Behavioral Research Methods
Test Questions
Course Introduction
Behavioral Research Methods introduces students to the fundamental principles and practical techniques used to study human and animal behavior scientifically. The course covers essential topics such as research design, hypothesis development, measurement, experimental and non-experimental methods, data collection, and statistical analysis. Students learn to critically evaluate primary research, understand ethical considerations, and apply methodological skills by designing and conducting their own behavioral studies. Emphasis is placed on developing the ability to interpret empirical findings and communicate results effectively, equipping students with core competencies needed for advanced research in psychology and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences 9th Edition by Gravetter
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the value of ( X)² for the scores 1,5,2?
A)10
B)16
C)30
D)64
Answer: D
Q2) What scale of measurement is being used when a teacher measures the number of correct answers on a quiz for each student?
A)Nominal
B)Ordinal
C)Interval
D)Ratio
Answer: D
Q3) Using the average score to describe a sample is an example of inferential statistics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Frequency Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The normal distribution is an example of a symmetrical distribution.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A grouped frequency distribution table does not provide enough information to obtain a complete listing of the original set of scores.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) If a set of scores is displayed in a frequency distribution polygon,what scale of measurement was used to measure the scores?
A)Nominal or ordinal
B)Interval
C)Ratio
D)Interval or ratio
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mean is considered to be the "balance point" for a distribution because exactly half of the scores are located above the mean and exactly half are below the mean.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) One sample with n = 4 scores has a mean of M = 12,and a second sample with n = 6 scores has a mean of M = 8.If the two samples are combined,what is the mean for the combined set of scores?
A)4.8
B)9.6
C)10.0
D)19.2
Answer: B
Q3) Explain why it is necessary to have more than one standard procedure for defining and measuring central tendency.
Answer: No single method for measuring central tendency will produce a good,representative value in every situation.Although the mean works well in most situations,there are circumstances in which the mean is not representative or cannot be calculated.
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Chapter 4: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sample of n = 6 scores has SS = 30 and s² = 6.If the 6 scores were a population,the value of SS would still be 30,but the variance would be ² = 5.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A sample of n = 25 scores is selected from a population with a variance of ² = 16,and the variance is computed for the sample using n - 1.The sample variance probably will be smaller than 16.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Using the definitional formula,compute SS for the following population and then find the population variance and the standard deviation.Scores: 9,4,0,6,1,4
Q4) There is a 6-point difference between two sample means.If the two samples have the same variance,which of the following values would make the mean difference easiest to see in a graph showing the two distributions?
A)s<sup>2</sup> = 2
B)s<sup>2</sup> = 8
C)s<sup>2</sup> = 16
D)s<sup>2</sup> = 64
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Page 6
Chapter 5: z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized
Distributions
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Q1) For a sample with a standard deviation of s = 8,a score of X = 42 corresponds to z = -0.25.The mean for the sample is M = 40.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In a population with a standard deviation of = 5,a score of X = 44 corresponds to a z-score of z = 2.00.What is the population mean?
A)49
B)54
C)39
D)34
Q3) In a distribution with µ = 80 and = 20,a score of X = 95 corresponds to z = 1.50.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A population of scores with µ = 43 and = 8 is standardized to create a new population with µ = 50 and = 10.What is the new value for each of the following scores from the original population? Scores: 43,47,55,35
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the z-score value in a normal distribution is negative,the body is on the right-hand side of the distribution.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A normal distribution has a mean of µ = 100 with = 20.If one score is randomly selected from this distribution,what is the probability that the score will have a value between X = 90 and X = 120?
A)0.1498
B)0.4672
C)0.5328
D)0.2996
Q3) A vertical line drawn through a normal distribution at z = -0.50 separates the distribution into two sections.The proportion in the larger section is 0.6915.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The proportion in the body of a normal distribution can never be less than 0.50.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Samples: The Distribution of Sample Means
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Q1) Find the z-score for the sample mean for each of the following samples obtained from a population with µ = 50 and = 12.
A)M = 56 for a sample of n = 4
B)M = 42 for a sample of n = 9
C)M = 51 for a sample of n = 36
Q2) According to the central limit theorem,the standard error for a sample mean becomes smaller as the sample size increases.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A sample of n = 4 scores is selected from a population with = 50 and = 12.If the sample mean is M = 56,what is the z-score for this sample mean?
A)0.50
B)1.00
C)2.00
D)4.00
Q4) If a sample of n = 25 scores is selected from a normal population with µ = 100 and = 20,then the sample mean is expected to be around M = 100.Find the exact range of values that will contain the sample mean 80% of the time.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Sample Questions
Q1) A two-tailed hypothesis test is being used to evaluate a treatment effect with = .05.If the sample data produce a z-score of z = -2.24,what is the correct decision?
A)Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the treatment has no effect
B)Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the treatment has an effect
C)Fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the treatment has no effect
D)Fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the treatment has an effect
Q2) What is measured by the denominator of the z-score test statistic?
A)A likely distance between M and µ that would be expected if H0 was true
B)The actual distance between M and µ
C)The position of the sample mean relative to the critical region
D)Whether or not there is a significant difference between M and µ
Q3) In a research report,the term significant result means that the null hypothesis was rejected.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the t Statistic
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sample of n = 4 scores with SS = 48 has a variance of s² = 16 and an estimated standard error of 2.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If other factors are held constant,how does sample size influence the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis and measures of effect size such as r² and Cohen's d?
A)A larger sample increases both the likelihood and measures of effect size.
B)A larger sample increases the likelihood but has little influence on measures of effect size.
C)A larger sample decreases the likelihood but has little influence on measures of effect size.
D)A larger sample decreases both the likelihood and measures of effect size.
Q3) A sample of n = 16 scores produces a t statistic of t = 2.00.If the sample is used to measure effect size with r²,what value will be obtained for r²?
A)r² = 2/20
B)r² = 4/20
C)r² = 2/19
D)r² = 4/19
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Chapter 10: The t Test for Two Independent Samples
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Sample Questions
Q1) An independent-measures research study with n = 5 participants in each treatment produces sample variances of 8 and 10,and a 2-point difference between the two treatment means.What is the value of Cohen's d?
A)2/2
B)2/3
C)2/9
D)2/18
Q2) The narrower the confidence interval,the more precise it is.With this in mind,which combination of factors will produce the most precise estimate of the difference between two population means?
A)Two samples of n = 20 and 80% confidence
B)Two samples of n = 20 and 90% confidence
C)Two samples of n = 50 and 80% confidence
D)Two samples of n = 50 and 90% confidence
Q3) An independent-measures study has M = 49 and M = 45 with an estimated standard error of 4.For this study,Cohen's d = 4/4 = 1.00.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The t Test for Two Related Samples
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Q1) For the following data from a repeated-measures study:
a.Find the difference scores
b.Calculate MD and the variance for the difference scores
c.Calculate the estimated standard error for the mean difference \[\begin{array}{l}
\text { Subject Treatment } 1 \text { Treatment } 2\\ \begin{array} { r r r }
\text { A } & 12 & 14 \\
\text { B } & 6 & 16 \\
\text { C } & 8 & 10 \\
\text { D } & 9 & 11
\end{array}
\end{array}\]
Q2) A research report describing the results from a repeated-measures t test states that "t(22)= 1.71, p > .05." From this report,what was the outcome of the hypothesis test?
A)Reject the null hypothesis with a sample of n = 23 participants
B)Fail to reject the null hypothesis with a sample of n = 23 participants
C)Reject the null hypothesis with a sample of n = 22 participants
D)Fail to reject the null hypothesis with a sample of n = 22 participants
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) A research report presents the results of an independent-measures ANOVA as follows:
F(3,28)= 5.36,p < .01.The research study used a total of 31 participants.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In an analysis of variance,which of the following is not true?
A)SStotal = \(S S _ { \text {between } }\) + \(\text { SSwithin }\)
B)dftotal = \(d f _ { \text {between } }\) + \(d f _ { \text {within } }\)
C)MStotal = MSbetween + MSwithin
D)All three choices are true.
Q3) Describe the circumstances in which post hoc tests are used,and explain why these tests are necessary.
Q4) A researcher reports an F-ratio with df = 1,24 for an independent-measures experiment.If all the treatments had the same number of participants,then how many individuals were in each treatment?
A)11
B)12
C)13
D)14
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Chapter 13: Repeated-Measures and Two-Factor Analysis of Variance
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Q1) A repeated-measures experiment compares three treatment conditions with a sample of n = 10 participants.If the data are analyzed with ANOVA,the analysis would have df = _____.
A)27
B)28
C)29
D)30
Q2) In a two-factor experiment with 2 levels of factor A and 2 levels of factor B,three of the treatment means are essentially identical and one is substantially different from the others.What result(s)would be produced by this pattern of treatment means?
A)A main effect for factor A
B)A main effect for factor B
C)An interaction between A and B
D)The pattern would produce main effects for both A and B, and an interaction.
Q3) A two-factor analysis of variance with 2 levels of factor A and 3 levels of factor B involves six separate hypothesis tests.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Correlation and Regression
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Sample
Questions
Q1) What would the scatter plot show for data that produce a Pearson correlation of r = +0.88?
A)Points clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right
B)Points clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right
C)Points widely scattered around a line that slopes up to the right
D)Points widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right
Q2) Which correlation should be used to measure the relationship between gender and grade point average for a group of college students?
A)Pearson correlation
B)Spearman correlation
C)Point-biserial correlation
D)Phi-coefficient
Q3) The scatter plot for a set of X and Y values shows the data points clustered in a nearly perfect circle.For these data,what is the most likely value for the Pearson correlation?
A)A positive correlation near 0
B)A negative correlation near 0
C)Either positive or negative near 0
D)A value near +1.00 or -100
Q4) Compute the Pearson correlation for the following data.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of
Fit and Independence
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Q1) A sample of n = 100 people is classified into four categories.If the results are evaluated with a chi-square test for goodness of fit,what is the df value for the chi-square statistic?
A)3
B)4
C)99
D)100
Q2) A researcher would like to test the claim that 9 out of 10 doctors prefer Brand X.A sample of 60 doctors is obtained and each is asked to compare Brand X with another leading brand.The data show that 48 of the doctors picked Brand X.If these data are evaluated using a chi-square test for goodness of fit,what is the expected frequency for Brand X?
A)6
B)12
C)48
D)54
Q3) A chi-square test should not be used if any expected frequency is less than five.
A)True
B)False
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