Answer: 11ea8a1c_2c70_5cae_b657_8b854b4ecf1f_TB1831_00
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Chapter 3: An Introduction to Organic Compounds:
Nomenclature, physical Properties, and Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify the most stable conformation of butane.
A)anti
B)eclipsed
C)gauche
D)totally eclipsed
E)adjacent
Answer: A
Q2) The K<sub>eq</sub> for the interconversion for the two chair forms of methylcyclohexane at 25 °C is 18.What % of the chair conformers feature an axial methyl group?
A)95
B)75
C)50
D)25
E)5
Answer: E
Q3) Draw the structure of 3-chloro-N-ethyl-2-hexanamine.
Answer: 11ea8a1c_2c79_d2cc_b657_a59a44c828a8_TB1831_00
Q4) Draw the most stable conformer of trans-1-ethyl-2-methylcyclohexane.
Answer: 11ea8a1c_2c7f_030d_b657_778a7cd7007c_TB1831_00
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Chapter 4: Isomers: the Arrangement of Atoms in Space
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Sample Questions
Q1) Provide a careful structure for (2S,3S)-2,3-dibromohexane.
Q2) Which of the following cannot exhibit chirality?
A)2,3-dibromobutane
B)1,3-dibromobutane
C)1,2-dichlorobutane
D)1,4-dibromobutane
E)1-bromo-2-chlorobutane
Q3) Draw any diastereomer of (2R,3R)-2,3-dichloropentane.Be careful to indicate proper stereochemistry.
Q4) If (S)-glyceraldehyde has a specific rotation of -8.7°,what is the specific rotation of (R)-glyceraldehyde?
A)-8.7°
B)+8.7°
C)0)0°
D)cannot be determined from the information given
Q5) Draw a perspective formula of (2R,3S)-3-bromo-2-butanol.
Q6) Draw the structure of (2S,3R)-dichloropentane.Take particular care to indicate three-dimensional stereochemistry detail properly.
Q7) Provide a careful structure for (2R,3S,4S)-2-bromo-4-methyl-3-hexanol.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Alkenes: Structure,nomenclature,and an Introduction to Reactivity - Thermodynamics and Kinetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following contributes to make G° more negative?
A)use of a catalyst
B)a more positive H°
C)a more positive S°
D)a larger rate constant
E)none of the above
Q2) Consider the conversion of C to D via a one-step mechanism.The activation energy of this conversion is 3 kcal/mol.The energy difference between D and the transition state of the reaction is 7 kcal/mol.Estimate H° for the reaction C D.
Q3) Draw the structure of propyl vinyl ether.
Q4) Draw all the possible constitutional isomers of C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>.
Q5) Muscalure,the sex attractant of the common housefly,is an acyclic alkene that contains 23 carbons.How many hydrogen atoms are in a molecule of muscalure?
Q6) Draw the structure of (Z)-1-chloro-2-methyl-2-butene.
Q7) Given an activation energy of 15 kcal/mol,use the Arrhenius equation to estimate how much faster the reaction will occur if the temperature is increased from 100°C to 120°C.R = 1.987 cal/mol K.
Q8) Draw the structure of (Z)-4-ethyl-3-methylheptene.
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Chapter 6: The Reactions of Alkenes - the Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify the true statements in the mechanism in the addition of water to an alkene.
A)The addition of the electrophile is a slow step.
B)The addition of the nucleophile is a fast step.
C)A carbocation is formed as an intermediate.
D)Water abstracts the extra proton from the protonated alcohol.
E)all of the above
Q2) Based on the relative stabilities of the intermediates involved,explain the basis for Markovnikov's rule in the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes.
Q3) Give the intermediate for the halohydrin reaction.
A)a halonium ion
B)the most stable carbocation with OH on the adjacent carbon
C)the most stable carbocation with X on the adjacent carbon
D)a cyclic oxonium ion
E)the most stable carbanion
Q4) Give the types of products formed from the bromination and catalytic hydrogenation (using D<sub>2</sub>)of cyclohexene.
Q5) Which is more highly regioselective the addition of HCl to methylenecyclohexane or to 1-methylcyclohexene? Explain.
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Chapter 7: The Reactions of Alkynes - Introduction to Multistep Synthesis
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Q1) How many distinct internal alkynes exist with a molecular formula of C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub>?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5
Q2) The carbon-carbon triple bond of an alkyne is composed of A)three bonds.
B)two bonds and one bond.
C)one bond and two bonds.
D)three bonds.
Q3) In the reduction of alkynes using sodium in liquid ammonia,which of the species below is not an intermediate in the commonly accepted mechanism?
A)vinyl anion
B)vinyl radical
C)radical anion
D)vinyl cation
Q4) Draw an acceptable structure for 2-hexyne.
Page 9
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Electronic Effects: an Introduction to the Reactions of
Benzene
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Sample Questions
Q1) Provide the structure of the biologically significant heterocycle pyrimidine.
Q2) Cyclopentadiene can react with itself in a Diels-Alder reaction.Draw the endo and exo products.
Q3) The Diels-Alder reaction is a concerted reaction; this means that
A)a mixture of endo and exo products is formed
B)all bond making and bond breaking occurs simultaneously
C)the products contain rings
D)the reaction follows Markovnikov's rule
E)the reaction is highly endothermic
Q4) Which of the following is the weakest base?
A)phenolate ion (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sup>-</sup>)
B)ethoxide ion (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>O<sup>-</sup>)
C)hydroxide ion (HO<sup>-</sup>)
D)acetate ion (CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>)
E)methoxide ion (CH<sub>3</sub>O<sup>-</sup>)
Q5) Why does the (E,E)-isomer of 2,4-hexadiene react much more rapidly with dienophiles than does the (Z,Z)-isomer? Page 10
Q6) When cycloheptatriene is deprotonated,an anion with seven resonance forms of equal energy can be drawn.Given this fact,explain why cycloheptatriene is only slightly more acidic than propene.
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Chapter 9: Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify the alkyl halide that reacts the fastest in a S<sub>N</sub>2 reaction.
A)2-chloro-2-methylpropane
B)2-chlorobutane
C)1-chlorobutane
D)chloromethane
Q2) In the S<sub>N</sub>1 hydrolysis mechanism of (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CBr,there are ________ elementary steps,________ distinct transition states,and ________ distinct intermediates.
A)2,2,2
B)2,2,3
C)2,3,2
D)3,2,3
E)3,3,2
Q3) Which of the following correctly describes SAM,a biological methylating agent?
A)It contains a Cl bonded to a 1° carbon.
B)It contains a methyl group bonded to a positively charged sulfur atom.
C)It contains a methyl ether.
D)it contains a methyl group bonded to an aromatic ring.
E)It contains a Br bonded to a phosphorus atom.
Q4) Why,in a polar protic solvent,is iodide a better nucleophile than fluoride?
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Chapter 10: Reactions of Alcohols, ethers, epoxides, amines and
Sulfur-Containing Compounds
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Q1) Which of the following is least likely to be found in the product mixture which results when 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanol is heated in phosphoric acid?
A)(E)-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene
B)(Z)-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene
C)2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene
D)2,3-dimethyl-1-pentene
E)4,4-dimethyl-1-pentene
Q2) How are certain arene oxides believed to cause cancer?
Q3) Which of the following alcohols will react most rapidly with the Lucas reagent (HCl,ZnCl<sub>2</sub>)?
A)(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>COH
B)CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH
C)CH<sub>3</sub>CHOHCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>
D)(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub>OH
Q4) Provide the structure of the major organic product which results when naphthalene oxide undergoes rearrangement in the presence of water.Explain the regioselectivity of this rearrangement.
Q5) Draw the tosylate ion and explain why it is a particularly good leaving group.
Q6) Why are alcohols typically poor electrophiles?
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Chapter 11: Organometallic Compounds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Complete and balance the following transmetallation reaction. CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>MgCl + SiCl<sub>4</sub>
Q2) What two-word name is given to a reaction that breaks the carbon-carbon double bond and then rejoins the fragments with the double bonds forming in a different location?
Q3) Name the three major alkene products that result when 1-pentene is treated with Grubbs catalyst.
Q4) Name the organic products that would result from metathesis of 2-methyl-1-pentene.
Q5) Is an organolithium reagent more reactive than the comparable Grignard reagent or less reactive? Explain briefly.
Q6) Name the organic products that would result from metathesis of 1,8-nonadiene.
Q7) In Suzuki and Heck reactions,the vinylic and aryl halides are used as substrates in the first step because they cannot undergo A)substitution reaction.
B) -elimination.
C)oxidative addition.
D)reductive elimination.
E)none of the above.
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Radicals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Give the structure of the free radical intermediate for each product in a previous problem.
Q2) Devise methods by which (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CCH<sub>2</sub> could be synthesized from 2-methylpropane.
Q3) An unknown sample is suspected of being either ethane or isobutane.How would you distinguish between the two alkanes?
Q4) Which of the following is the best description of propane,CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>,at room temperature?
A)liquid,soluble in H<sub>2</sub>O
B)gas,soluble in gasoline
C)liquid,soluble in gasoline
D)gas,soluble in water
E)solid,soluble in gasoline
Q5) What sequence of reagents can be used to convert 3,3-dimethylpentane into 3,3-dimethyl-2-pentanone?
Q6) Provide the reagents necessary for carrying out the transformation of cyclopentane to cyclopentene.
Q7) Species with unpaired electrons are called ________.
Q8) Provide the structure of semiquinone radical.
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Chapter 13: Mass Spectrometry,infrared Spectroscopy,and Uvvis Spectroscopy
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Q1) Describe the similarities and differences in the infrared spectra of methyl propanoate and butanoic acid.
Q2) When a solution of an organic compound absorbs light whose wavelength is 400 nm,the solution appears
A)yellow.
B)red. C)purple.
D)blue.
E)white.
Q3) In the mass spectrum of 1,2-dichloroethane,what is the m/z of the molecular ion peak of greatest intensity?
A)94
B)96
C)98
D)100
E)102
Q4) Which has the higher speed in a vacuum,ultraviolet or infrared light?
Q5) Which has a lower characteristic stretching frequency,the C-H or C-D bond? Explain briefly.
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Chapter 14: Nmr Spectroscopy
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Q1) What splitting pattern is observed in the proton NMR spectrum for the indicated hydrogens? CH<sub>3</sub>OCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>
A)singlet
B)doublet
C)triplet
D)quartet
E)septet
Q2) What multiplicities are observed in the spin coupled <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectrum of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene?
Q3) If a chemical shift of an NMR signal is 7.2 ppm measured in a 60 MHz NMR spectrometer,how many Hz would this signal be from the TMS signal?
A)8)3 Hz
B)432 Hz
C)0)12 Hz
D)72 Hz
E)60 Hz
Q4) Why is carbon-hydrogen coupling not generally seen in <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra?
Q5) What information does a COSY spectrum give?
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
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Q1) Give a detailed,stepwise mechanism for the Fischer esterification of acetic acid with methanol.
Q2) What are the major organic products when 1 equivalent of acetic formic anhydride reacts with 1 equivalent of methanol?
Q3) What is the hybridization and geometry of the carbonyl carbon in carboxylic acids and their derivatives?
A)sp<sup>3</sup>,tetrahedral B)sp<sup>2</sup>,trigonal planar
C)sp<sup>2</sup>,tetrahedral D)sp<sup>3</sup>,trigonal planar
E)sp,trigonal planar
Q4) Which of the following conditions will drive the equilibrium of the Fischer esterification towards ester formation?
A)addition of water
B)removal of water as it is formed
C)addition of an inorganic acid as a catalyst
D)addition of alcohol
E)both B and D
Q5) What reagents are used to dehydrate amides to nitriles?
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Chapter 16: Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
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Q1) Conversion of aldehydes and ketones to imines is an acid-catalyzed process.Explain why this conversion is actually hindered by the presence of too much acid.
Q2) Which of the following amines will react with cyclopentanone to form an enamine?
A)CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub> B)(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>N C)pyridine
D)(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CNH<sub>2</sub> E)none of the above
Q3) List the following carbonyl compounds in order of decreasing reactivity toward nucleophiles: ester,acid chloride,amide,aldehyde,ketone.
Q4) Provide the proper IUPAC name for PhCH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHO.
Q5) Provide a detailed,stepwise mechanism for the acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between benzaldehyde and methylamine.
Q6) Provide the structure of cyclohexanone oxime.
Q7) Provide the structure of the hydrate that results when 4-heptanone is treated with dilute aqueous acid.
Q8) Provide the structure of the diethyl acetal of butanal.
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Chapter 17: Reactions at the -Carbon
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Q1) Which of the following statements describes the first step in the mechanism of the aldol condensation?
A)An alpha hydrogen is abstracted by the base to form an enolate anion.
B)A nucleophilic base attacks the carbonyl carbon atom.
C)The carbonyl oxygen is protonated by the base ion.
D)The alpha hydrogen is abstracted by an acid to the enolate anion.
E)The carbonyl oxygen of one aldehyde attacks the carbonyl carbon of another.
Q2) An , -unsaturated ketone is a product in which of the following reactions?
A)Aldol condensation
B)Claisen condensation
C)Diekmann condensation
D)Robinson annulation
E)Michael addition
Q3) Show how an enolate can add to a carbonyl.
Q4) A -keto ester is a product in which of the following reactions?
A)Aldol condensation
B)Claisen condensation
C)Dieckmann condensation
D)Robinson annulation
E)Michael addition
Page 20
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Chapter 18: Reactions of Benzene and Substituted
Benzenes
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Q1) Provide the structure of benzoic acid.
Q2) Explain why nitrobenzene can be used as a solvent for Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
Q3) Which of the following is not a correct statement concerning the Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene?
A)An alkyl group substitutes for a hydrogen.
B)The benzene ring attacks an acylium ion.
C)The acylium ion is resonance stabilized.
D)The acylium ion is often produced from an acyl chloride.
E)More than one equivalent of Lewis acid must be used.
Q4) Provide the structure of dibenzyl ether.
Q5) Which of the following fails to produce benzoic acid when heated in the presence of acidic sodium dichromate?
A)1-phenylethanol
B)2-phenylethanol
C)2-phenylheptane
D)2-methyl-2-phenylheptane
E)1-phenylheptanol
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Q6) List the following compounds in order of decreasing reactivity toward electrophilic aromatic substitution: toluene,benzene,fluorobenzene,nitrobenzene,phenol.
Chapter 19: More About Amines - Reactions of Heterocylic Compounds
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Q1) Pyridine does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reactions.Offer an explanation.
Q2) When pyrrole undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution,at which position does substitution occur?
A)2-position
B)3-position
C)4-position
Q3) Which heterocyclic ring is present in heme?
A)pyrrole
B)purine
C)pyrimidine
D)pyridine
E)porphyrin
Q4) Which of the following chloropyridines readily undergo nucleophilic substitution upon treatment with NaCN?
A)2-chloropyridine
B)3-chloropyridine
C)4-chloropyridine
D)both A and B
E)both A and C
Q5) Draw the structure of piperidine.
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Chapter 20: The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates
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Q1) What is epimerization?
A)involves changing the configuration of a carbon of a monosaccharide through deprotonation followed by reprotonation
B)involves oxidation of an aldose
C)involves lengthening the chain of an aldose
D)involves reduction of an aldose E)none of the above
Q2) A carbohydrate composed of three to ten sugar molecules is called a(n) A)single carbohydrate.
B)disaccharide.
C)oligosaccharide.
D)polysaccharide.
E)monosaccharide.
Q3) Draw the Fischer projection for the open-chain form of D-erythrose.
Q4) Which of the following blood types is known as the universal acceptor?
23
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Chapter 21: Amino Acids,peptides,and Proteins
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Q1) Provide the structure of the tripeptide glu-ser-ala at pH 2.
Q2) Draw the form of L-lysine which is present at biological pH.
Q3) Rank the following amino acids in order of time of elution from a cation-exchange resin and a buffer pH of 4.0: aspartic acid,phenylalanine,arginine,and alanine.
Q4) Which type of protein,globular or fibrous,tends to function primarily as structural parts of an organism?
Q5) Provide the structure of the tripeptide val-gly-ser at biological pH.
Q6) What is the name of the amino acid produced when propanoic acid is subjected to the following sequence of reagents? 1.PBr<sub>3</sub>,Br<sub>2</sub>
2)H<sub>2</sub>O
3)NH<sub>3</sub>,
A)alanine
B)aspartic acid
C)glutamic acid
D)valine
E)asparagine
Q7) What is the major force responsible for the formation of an -helix in protein secondary structure?
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Chapter 22: Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic Reactions
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Q1) After lysozyme binds its substrate,the enzyme undergoes a conformational change that distorts residue D in the substrate.Which of the following best describes this distortion?
A)from a chair to a half-chair conformation
B)from a half-chair to a chair conformation
C)from a chair to a boat conformation
D)from a boat to a chair conformation
E)from a boat to a half-chair conformation
Q2) Which of the following sets of amino acids is found in all serine proteases?
A)arginine,histidine,serine
B)arginine,aspartate,serine
C)proline,histidine,serine
D)aspartate,histidine,serine
E)aspartate,proline,serine
Q3) Describe the reaction coordinate diagram for a specific-acid-catalyzed reaction.
A)one peak
B)two peaks,second peak is larger
C)two peaks,second peak is smaller
D)two peaks,equal size
E)three peaks,middle peak is larger
Page 25
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Chapter 23: The Organic Chemistry of the Coenzymes, compounds
Derived From Vitamins
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Q1) The common name of vitamin B<sub>1</sub> is A)niacin.
B)riboflavin.
C)thiamine. D)biotin.
E)panthothenate.
Q2) Identify all group(s)that tetrahydrofolate transfers.
A)methylene B)methyl C)ethyl
D)formyl E)A,B,and D
Q3) What metal ion is also required by biotin-dependent enzymes?
Q4) Show the transimination (trans-Schiffization)reaction that happens in all PLP-requiring enzymes in which the amino acid substrate forms a Schiff base with PLP,thereby freeing the lysine side chain.
Q5) Explain what is meant by a prosthetic group.Give an example.
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Q6) Explain why a cell typically maintains its [NAD<sup>+</sup>]/[NADH] ratio near 1000 while keeping its [NADP<sup>+</sup>]/[NADPH] ratio at about 0.01.
Chapter 24: The Organic Chemistry of the Metabolic Pathways
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Q1) Identify the second step of the citric acid cycle.
A)Citrate is converted to isocitrate.
B)Conjugate addition of water to the double bond of fumarate forms (S)-malate.
C)Acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
D)FAD oxidizes succinate to fumarate.
E)The secondary alcohol of isocitrate is oxidized to a ketone by NAD<sup>+</sup> and the ketone loses CO<sub>2</sub>.
Q2) What class of enzyme puts a phosphoryl group on its substrate?
Q3) What organic compound is the most important form of chemical energy?
Q4) For each molecule of FADH<sub>2</sub> that undergoes oxidative phosphorylation,________ molecule(s)of ATP is (are)formed.
Q5) Why does phosphorylating a carboxylate make it more susceptible to nucleophilic attack?
Q6) In the first stage of catabolism,carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to ________.
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Chapter 25: The Organic Chemistry of Lipids
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Q1) How many isoprene units are in a sesquiterpene?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5
Q2) Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)has a melting point of 63°C.Palmitoleic acid (9-hexadecenoic acid)has a melting point of 32°C.Explain this difference in melting points.
Q3) Lycopene is a A)monoterpene.
B)sesquiterpene.
C)diterpene.
D)triterpene.
E)tetraterpene.
Q4) Provide the structure of -farnesene,a simple,acyclic sesquiterpene.
Q5) Myristic acid has the formula CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>12</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H.Provide the structure of the triglyceride trimyristin.
Q6) Why do most naturally occurring fatty acids contain an even number of carbon atoms?
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Chapter 26: The Chemistry of the Nucleic Acids
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Q1) Identify the type(s)of base pairing present in DNA.You may choose more than one answer.
A)adenine and thymine
B)cytosine and guanine
C)cytosine and thymine
D)adenine and uracil
E)thymine and adenine
Q2) Draw the structure of dTTP.
Q3) Draw the structure of UMP.
Q4) Draw the chemical structure of adenosine triphosphate,(ATP).
Q5) Give the maximum number of different codons possible.
A)56
B)60
C)64
D)70
E)76
Q6) A commonly known nucleotide is adenosine 3',5'-phosphate (cAMP).What is the structure of cAMP?
Q7) Show the hydrogen bonding which occurs when guanine and cytosine form a base pair.
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Chapter 27: Synthetic Polymers
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Q1) ABS is a copolymer of what three monomers?
Q2) Which of the following is a step-growth polymer?
A)polyethylene
B)polyester
C)polypropylene
D)polystyrene
E)Plexiglass
Q3) Identify the monomer(s)that undergo anionic polymerization.You may choose more than one answer.
A)styrene
B)methyl methacrylate
C)vinyl chloride
D)methyl vinyl ether
E)acrylamide
Q4) Vulcanization involves crosslinking of polymer chains through
A)disulfide bonds
B)amide bonds
C)ester bonds
D)double bonds
E)manual twisting
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Chapter 28: Pericyclic Reactions
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Q1) When an allyl anion undergoes a cycloaddition under thermal conditions with ethylene (bonds forming at the ends of the -systems),the cycloaddition is described as
A)[2+2] and suprafacial.
B)[2+4] and suprafacial.
C)[2+2] and antarafacial.
D)[2+4] and antarafacial.
E)[2+3] and antarafacial.
Q2) Describe an electrocyclic reaction.
A)The reactant has lost a sigma bond,the product has a new sigma bond,and the pi bonds have rearranged.
B)The product contains a new ring,with two less sigma bonds,and two more pi bonds than the starting material.
C)The product contains a new ring,with two more sigma bonds,and two less pi bonds than the starting material.
D)The product contains a new ring,with one less sigma bond,and one more pi bond than the starting material.
E)The product contains a new ring,with one more sigma bond,and one less pi bond than the starting material.
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