Behavioral Research Methods
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Behavioral Research Methods is a comprehensive course that explores the fundamental techniques and principles used to investigate human behavior scientifically. Students will learn about research design, ethical considerations, data collection methods including experiments, surveys, observational studies, and case studies and statistical analysis. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking and analytical skills necessary to interpret and evaluate psychological research. The course provides practical experience in formulating research questions, designing studies, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings, preparing students for advanced study or professional work in the behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding Research 2nd Edition by W. Lawrence Neuman
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Why Do Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Exploratory research is typically conducted______in the learning process. Answer: early
Q2) Research is an ongoing process,building on______.
Answer: past/present research
Q3) An "argument" used in the research context means a set of logically connected statements that end with a logical conclusion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Dr.Wells is very interested in the smoking habits of gamblers and has decided to do a field study where she observes and surveys various gamblers over a period of time.What type of data collection and research technique do you think that she is using? If Dr.Wells publishes her study,what types of additional studies might be generated (be creative,think of other studies that might go well with smokers and gambling)?
Answer: Qualitative data collection technique,ethnographic field research.Other studies might look at gamblers with lung cancer,smokers with tendencies for other addictions,high risk behavior,bankruptcy and smokers,etc.
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Chapter 2: Planning a Study
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Sample Questions
Q1) Spuriousness is
A)the dependent variable.
B)the independent variable.
C)the cause of both the independent and dependent variables.
D)something that should be encouraged in all research.
Answer: C
Q2) Using ______ data,a researcher rearranges,examines,and discusses numbers by using charts,tables,and statistics to see patterns.
Answer: quantitative
Q3) A study that is deductive starts with evidence and then slowly builds toward generalizations or summary ideas.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Grounded theory has nothing to do with electricity and grounding circuits.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q5) _______ are something in which we see a regularity,structure,or form.
Answer: Patterns
4
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Chapter 3: Becoming an Ethical Researcher
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is untrue? The Milgram Obedience study
A)came about because Milgram wanted to learn how ordinary people could have carried out the horrors of the Holocaust under the Nazis.
B)was an experiment that used electrical shocks that were supposedly administered to pupils.
C)is an example of a study that used deception.
D)is held up as the most ethical experiment ever conducted.
Answer: D
Q2) Special populations,also called vulnerable populations,include people who may not be fully capable of giving consent freely.Which of the following is NOT a special population?
A)the homeless
B)prisoners
C)students
D)women with red hair
Answer: D
Q3) What is the difference between research fraud and plagiarism?
Answer: Research fraud is deception or lying about data or a study,while plagiarism is stealing someone else's ideas or writings.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher might use purposive sampling by
A)using snowball sampling.
B)getting a broad overview of sources.
C)picking subjects he meets on the street.
D)selecting cases from a specific,difficult-to-reach population.
Q2) Random-digit dialing
A)means that the researcher uses different fingers when dialing numbers.
B)compounds the problems of telephone directories.
C)nets many disconnected or non-operating numbers.
D)requires caller-ID.
Q3) What is random-digit dialing?
Q4) ______ samples possible telephone numbers using computer-based random sampling.
Q5) First thing that a researcher needs to do when using random sampling is
A)locate the exact selected elements.
B)develop an accurate sampling frame.
C)call sample numbers.
D)do calculations.
Q6) ________ is the ratio of the sample size to the size of the target population.
Q7) What are the three steps in quota sampling?
Q8) Probability samples are the same as______. Page 6
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Page 7
Chapter 5: Measuring Social Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n)______ scale offers a statement or questions,and participants indicate their response with a set of answer choices,such as strongly agree,agree,disagree,or strongly disagree.
Q2) This type of measurement indicates a difference among categories,and the categories can be ordered or ranked.If a student earned an "A",that measurement would be a(n)________ measurement.
A)nominal
B)ratio
C)interval
D)None of these answers are correct.
Q3) Discuss reliability and validity in qualitative research.
Q4) The simplest one of these is a visual rating.These are used to create measures of variables,what are these?
A)thermometer
B)telescope
C)scale
D)weight
Q5) What is the difference between mutually exclusive and exhaustive attributes?
Q6) Differentiate scale versus index.
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Q7) _______ means that all items of an index or scale measure the same concept.
Chapter 6: The Survey
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Q1) What three questions does a researcher ask in the start-up stage?
Q2) What three ethical issues should be considered in administering surveys?
Q3) A mail questionnaire format limits the kinds of questions that a researcher can use.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher faces three survey question sequence issues: how to organize,how to reduce question order effects,and how to control researcher bias.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A respondent reacted very hostilely to a question on a Dr.Van Offer's study survey.Dr.Van Offer believes that the respondent's reaction may have impacted the answers on the whole survey.This reaction is most likely attributable to a problem with the question called ______.
Q6) What are the pros and cons of open- versus closed-ended questions?
Q7) Previous questions on a survey tend to influence later ones in two ways;one way is the respondent's own response and the other is the ______.
Q8) What is the difference between an opinion poll and a survey?
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Chapter 7: The Experiment
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Q1) ______ experimental design has random assignment,a pretest and a posttest,an experimental group,and a control group.
Q2) Discuss external validity.Name two threats that might weaken external validity.
Q3) Three major areas of technique for carrying out effective experiments are
A)planning,instructions to participants,and post experiment interviews.
B)discussion,field experiments,and Hawthorne Effect.
C)paper,computer,and PDAs.
D)internal validity,external validity,and Hawthorne Effect.
Q4) In general,social experiments are better for narrowly targeted short-term micro-level concerns than for complex macro-level issues in which many factors work together.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A threat that might weaken external validity is
A)artificial setting.
B)maturation.
C)testing.
D)history.
Q6) Discuss ethical considerations and deception in conducting experiments.
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Q7) Two-group posttest-only design has all parts of ______ design except pretest.
Chapter 8: Research With Non-Reactive Measures
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Q1) To operationalize variables in content analysis,a researcher creates a(n)______ system.
Q2) What challenge(s)does a researcher face in doing existing statistics research?
A)the cost of data
B)turning variables into questions
C)the ability to locate participants
D)None of these answers are correct.
Q3) A limitation of physical evidence measures is that they are indirect.What does this mean?
Q4) When a researcher uses excessive detail in expressing a number or statistics report to give the impression of scientific rigor,he may be adding information that is not accurate.For example,using 1,899,312 to express population in a city instead of using 1.9 million people.This data quality limitation is known as A)reliability.
B)validity.
C)topic knowledge.
D)fallacy of misplaced concreteness.
Q5) Describe three limitations to content analysis.
Q6) List four types of nonreactive quantitative research techniques.
Page 11
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Chapter 9: Making Sense of the Numbers
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Q1) Covariance means to vary together.What is the opposite of covariance in a bivariate relationship?
A)scattergram
B)anticovariance
C)univariance
D)statistical independence
Q2) This measure is the most comprehensive measure of variability,giving an "average" difference between all scores and the mean.It is called what?
A)median
B)standard deviation
C)Z-score
D)mode
Q3) After coding,a researcher needs to
A)write the research paper.
B)design a new trial.
C)finish the research.
D)clean the data.
Q4) This coefficient tells the researcher the size and direction of effects in multiple regression analysis and is known as the ______ coefficient.
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Chapter 10: Observing People in Natural Settings
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Sample Questions
Q1) In getting organized for a field study a researcher begins the process with a narrow question or specific hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A type of field sampling where events occur over and again the same way is called ______ sampling.
Q3) Mr.Marsh is a poor notetaker.What suggestion might be most helpful for him while doing his field research?
A)Make a few notes in the field and immediately after write down all his memories.
B)Don't take any notes;just start writing the paper right away.
C)In 10-minute increments alternate notetaking and observing over and over again.
D)Hire a secretary to accompany him into the field.
Q4) What is the most common ethical issue in field research?
A)deceit
B)confidentiality
C)privacy
D)gossip
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13
Chapter 11: Looking at the Past and Across Cultures
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Q1) If a researcher uses very different ways of measuring across different cultures,what type of equivalence is he using?
A)measurement equivalence
B)contextual equivalence
C)lexicon equivalence
D)metric equivalence
Q2) Historical-comparative researchers often examine and integrate data from two different scales,the small-scale level and the large-scale level.What is another name for the two scales?
Q3) Field and historical-comparative research have five similarities.Name three of them.
Q4) ______ equivalence is being able to apply the same concept across different cultures or historical eras.
Q5) To be classified as history,an event must have happened at least ______ years ago.
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Chapter 12: Writing a Research Report
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Q1) Research report style
A)refers to the type of words,length and form of sentences,and pattern of paragraphs.
B)is the same as research report content.
C)takes precedence over everything else in the research report.
D)is the same as the report tone.
Q2) ______ creates a link between a rapid flow of ideas in the mind and writing.The idea is to get ideas on paper as quickly as possible to get and keep the creative juices or ideas flowing.
Q3) Discuss three reasons for returning to the literature after completing data collection and analysis.
Q4) ______ are announcements by a funding source that it seeks research proposals to fund.
Q5) Professional writers suggest that one should know their audience when writing. A)True B)False
Q6) Field research reports rarely follow a fixed format with standard sections. A)True B)False
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