Brain and Behavior
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Brain and Behavior explores the intricate relationship between neural processes and human behavior. This course delves into the structure and function of the nervous system, examining how brain activity underlies perception, emotion, cognition, and action. Through an integration of neuroscience, psychology, and case studies, students will investigate topics such as learning and memory, motivation, sleep, mental health disorders, and the effects of drugs on brain function. Emphasis is placed on both biological mechanisms and the observable outcomes of brain activity, providing a comprehensive understanding of how the brain shapes behavior in daily life.
Recommended Textbook
Discovering Biological Psychology 2nd Edition by Laura Freberg
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16 Chapters
2931 Verified Questions
2931 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introducing Biological Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A disadvantage of embryonic stem cells is that they A) can provoke immune responses in the recipient.
B) can divide a very limited number of times.
C) can differentiate into a very limited number of tissue types,most of which are not very useful in treating illness and injury.
D) usually carry too many mutations to be practical in treating injury and illness.
Answer: A
Q2) Animals will gain up to two to three times their normal weight when the A) lateral hypothalamus is lesioned.
B) lateral hypothalamus is stimulated.
C) ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned.
D) ventromedial hypothalamus is stimulated.
Answer: C
Q3) The use of experimentally induced lesions was introduced by A) Paul Broca.
B) Pierre Flourens.
C) Camillo Golgi.
D) Galvani.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Anatomy and Evolution of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Primary auditory cortex is found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The neurons associated with the parasympathetic nervous system are located in the _________ of the spinal cord.
A) lumbar and sacral divisions
B) thoracic and lumbar divisions
C) brain and sacral division
D) brain and lumbar division
Answer: C
Q3) What is the limbic system?
Answer: The limbic system is a collection of structures embedded within the forebrain that participate in learning,memory,and emotion.
Q4) Describe the functions of two of the cranial nerves.
Answer: Various.Example: The olfactory nerve (Cranial N.1)carries information from the olfactory neurons of the nose to the brain.The vagus nerve (Cranial N.10)carries information both to and from various internal organs,including the heart,lungs,and digestive system.
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Cells of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The neurotoxin tetanospasmin,which produces the condition tetanus,invades the central nervous system by
A) passing through the blood brain barrier.
B) traveling via anterograde transport along microtubules.
C) traveling via retrograde transport along microtubules.
D) traveling via retrograde transport along neurofilaments.
Answer: C
Q2) Following exocytosis,it is very important for calcium to be A) pumped out of the axon terminal.
B) recaptured from the extracellular fluid.
C) returned to synaptic vesicles.
D) allowed to diffuse from the axon terminal back to towards the cell body.
Answer: A
Q3) Integration of inputs from many synapses on the postsynaptic neuron is known as A) saltatory conduction.
B) the absolute refractory period.
C) spatial summation.
D) temporal summation.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A chemical that is released from presynaptic axon terminals and fits in receptors on the post-synaptic neuron is acting as a(n)
A) neurotransmitter.
B) neurohormone.
C) neuromodulator.
D) agonist.
Q2) Vaccinations against drugs of abuse
A) are unlikely to be effective.
B) stimulate the immune system to deactivate the problem drug.
C) provide a general protection against all drugs of abuse.
D) are unlikely to interfere with pain medications and other legitimate pharmaceuticals.
Q3) LSD is structurally similar to the neurotransmitter
A) dopamine.
B) glutamate.
C) serotonin.
D) GABA.
Q4) LSD produces its effects by stimulating the release of serotonin.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Genetics and the Development of the Human Brain
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cells that develop into neurons and glia originate in the A) ventricular zone.
B) radial glia.
C) forebrain.
D) spinal cord.
Q2) Queen Victoria of England had a son,Leopold,and a great-grandson,Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov of Russia,who had hemophilia.We can conclude that:
A) Queen Victoria must have had hemophilia,too.
B) Queen Victoria was a carrier for hemophilia.
C) Queen Victoria's husband,Prince Albert,must have been a carrier.
D) Leopold and Tsarevich Alexei probably developed hemophilia due to a spontaneous mutation,because their female relatives did not have the condition.
Q3) How many chromosomes do human beings receive from each parent?
A) 23
B) 46
C) 21
D) 42
Q4) Describe the process of differentiation of ectodermal cells into skin and neural tissue.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Vision
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Sample Questions
Q1) The amplitude of a light wave is encoded as _____________,while the wavelength of a light wave is encoded as ___________________.
A) brightness;color
B) color;brightness
C) saturation;reflection
D) hue;saturation
Q2) The magnocellular pathway projects to the
A) parietal lobe and analyzes movement.
B) parietal lobe and participates in object recognition.
C) temporal lobe and analyzes movement.
D) temporal lobe and participates in object recognition.
Q3) What is the main effect of lateral inhibition in the bipolar cells of the retina?
A) Color contrast is produced.
B) Edges or boundaries can be identified.
C) Movement is sensed.
D) The blood vessels of the eye are not perceived.
Q4) What is the function of the cornea of the eye?
Q5) What is an orientation column?
Q6) Describe some of the weaknesses of the hierarchical model of visual perception.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Andrew turned the thermostat on his family's hot tub to 113 degrees F (45 degrees
C).When he stuck his toe in the water to test it,it is likely that which of the following receptors responded?
A) nociceptors only
B) nociceptors and warm fibers
C) warm fibers only
D) warm fibers,cold fibers,and nociceptors
Q2) Warm receptors transmit information centrally along _________ fibers.
A) A\(\alpha\)
B) A\(\beta\)
C) A\(\delta\)
D) C
Q3) Low frequency sounds are perceived as being quiet.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The fact that auditory cortex is tonotopically organized means that there is a A) different area of cortex assigned to each ear.
B) different number of neurons assigned to each level of loudness.
C) specific area of cortex assigned to each frequency.
D) specific area of cortex assigned to each amplitude.
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Chapter 8: Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Motor neurons with small cell bodies usually innervate _________ muscle fibers.
A) Type I
B) Type IIa
C) Type IIb
D) combinations of Type IIa and Type IIb
Q2) Actin filaments are _________ myosin filaments.
A) thin fibers surrounded by
B) thick fibers surrounded by C) thin fibers surrounding
D) thick fibers surrounding
Q3) Ventromedial pathways provide
A) automatic control of the hands,feet,and limbs.
B) automatic control of the neck and torso.
C) voluntary control of the hands,feet,and limbs.
D) voluntary control of the neck and torso.
Q4) Ia sensory fibers are activated in response to A) contraction of muscle fibers.
B) stretching of Golgi tendon organs.
C) stretching of muscle spindles.
D) input from Ib fibers.
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Chapter 9: Temperature Regulation,thirst,and Hunger
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prescription medications for obesity
A) have no effect.
B) produce modest weight losses of 5-10 pounds in one year.
C) produce substantial weight loss of 90 pounds in three months.
D) are not yet available.
Q2) More heat loss occurs in animals with
A) large body volumes.
B) small body volumes.
C) large surface areas.
D) small surface areas.
Q3) People within the healthy range of body mass index (18.5 to 24.9)
A) always enjoy greater life expectancy than people with BMIs of 25 or above.
B) experience increased risk of death if they must constantly diet in order to maintain a healthy weight.
C) experience increased risk of death if their waist circumference is larger than normal.
D) experience increased risk of death if their lean body mass is higher than normal.
Q4) How does an organism's surface-to-volume ratio affect temperature regulation?
Q5) What does it mean to become hungry in response to "glucose availability?"
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Chapter 10: Sexual Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The performance of women on spatial tasks is
A) constant across the menstrual cycle.
B) best when estrogen levels are high.
C) best when progesterone levels are high.
D) best when testosterone levels are high.
Q2) Maternal bonding behaviors in humans,such as vocalizations and gazing,are positively correlated with a woman's levels of which of the following hormones during her pregnancy?
A) testosterone
B) vasopressin
C) oxytocin
D) estradiol
Q3) What can we learn about the masculinization of the human brain from cases of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)?
Q4) Which of the following brain structures varies reliably between homosexual and heterosexual male humans?
A) the SDN-POA
B) the anterior commissure
C) the dentate nucleus
D) the caudate nucleus
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Sleep and Waking
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dreams during NREM sleep are
A) nonexistent.
B) vivid,unrealistic,and storylike.
C) logical and not very emotional.
D) associated with nightmares.
Q2) Night terrors usually occur during
A) Stages 1 or 2 NREM sleep.
B) Stages 3 or 4 NREM sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) the time immediately after awakening.
Q3) Which animals show evidence of REM sleep?
A) all animals
B) mammals only
C) mammals and birds
D) most mammals and reptiles
Q4) Cortisol levels are
A) highest in the morning.
B) highest midday.
C) highest in the evening.
D) stable throughout the day.
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Memories of an individual's personal experience are stored in _________ memory.
A) procedural
B) episodic
C) working
D) semantic
Q2) Trace conditioning provides an excellent animal model for which of the following types of memory in humans?
A) sensory
B) working
C) declarative
D) procedural
Q3) Distinguishing fantasy from reality appears to involve areas of the brain known to participate in _________ memory.
A) short-term
B) semantic
C) episodic
D) procedural
Q4) What are the results of increasing CREB-1 and CREB-2 activity in fruit flies?
Q5) How does long-term depression occur in the cerebellum?
Q6) What areas of the brain are involved with procedural memories?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Lateralization, language, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fiber pathways connecting the two hemispheres are known as A) tracts.
B) commissures.
C) ganglia.
D) decussations.
Q2) American Sign Language (ASL)appears to be
A) difficult to localize,due to the large amount of variations between individuals using the language.
B) localized in the motor cortex of both hemispheres,due to its reliance on movement.
C) localized in the right hemisphere,due to its visuospatial components.
D) localized in the left hemisphere,like other languages.
Q3) Higher order functions in language production,such as attention,are probably specifically impaired in cases of _________ aphasia.
A) transcortical motor
B) transcortical sensory
C) conduction
D) global
Q4) Describe the major features of dyslexia.
Q5) How can we reconcile theories of general and multiple intelligence?
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Chapter 14: Emotion, reward, aggression, and Stress
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183 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In rare cases of human violence,aggression has been reduced by lesioning the A) hypothalamus.
B) septal area.
C) amygdala.
D) thalamus.
Q2) Participants who believed that they had been socially excluded by others demonstrated higher activity in the A) amygdala.
B) cingulate cortex.
C) thalamus.
D) nucleus accumbens.
Q3) The medial forebrain bundle makes connections between the A) mammillary bodies and the hippocampus.
B) two cerebral hemispheres.
C) midbrain and the limbic system.
D) thalamus and the cerebral cortex.
Q4) Describe the lateralization of emotion in the cerebral cortex.
Q5) Describe the response of the HPA axis to a frightening stimulus.
Q6) What is the relationship between stress and health?
Q7) Summarize the evidence for a genetic contribution to aggression.
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Chapter 15: Neurological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) A balloon-like bulge in an artery is known as a(n)
A) aneurysm.
B) embolism.
C) thrombosis.
D) cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
Q2) According to the Kennard Principle,reorganization after brain damage is
A) a function of the amount of tissue involved.
B) a function of developmental age.
C) more extensive when damage affects the right hemisphere.
D) more extensive when damage affects the left hemisphere.
Q3) The Halstead-Reiten battery is used to assess A) cognitive function.
B) reflexes.
C) sensation.
D) coma.
Q4) What lines of evidence support a role for serotonin in the development of migraine headaches?
Q5) How would you advise an NFL quarterback who has experienced several concussions during the current season?
Page 17
Q6) Describe the usual time course of recovery following brain injury.
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Chapter 16: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements correctly identifies the relationship between psychopathy and criminal behavior?
A) All criminals are psychopaths.The terms are interchangeable.
B) The vast majority of psychopaths end up in jail.
C) Not all psychopaths are criminals,but nearly everybody in prison is a psychopath.
D) Not all psychopaths are criminals,and most criminals are not psychopaths.
Q2) Autism may be associated with structural abnormalities in the A) basal ganglia and hippocampus.
B) cerebellum and amygdala.
C) orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex.
D) locus coeruleus and hippocampus.
Q3) Bipolar disorder is associated with
A) increased activity of both serotonin and norepinephrine.
B) decreased activity of both serotonin and norepinephrine.
C) decreased activity of serotonin and increased activity of norepinephrine.
D) increased activity of serotonin and decreased activity of norepinephrine.
Q4) Which brain structures are suspected of contributing to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Q5) What is the difference between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder?
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