Biomedical Sciences
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Biomedical Sciences is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles of biology, chemistry, and medicine to explore the molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms underlying human health and disease. The course covers topics such as human anatomy and physiology, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, pathology, and pharmacology, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of how biological systems function in both healthy and diseased states. Emphasizing laboratory techniques and research skills, the curriculum prepares students for careers in medical research, healthcare, biotechnology, and further study in professional or graduate programs.
Recommended Textbook
Human Physiology 12th Edition by Stuart Ira Fox
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20 Chapters
2819 Verified Questions
2819 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Study of Body Function
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Vitamin D produced in the skin may function as a hormone.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?
A)The cells are branched.
B)These cells are attached to skeletal bones by tendons.
C)Intercalated discs connect adjacent cells.
D)These cells are found in the digestive tract.
Answer: D
Q3) Neuroglial cells are supporting cells present in the A)brain.
B)spinal cord.
C)effector organs.
D)Both the brain and spinal corD.
Answer: D
Q4) Endocrine gland secretion is often controlled by the nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many single bonds can a carbon atom form if it is double-bonded to an oxygen atom?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
Answer: B
Q2) When an atom gains one or more electrons,it
A)becomes positively charged.
B)has no change in its charge.
C)is called an anion.
D)is called a cation.
Answer: C
Q3) Rapid,uncontrolled hydrolysis of body fats can result in ketoacidosis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Genetic Control
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pinocytosis is a type of exocytosis.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q2) The genetic code is found within DNA.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q3) Centrosomes replicate during A)anaphase.
B)cytokinesis.
C)interphase.
D)telophase. Answer: C
Q4) Proteins and mRNA exit the nucleus via A)nuclear pores.
B)endoplasmic reticulum.
C)vesicles.
D)centromeres.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Enzymes and Energy
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99 Verified Questions
99 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A reducing agent
A)donates protons to an atom or molecule.
B)donates electrons to an atom or molecule.
C)accepts protons from an atom or molecule.
D)accepts electrons from an atom or molecule.
E)Both donates electrons and donates protons are correct.
Q2) Reactant molecules of enzyme action are called
A)substrates.
B)allosteric inhibitors.
C)cofactors.
D)products.
Q3) Catalysts increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most enzymatic reactions in the body are one step processes.
A)True
B)False
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6
Chapter 5: Cell Respiration and Metabolism
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fatty acid metabolism
A)occurs via glycolysis.
B)occurs via oxidative deamination.
C)occurs via the Cori cycle.
D)occurs via beta-oxidation.
Q2) Anaerobic respiration metabolism is triggered when the ratio of ______________ falls below a critical level.
A)carbon dioxide supply to oxygen need
B)oxygen supply to glucose need
C)glucose supply to glucose need
D)oxygen supply to oxygen need
Q3) The Krebs cycle completes the oxidation of glucose started by glycolysis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the purpose of white fat?
A)thermogenesis
B)provide blood-borne energy carriers
C)provide an ATP source for newborns.
D)All of the choices are correct.
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Chapter 6: Interactions Between Cells and the Extracellular Environment
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of cell signaling occurs through the extracellular matrix to nearby target cells?
A)endocrine signaling
B)synaptic signaling
C)gap junctions
D)paracrine signaling
Q2) Poisoning the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> pump would
A)generate a more negative membrane potential.
B)increase cellular permeability to Na<sup>+</sup>.
C)inhibit secondary active transport.
D)increase cellular permeability to K<sup>+</sup>.
Q3) Inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis
A)could induce hypercholesteremiA.
B)could induce diabetes mellitus.
C)could prevent diabetes mellitus.
D)could prevent heart disease.
Q4) A 10% dextrose solution is isotonic to plasma.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses
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178 Verified Questions
178 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________ is an acetylcholinesterase antagonist used to treat myasthenia gravis.
A)Neostigmine
B)Muscarine
C)Naloxone
D)Nitric oxide
Q2) Spatial summation
A)occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly.
B)occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell.
C)only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials.
D)only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
Q3) What process occurs when glutamate-releasing presynaptic neurons stimulate postsynaptic release of endocannabinoids that acts as retrograde neurotransmitters?
A)long-term potentiation
B)long-term depression
C)depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition
D)All of the choices are correct.
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Chapter 8: The Central Nervous System
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of neurons aid in imitating,understanding intentions and behaviors of others,and having empathy with the emotions of others?
A)sensory neurons
B)motor neurons
C)association neurons
D)mirror neurons
Q2) The cerebellum forms from the A)telencephalon.
B)metencephalon.
C)myelencephalon.
D)diencephalon.
Q3) The conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory would be inhibited by A)ablation of the pons.
B)ablation of the cerebral nuclei.
C)ablation of the hippocampus.
D)ablation of the occipital lobe.
Q4) The spinocerebellar tract would carry information from sensory receptors to the cerebral cortex.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: The Autonomic Nervous System
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Somatic motor reflexes involve
A)the autonomic nervous system.
B)contraction of smooth muscle.
C)contraction of skeletal muscle.
D)the autonomic ganglia.
Q2) Blood flow to skeletal muscle would be _____________ in response to muscarinic antagonists.
A)increased
B)decreased
C)not changed
Q3) Phenylephrine functions as a _______ because it promotes vasodilation in nasal mucosa.
A)a<sub>1</sub> agonist.
B)a<sub>1</sub> antagonist.
C)b<sub>1</sub> agonist.
D)b<sub>1</sub> antagonist.
Q4) Sympathetic stimulation of an organ ALWAYS opposes the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology
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175 Verified Questions
175 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Otoliths are associated with the A)crista ampullaris.
B)cupula. C)macula.
D)semicircular canals.
Q2) The letter ' ' would be projected onto the retina as A) B)
C)
D)
Q3) The bending of the stereocilia of the organ of Corti opens membrane channels that are permeable to mainly ____,which causes depolarization.
A)Na<sup>+</sup>
B)K<sup>+</sup>
C)Ca<sup>2+</sup>
D)All of the choices are correct.
Q4) _____________ receptors undergo slow adaptation.
A)Tonic
B)Phasic
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Chapter 11: Endocrine Glands: Secretion and Action of Hormones
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157 Verified Questions
157 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A deficiency of dietary iodine would result in excessive TSH secretion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Where is oxytocin produced?
A)hypothalamus
B)pineal gland
C)anterior pituitary gland
D)posterior pituitary gland
Q3) Most lipid-soluble hormones are derived from cholesterol.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Regulation of mineral homeostasis would be inhibited due to decreased secretion of A)corticotropin releasing hormone.
B)dopamine.
C)gondadotropin releasing hormone.
D)growth hormone releasing hormone.
Q5) Adrenal medulla hormones prolong the effects of sympathetic nerves.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Muscle: Mechanisms of Contraction and Neural Control
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Repaying the oxygen debt requires replacing oxygen that was
A)bound to blood hemoglobin and muscle myoglobin.
B)needed to metabolize lactic acid.
C)used for tissue warm up.
D)All of the choices are correct.
Q2) Muscle spasms can be avoided by stretching slowly,which stimulates mainly the primary,annulospiral sensory endings.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A shortening of the muscle that occurs when the tension is greater than the load is a(n)
A)concentric contraction.
B)isometric contraction.
C)eccentric contraction.
D)isokinetic contraction.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT true of the relaxation of a muscle fiber?
A)ATP is needed to fuel the calcium pumps
B)calcium release channels close
C)the action potential must continue
D)Ca<sup>2+</sup> moves from the sarcoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticula
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Chapter 13: Blood,Heart and Circulation
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151 Verified Questions
151 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The circulatory system helps maintain normal body temperature.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the role of serotonin in blood clotting?
A)causes platelets to become sticky
B)enhances the platelet release reaction
C)causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels to slow loss of blood
D)converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Q3) In the fetus,blood can flow from the right atrium to the left atrium through the A)tricuspid valve.
B)ductus arteriosus.
C)foramen ovale.
D)ductus venosus.
Q4) Excessive protein and fluid in interstitial tissue is called lymphedema.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Blood clot dissolution is stimulated by tissue thromboplastin.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure
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148 Verified Questions
148 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Myogenic regulation in the brain helps keep cerebral blood flow constant despite changes in systemic blood pressure.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) During moderate exercise cerebral blood flow
A)increases slightly.
B)decreases.
C)remains unchanged.
D)increases greatly.
Q4) Norepinephrine and epinephrine open ____ channels inducing a faster diastolic depolarization.
A)voltage-gated Ca<sup>2+</sup>
B)fast Ca<sup>2+</sup>
C)HCN
D)fast Na<sup>+</sup>
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Chapter 15: The Immune System
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137 Verified Questions
137 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphoid organ?
A)spleen
B)tonsils
C)thymus
D)lymph nodes
Q2) Tissue transplants should have matching ______ to prevent rejection in the host.
A)MHC molecules
B)perforins
C)interleukins
D)All of the choices are correct.
Q3) Which cell combats most bacterial infections?
A)B lymphocyte
B)T lymphocyte
Q4) What structures aid in our ability to identify potential pathogens as foreign and not self by bonding to PAMPs?
A)complement
B)LPS
C)cytokines
D)toll-like receptors
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Chapter 16: Respiratory Physiology
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166 Verified Questions
166 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pleural membranes envelop organs within the thoracic cavity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to oxygen is
A)oxyhemoglobin.
B)deoxyhemoglobin.
C)methemoglobin.
D)carboxyhemoglobin.
Q3) Hypoventilation can correct
A)metabolic acidosis.
B)respiratory acidosis.
C)metabolic alkalosis.
D)respiratory alkalosis.
Q4) Breathing 100% oxygen will
A)significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues.
B)increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells.
C)significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood.
D)not change the amount of oxygen dissolved in the plasma.
Q5) From the following lab data,predict whether the patient has
Q6) From the following lab data,predict whether the patient has
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Physiology of the Kidneys
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152 Verified Questions
152 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Plasma measurement of creatinine is a close estimate of GFR.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Neurohypophyseal secretion of __________ stimulates formation of concentrated urine.
A)aldosterone
B)renin
C)antidiuretic hormone
D)angiotensin I
Q3) Dilation of the afferent arteriole would increase glomerular pressure.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Na<sup>+</sup> is actively transported into the tubule cells of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle from the tubular lumen.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Renal damage often produces microalbuminuria.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: The Digestive System
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172 Verified Questions
172 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inhibiting the actions of the parietal cells would stimulate protein digestion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The liver will detoxify ammonia by converting it into
A)uric acid.
B)ammonium ions.
C)urea.
D)amino acids.
Q3) Zymogens are inactive forms of __________ enzymes.
A)stomach
B)liver
C)pancreatic
D)small intestine
Q4) Aldosterone affects salt and water absorption in the intestine.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The brush border is a term used to describe the mucosa of the small intestine.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Regulation of Metabolism
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138 Verified Questions
138 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Insulin secretion is stimulated by _____________ blood glucose concentrations.
A)increased
B)decreased
C)unchanged
Q2) Type II diabetes mellitus
A)is characterized by destruction of the pancreatic alpha cells.
B)is characterized by destruction of the pancreatic beta cells.
C)usually occurs in children.
D)is the most common form of diabetes.
Q3) Ablation of the thyroid gland would cause a drop in basal metabolic rate.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Fat cells are less sensitive to insulin in A)obese individuals.
B)anorexic individuals.
C)individuals who do not exercise.
D)individuals at their optimal weight.
Q5) Children with kwashiorkor have low growth rates and low levels of IGF-1.
A)True
B)False
21
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Chapter 20: Reproduction
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164 Verified Questions
164 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The role of melatonin in puberty of humans is well established and critical. A)True
B)False
Q2) Inhibin prevents release of LH from the anterior pituitary.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Spotting between menstrual cycles is termed A)amenorrheA. B)dysmenorrhea. C)menorrhagia. D)metrorrhagia.
Q4) The rate at which GnRH is secreted from the hypothalamus determines whether LH or FSH is secreted from the anterior pituitary.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What ion is released by the fertilized egg that prevents polyspermy?
A)Na<sup>+</sup>
B)K<sup>+</sup>
C)Cl<sup>--</sup>
D)Ca<sup>2+</sup>
22
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