Behavioral Interventions Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the principles and application of behavioral interventions aimed at promoting positive behavioral change across diverse settings. Students will learn about the theoretical foundations of behavior analysis, including operant and classical conditioning, and how to design, implement, and evaluate evidence-based interventions. Key topics include functional behavior assessment, intervention planning, data collection, and ethical considerations in behavioral practice. Through case studies and applied projects, students will develop practical skills in addressing behavioral challenges in educational, clinical, and community contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 6th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) The amount of time it takes a worker to complete a task would be an example of what dimension of behavior?
A)frequency
B)intensity
C)duration
D)latency
Answer: C
Q2) What dimension of behavior is a measure of how much force is involved in the behavior?
A)latency
B)frequency
C)duration
D)intensity Answer: D
Q3) Who is credited with laying the foundation of behavior modification?
A)Freud
B)Skinner
C)Watson
D)Pavlov Answer: B
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Chapter 1: A: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Q1) Why does behavior modification focus on changing current environmental variables rather than past events to change behavior?
Answer: Although information of past events is useful,knowledge of current controlling variables will be most useful for developing effective behavior modification interventions because you can only change events in the current environment as part of a behavior modification intervention.
Q2) Alex likes to drive faster than the speed limit.Alex's behavior of driving too fast is an example of a:
A) behavioral risk
B) behavioral deficit
C) behavioral excess
D) behavioral intention
Answer: C
Q3) Who is credited with laying the foundation of behavior modification?
A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Watson
D) Pavlov
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Q1) When the process of recording a behavior causes the behavior to change,even before any treatment is implemented,it is called:
A)observer bias
B)observational influence
C)reactivity
D)recording error
Answer: C
Q2) A good behavioral definition of a behavior involves:
A)a label for the behavior
B)a description of what the person says and does
C)reference to the person's motivation
D)a statement of the intention of the person engaging in the behavior
Answer: B
Q3) When observing and recording behavior,the observer:
A)can be the person engaging in the behavior
B)can be a person other than the person engaging in the behavior
C)must be present when the behavior occurs
D)all of these
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 2: A: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Q1) A good behavioral definition requires you to make inferences about internal states or motivation of the individual.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A teacher wants to develop a behavior recording plan that she intends to use with one of her students.The teacher's first step would be:
A) deciding who will do the recording
B) determining where and when the recording will occur
C) defining the target behavior
D) choosing a recording method
Q3) What is it called when two observers record the same behavior of the same person during the same time period and compare the results of their recording?
Q4) Calculate interobserver agreement for the interval recording of observer A and B.___________
Q5) Assessment that relies on information from interviews and questionnaires is called _________________________ assessment.
Q6) What is the percentage of intervals scored by observer A? ______________
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Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Q1) In a ______________ design,baseline and treatment conditions (or two treatment conditions)are conducted in rapid succession and compared with each other.
A)multiple baseline
B)alternating treatments
C)changing criterion
D)all of these
Q2) In which research design is treatment staggered over time?
A)A-B-A-B
B)alternating treatments
C)changing criterion
D)multiple baseline
Q3) In a __________________ design,the same behavior of the same subject is being recorded in baseline and treatment phases in two or more different settings,and treatment is staggered across the settings.
A)multiple baseline across settings
B)multiple baseline across behaviors
C)multiple settings
D)A-B-A-B
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Chapter 3: A: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Q1) In an A-B design,A= _________ and B= __________.
Q2) A teacher records the biting behavior of a child before and after treatment is implemented.This is an example of a(n)____________ design.
A) A-B-A-B
B) A-B
C) Multiple-baseline
D) Alternating treatments
Q3) In behavior modification,the main way to document behavior change is through the use of a(n):
A) graph
B) questionnaire
C) interview
D) statistical analysis
Q4) When you demonstrate that a behavior modification procedure caused a behavior to change,you are demonstrating a functional relationship.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A ________ is a visual representation of the occurrence of a behavior over time.
Q6) Does the A-B design demonstrate a functional relationship? Why or why not?
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Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Q1) An abolishing operation (AO):
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a behavior less likely
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
Q2) A behavior that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement is called (n)_______________.
A)conditioned response
B)unconditioned response
C)operant behavior
D)conditioned stimulus
Q3) In which schedule of reinforcement does a reinforcer get delivered when a response occurs after a period of time?
A)ratio schedule
B)continuous reinforcement schedule
C)interval schedule
D)discontinuous reinforcement schedule
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9
Chapter 4: A: Reinforcement
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Q1) Timmy swears whenever his mom makes broccoli for dinner.Timmy's mom always sends him to his room without dinner when he swears.As a result,Timmy is more likely to swear when his mom makes broccoli.This is an example of:
A) positive reinforcement
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) extinction
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an example of an unconditioned reinforcer?
A) food
B) water
C) money
D) escape from extreme heat
Q3) Which schedule of reinforcement produces high,steady rates of responding with very little interruption after delivery of the reinforcer?
A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval
Q4) A(n)_________________ increases the potency of a reinforcer.
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Chapter 5: Extinction
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Q1) Resistance to extinction means that
A)caregivers do not want to use extinction
B)extinction is no longer implemented
C)the behavior persists once extinction is implemented
D)the behavior decreases rapidly once extinction is implemented
Q2) In extinction,what occurs following the behavior?
A)the reinforcer is withheld
B)the reinforcer is delivered
C)negative reinforcement occurs
D)the person is told to stop the behavior
Q3) When a behavior is decreased with extinction but later occurs again,the phenomenon is called:
A)spontaneous recovery
B)reinstatement
C)spontaneous renewal
D)reinforcement
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11
Chapter 5: A: Extinction
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Q1) Ignoring the behavior amounts to extinction only when the behavior is:
A) occurring excessively
B) negatively reinforced
C) reinforced by attention
D) not severe
Q2) Define extinction (be sure to include all three components of the definition).
Q3) Which of the following factors does NOT influence the extinction process?
A) the schedule of reinforcement before extinction
B) reinforcement after extinction
C) the frequency of the behavior
D) B and C
Q4) ____________________ reinforcement prior to extinction makes the behavior less resistant to extinction.
Q5) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an extinction burst?
A) unreinforced behavior may briefly increase
B) emotional responses may occur
C) behavior becomes resistant to reinforcement
D) novel behaviors may occur
Q6) In extinction of a behavior that was positively reinforced,the _____________________ is no longer delivered following the behavior.
Page 12
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Q1) In negative punishment,a stimulus is ____________ following the behavior and the behavior is weakened (less likely to occur in the future).
A)provided
B)increased
C)added
D)removed
Q2) While changing a light bulb,Martha stuck her finger in the light socket and got a shock.As a result,she never again put her finger in a light socket.This is an example of:
A)positive reinforcement
B)positive punishment
C)negative punishment
D)extinction
Q3) An abolishing operation:
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a punisher less potent
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
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13
Chapter 6: A: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Extreme cold and extreme levels of auditory stimulation are examples of:
A) conditioned punishers
B) conditioned reinforcers
C) unconditioned punishers
D) unconditioned reinforcers
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a problem with using punishment in behavior modification?
A) it can lead to escape behaviors
B) it may evoke emotional reactions
C) it may be negatively reinforcing
D) it is used to harm individuals
Q3) In behavior modification,a punisher is defined by its:
A) effect on the behavior it follows
B) intended purpose
C) effect on the behavior it precedes
D) severity
Q4) Punishment does not involve an extinction burst.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Punishment is defined as_________________ .
Page 14
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Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) An antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior is not reinforced is a(n):
A)S-delta
B)reinforcer
C)discriminative stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus
Q2) A behavior is more likely to occur when a specific antecedent stimulus is present.What principle does this describe?
A)stimulus control
B)situation control
C)situation awareness
D)all of these
Q3) An S<sup>D</sup> ______________ a behavior.
A)evokes
B)reinforces
C)punishes
D)extinguishes
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Chapter 7: A: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) When Mark swears around his friends they laugh,but when he swears around his parents they ground him.As a result,Mark is less likely to swear when his parents are around.Mark's behavior of not swearing around his parents is a result of:
A) discrimination training
B) generalization
C) reinforcement
D) A and C
Q2) As a result of stimulus discrimination training,the presence of the discriminative stimulus:
A) signals that the behavior will be reinforced
B) signals that the behavior will not be reinforced
C) causes an alternative behavior to occur
D) A and C
Q3) What are the 2 steps involved in stimulus discrimination training?
Q4) A stimulus that precedes a behavior is referred to as a(n)________________.
Q5) When the stop light turns green,you go and when it is red,you don't go.The red light acts as a(n)__________ for going and the green light acts as a(n)________________ for going.
Q6) How is stimulus control developed?
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Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Q1) An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n):
A)discriminative stimulus
B)conditioned response
C)unconditioned response
D)operant behavior
Q2) Pavlov paired the sound of a metronome with meat powder in a dog's mouth.As a result,the dog started salivating to the sound of the metronome.Later,Pavlov presented the metronome without the meat powder.Eventually,the dog quit salivating when it heard the metronome.Days later when the dog heard the metronome again,it salivated again.This is an example of:
A)higher order conditioning
B)stimulus control
C)resurgence
D)spontaneous recovery
Q3) When food is in the mouth the person salivates.This is an example of:
A)a US and a UR
B)a US and a CR
C)a CS and a CR
D)a CS and a UR
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Chapter 8: A: Respondent Conditioning
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Q1) Backward conditioning is most likely to result in respondent conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q2) CERs are always negative.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus it is referred to as ____________ conditioning.
A) backward
B) forward
C) delay
D) trace
Q4) For respondent conditioning to be most effective,the US should _____________ (precede / follow)the NS.
Q5) In respondent extinction,the CS occurs without the US and eventually the CS no longer elicits a CR.
A)True
B)False
Q6) List 5 factors that influence respondent conditioning.
Q7) Define respondent extinction.
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Chapter 9: Shaping
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Q1) When you use extinction for the previous approximation during shaping,_______________ occurs and novel behaviors emerge.You then reinforce one of the novel behaviors that is a closer approximation to the target behavior.
A)a discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)intermittent reinforcement
D)an extinction burst
Q2) ________________ is defined as differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior.
A)shaping
B)discrimination training
C)stimulus control
D)intermittent reinforcement
Q3) In the example in the book,which variation of shaping was used to get Mrs.F to walk again after her hip replacement surgery?
A)generating a novel behavior
B)reinstating a previously exhibited behavior
C)changing some dimension of an existing behavior
D)all of these
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Chapter 9: A: Shaping
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Q1) Conditioned reinforcers are useful when using shaping because they:
A) enable rapid delivery of reinforcers
B) are more powerful than unconditioned reinforcers
C) prevent satiation from occurring
D) A and C
Q2) Which of the following behavior is least likely to be developed through shaping?
A) driving a car
B) a child showing off to his friends
C) a child engaging in long and loud tantrum behavior
D) a spouse arguing loudly
Q3) Reinforcement and punishment are the two principles involved in shaping.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Intermittent reinforcement is used during shaping.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why is it important to move from reinforcing one approximation to the next approximation at a proper pace?
Q6) ______________ is the starting behavior in the process of using shaping to develop language in a young child.
Page 20
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Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) What is the gradual elimination of a prompt as the behavior continues to occur in the presence of the S<sup>D</sup>?
A)prompting
B)fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
Q2) You are using a computer program to help study for your behavior modification exam.The program has flash cards with a term and its definition.When the term is shown,you click the button to see the definition.This allows you to say the correct definition of the term.Each time you click the button to see the definition,the program shows you less and less of the definition.Eventually you have to define the term without seeing any of the definition.This is an example of:
A)prompting
B)stimulus fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
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Chapter 10: A: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) Prompts are used to get the correct behavior to occur so it can be reinforced.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is most-to-least prompting and fading?
Q3) What is fading?
Q4) A ____________ prompt is the least intrusive and a ____________ prompt is the most intrusive.
A) verbal ;physical
B) gestural ;modeling
C) modeling ;physical
D) gestural ;verbal
Q5) The two major categories of prompts are ___________ prompts and ___________ prompts.
Q6) Which of the following is NOT a method of transferring stimulus control?
A) prompt fading
B) prompt satiation
C) prompt delay
D) stimulus fading
Q7) In the prompt delay procedure,you present the ____________,wait 4 seconds and present the prompt.
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Q1) You can conduct a task analysis by:
A)observing a competent person engaging in the task
B)asking an expert who performs the task well
C)performing the task yourself and recording each of the S<sup>D</sup>s and responses.
D)all of these
Q2) ________________ is a chaining procedure in which you use prompting and fading to teach the first behavior in the chain first.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q3) ________________ is a chaining procedure in which you use prompting and fading to teach the last behavior in the chain first.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
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Chapter 11: A: Chaining
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a chaining procedure?
A) backward chaining
B) forward chaining
C) total task presentation
D) contingency chaining
Q2) In which of the following situations would it be inappropriate to use chaining?
A) behavioral acquisition
B) an individual is currently not capable of completing a task
C) noncompliance
D) A and B
Q3) A complex behavior that is made up of many component behaviors that occur together in a sequence is called a(n)_____________.
Q4) Which of the following is true concerning the similarities between forward and backward chaining and total task presentation?
A) all are used to teach chains of behaviors
B) all require completion of a task analysis
C) all involve the use of prompting and fading
D) all of these
Q5) List 3 different ways to conduct a task analysis.
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) When does in situ training take place?
A)before instructions and modeling
B)after instructions and modeling
C)immediately after a behavioral skills training session
D)when the learner fails to use the skills during and in situ assessment
Q2) What is an important aspect of modeling?
A)the model should have similarity to the learner or high status
B)the model's behavior should result in a successful outcome
C)the model's behavior should occur in the proper context
D)all of these
Q3) What is a benefit of rehearsal in behavioral skills training?
A)it lets the teacher know if the learner can engage in the correct behavior
B)it provides an opportunity to reinforce the behavior
C)it provides an opportunity to assess and correct errors that may occur.
D)all of these
Q4) Which is NOT an important characteristic of instructions?
A)instructions should be given when the learner is paying attention
B)instructions should be complex so they convey the most information
C)instructions should be delivered by someone with credibility
D)all of these
25
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Chapter 12: A: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) Which of the following is (are)true concerning the component of modeling?
A) the learner must have an imitative repertoire
B) it is usually sufficient to produce long term change
C) it may be live or symbolic
D) A and C
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true concerning the use of feedback?
A) feedback should be given immediately after the behavior
B) feedback should involve praise for some aspect of the behavior
C) corrective feedback should be given before praise
D) feedback should be descriptive
Q3) A teacher shows students a film demonstrating what they should do in case of a fire.Which component of behavioral skills training involves demonstrating the correct behavior for the learner?
A) rehearsal
B) instruction
C) modeling
D) feedback
Q4) What are 4 components of behavioral skills training procedures?
Q5) Describe how modeling,instructions,rehearsal and feedback are a part of a three-term-contingency.
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning Assessments
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Q1) Using behavioral interviews or questionnaires to gather information of the antecedents and consequences of the problem behavior is which functional assessment method?
A)indirect
B)direct observation
C)in situ assessment
D)experimental (functional analysis)
Q2) The process of identifying the antecedents and consequences of a problem behavior is called:
A)functional assessment
B)behavior recording
C)functional relationship
D)experimental control
Q3) Which is NOT functional assessment method?
A)indirect methods
B)direct observation methods
C)functional relationship methods
D)experimental methods
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Chapter 13: A: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through Functioning Assessments
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Q1) If a problem behavior produces stimulation that is reinforcing,this is an example of _______________________ positive reinforcement.
Q2) You have just conducted a functional assessment for Larry's problem behaviors of hitting,screaming and kicking.You hypothesize that when Larry's dad is busy and Larry throws a tantrum,his dad reinforces his problem behaviors by sitting down and talking with him.What would you do to determine your hypothesis is correct?
Q3) The term functional analysis is synonymous with (means the same as):
A) functional assessment
B) experimental analysis
C) descriptive analysis
D) A and B
Q4) Respondent behavior is controlled by ___________ stimuli and operant behavior is controlled by ___________ and ___________.
Q5) A treatment plan can be derived from a functional assessment.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Interviews and questionnaires are examples of ___________ assessment methods.
Page 28
Q7) Experimental methods,also known as ___________ analysis,or ___________ analysis.
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Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Q1) In the case of Willy,female staff responded to his problem behavior with arguing and explaining (attention).What category of reinforcement does this represent?
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
Q2) When the behavior is positively reinforced,what happens after the behavior when you use extinction?
A)the person no longer gets the positive reinforcer following the behavior
B)the person no longer escapes from the aversive stimulus following the behavior
C)the person gets attention
D)the person gets escape
Q3) An extinction procedure should always be used in conjunction with a(n)______________ procedure.
A)reinforcement
B)stimulus control
C)in situ training
D)in situ assessment
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Chapter 14: A: Applying Extinction
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Q1) Extinction involves:
A) providing negative reinforcers for the behavior
B) providing punishers for the behavior
C) withholding the reinforcer for the behavior
D) A and C
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a consideration in the use of extinction?
A) maintaining consistency
B) ability to tolerate an extinction burst
C) eliminating the reinforcer for the behavior
D) presenting the reinforcer for the behavior
Q3) Extinction of a problem behavior will be more rapid when the behavior had been reinforced on a(an)____________ reinforcement schedule.
A) fixed interval
B) continuous
C) variable interval
D) intermittent
Q4) When the problem behavior is maintained by a(n) schedule,extinction will be more rapid.
Q5) Define extinction and provide an example.
Q6) What is sensory extinction? When would you use a sensory extinction procedure?
Page 31
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) In full session DRL:
A)the reinforcer is delivered if fewer than a specified number of responses occurs in the session
B)the reinforcer is delivered if a specified amount of time occurs between responses
C)the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the behavior
D)all of these
Q2) What two behavioral principles are involved in DRA?
A)reinforcement and stimulus control
B)continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement
C)reinforcement and extinction
D)social and automatic reinforcement
Q3) In the DRL procedure you reinforce _____________________________.
A)an alternative behavior
B)the absence of the problem behavior
C)a lower rate of the behavior
D)a lesser magnitude of the behavior
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Chapter 15: A: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) In spaced responding DRL,the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of a behavior after a time interval has passed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) DRA is an effective way to increase a desirable behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In a DRO procedure,the reinforcer is contingent on ___________.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a strategy used in identifying the reinforcer to use in the DRO procedure?
A) experimental manipulation of potential reinforcers
B) observing individuals to determine their preferences
C) selecting a stimulus that is reinforcing for most people
D) choosing the reinforcer that is maintaining the problem behavior
Q5) At what point during the implementation of DRO is the time interval increased?
A) when the problem behavior continues to occur at a high level
B) when the reinforcer is being delivered after most intervals
C) the time interval is not increased in DRO
D) A and B
Q6) Provide an example of DRO.
Page 33
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Which antecedent control procedure is used to evoke a desired behavior?
A)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
B)present an AO
C)present the S<sup>D</sup>
D)increase response effort
Q2) Which procedure is a functional intervention for problem behaviors?
A)extinction
B)differential reinforcement
C)antecedent control procedures
D)all of these
Q3) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it more likely that she would go to bed at 11:00 (and not stay up too late),Melissa got up early and no longer took a nap after work.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)increase response effort
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Chapter 16: A: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) How are extinction,differential reinforcement and antecedent manipulations functional?
Q2) Analyzing antecedent situations related to the desired and competing behaviors involves identifying:
A) the discriminative stimulus and cues for each behavior
B) the reinforcers for each behavior
C) the distinguishing stimulus for each behavior
D) all of these
Q3) Bill wants to increase the amount of water that he drinks each day,so he keeps a filled water bottle on his desk at work.Bill also sets his watch to beep every hour to remind him to take a drink of water.Which antecedent control strategy is Bill using to increase his desired behavior of drinking water?
A) removing the discriminative stimulus and cues
B) presenting the discriminative stimulus and cues
C) arranging establishing operations
D) increasing response effort
Q4) Antecedent control procedures are often used in conjunction with ___________.
Q5) Decreasing response effort for a behavior will make the behavior _______________ likely to occur.
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
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Q1) Johnny hit his sister while they were playing and as a result,his mother made him sit in a chair in the guest bedroom by himself for 5 minutes.What procedure is illustrated in this example?
A)exclusionary time-out
B)nonexclusionary time-out
C)response cost
D)extinction
Q2) ________________ is defined as the removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior?
A)time-out
B)extinction
C)response cost
D)response effort
Q3) ______________________ procedures are usually not the first choice of interventions for decreasing problem behaviors:
A)antecedent control
B)differential reinforcement
C)punishment
D)extinction
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Chapter 17: A: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
Cost
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Q1) The procedures of extinction,response cost,and time-out are similar in that they all:
A) are used to decrease problem behaviors
B) involve removing the individual from access to reinforcement following the behavior
C) involve removing the reinforcer that is maintaining the behavior
D) all of these
Q2) Taking a meal away from a child in a response cost procedure is an acceptable strategy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Time-out should be used when:
A) the reinforcer for the problem behavior is escape from a task
B) the time-in environment is not reinforcing
C) functional procedures have not been implemented
D) none of these
Q4) How are response cost,time-out and extinction different?
Q5) When should punishment procedures be considered?
Q6) Time-out is a _______________________ punishment procedure.
Q7) When is nonexclusionary time-out most likely to be used?
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Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of
Punishment
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Q1) In a ______________ procedure,when the person engages in a problem behavior in response to a demand,the person is guided physically through the requested activity (such as an educational task).
A)contingent exercise
B)positive practice
C)restitution
D)guided compliance
Q2) Two major categories of aversive events used in positive punishment are:
A)application of aversive activities,application of aversive stimuli
B)time out and response cost
C)application of painful stimuli,reinforcer loss
D)application of painful stimuli,application of aversive stimuli
Q3) ___________________ is a punishment procedure in which,contingent on a problem behavior,the change agent holds immobile the part of the client's body that is involved in the behavior.
A)contingent exercise
B)positive practice
C)physical restraint
D)guided compliance
38
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Chapter 18: A: Positive Punishment Procedures and the
Ethics of Punishment
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Q1) Which of the following is a form of overcorrection?
A) negative practice
B) restitution
C) contingent exercise
D) guided compliance
Q2) The person applying physical restraint should always interact with the client while using restraint.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Billy has a tantrum and dumps puzzle pieces on the floor.Billy not only has to pick up the puzzle pieces,but he also has to clean up the entire toy room.Which punishment procedure involves restoring the environment to a condition better than it was prior to the problem behavior?
A) positive practice
B) response cost
C) guided compliance
D) restitution
Q4) Application of aversive activities is based on what principle? ___________
Q6) How is compliance negatively reinforced in a guided compliance procedure? Page 39
Q5) In the positive practice procedure,the client has to engage in ___________.
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Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Questions
Q1) After teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel then went to the homes and put reminder signs in each room for the parents to read to make it more likely they will use the parenting skills.What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Incorporating common stimuli
B)Teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses
C)Providing cues in the natural environment
D)Incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization
Q2) If you want to promote generalized reductions in problem behaviors,you should:
A)conduct a functional assessment of the problem behavior
B)plan for generalization in advance
C)focus on functionally-equivalent behaviors to replace the problem behavior
D)all of these
Q3) In behavior modification,????????????????????_______________ is defined as the occurrence of the behavior in the presence of all relevant stimuli outside the training situation.
A)discrimination
B)reinforcement
C)generalization
D)discrimination training
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Chapter 19: A: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) A teacher is helping a withdrawn child to increase his interaction with other students.The teacher has the other children in the classroom smile and compliment the child when he talks to them.The teacher also instructs the other children not to laugh when the withdrawn child has problems speaking.Which strategy for promoting generalization is the teacher using?
A) modifying contingencies of reinforcement and punishment in the natural environment
B) training skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement
C) incorporating a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training
D) teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses
Q2) When reinforcing a behavior that occurs outside the training situation in the presence of relevant stimuli,the relevant stimuli develop ___________ over the behavior.
Q3) Functional intervention strategies that are used to decrease problem behaviors include all of the following except:
A) extinction
B) differential reinforcement
C) punishment
D) antecedent manipulations
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Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Q1) _______________ occurs when significant others in a person's life help the person succeed in a self-management program
A)reinforcement
B)prompting and fading
C)social support
D)behavioral contracting
Q2) Why might people smoke cigarettes even though it can lead to long term negative outcomes such as lung cancer?
A)there is immediate reinforcement for smoking
B)smoking takes little response effort
C)the response effort is greater for other behaviors that produce the same outcome
D)all of these
Q3) When a person uses behavior modification procedures to change his or her own behavior,the process is called _____________________.
A)applied behavior analysis
B)self-behavior modification
C)self-management
D)self-directed behavior modification
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Chapter 20: A: Self-Management
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Q1) In order to implement a self-management plan correctly,you must first:
A) select appropriate self-management strategies
B) define the target behavior
C) eliminate competing behaviors
D) set an achievable goal
Q2) When individuals use behavior modification procedures to change their own behavior it is referred to as:
A) contingency control
B) functional control
C) self-monitoring
D) self-management
Q3) Presenting an S<sup>D</sup> for the target behavior or arranging an EO for the target behavior are examples of ____________________ manipulations.
Q4) The immediate consequence of a behavior determines whether the behavior occurs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Goal setting involves writing down the ___________ of the target behavior and the ___________ for the occurrence of the behavior.
Q6) When does social support become a self-management strategy?
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Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) Which of these might be an acceptable competing response for nail biting?
A)grasping a pencil
B)keeping hands in pockets.
C)folding hands in lap
D)all of these
Q2) Nail biting,hair twirling or pulling,knuckle cracking,and thumb sucking are all examples of _____________.
A)nervous habits
B)motor tics
C)nervous tics
D)habit reversal
Q3) The involvement of significant others in the habit reversal treatment is called
A)motivation strategy
B)awareness training
C)competing response training
D)social support
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Chapter 21: A: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) Provide an example of a competing behavior for hair-pulling.
Q2) When the habit reversal procedure is applied to stuttering,the procedure is called
A) stuttering reversal
B) speech therapy
C) regulated breathing
D) stuttering regulation
Q3) Habit reversal works for nervous habits but not for tics.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In addition to habit reversal which of the following procedures have been found to be effective in decreasing habit behaviors?
A) DRO and response cost
B) DRO and social disapproval
C) DRO,response interruption and brief restraint
D) all of these
Q5) Habit disorders are ________________ behaviors.
Q6) It is believed that nervous habits serve to diminish ________________.
Q7) A behavior that is incompatible with the habit behavior is called a
Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Q1) What is true regarding the use of response cost in a token economy?
A)response cost is always used
B)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy starts with response cost
C)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy gets established and then response cost is added
D)response cost is not used in a token economy
Q2) In a token economy,a _______________ must be something tangible that can be delivered after each instance of the desirable behavior.
A)reinforcer
B)back-up reinforcer
C)token
D)contract
Q3) What should a change agent do each time he or she delivers a token?
A)nothing,just deliver the token
B)remind the client to keep engaging in the correct behavior
C)provide praise
D)all of these
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Chapter 22: A: The Token Economy
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Q1) The tokens that are selected for use in a token economy must be:
A) intangible
B) convenient to dispense
C) difficult to accumulate
D) available from outside sources
Q2) At the beginning of a token economy a (an)____________ reinforcement schedule is often used,and when the desirable behavior begins to occur more frequently a(an)____________ schedule of reinforcement is used to maintain the behavior.
A) intermittent;continuous
B) continuous;intermittent
C) variable interval;fixed interval
Q3) Training is necessary in the implementation of a token economy so that change agents are able to consistently:
A) discriminate each instance of the target behavior
B) delay the delivery of tokens after the target behavior occurs
C) implement response cost immediately before the problem behaviors occur
D) A and C
Q4) How does a token become a conditioned reinforcer?
Q5) In a token economy tokens are exchanged for _________________________.
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Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person writes a behavioral contract with a contract manager in which she agree to run 3 miles,five times per week.If she meets this goal,she will avoid the loss of $10 that she deposited.Each week she gets together with the contract manager and reports how many miles she ran each day and the contract manager implements the contingency.What is wrong with this contract?
A)$10 is too much money to include in the contingency
B)$10 is not enough money to put into the contingency
C)self-report of her daily running distance is not an adequate method for recording the behavior
D)money should not be used in a behavioral contract
Q2) What should the contract manager do if the contractee fails to engage in the target level of the behavior specified in the contract?
A)write another contract with more lenient goals
B)write another contract with harder goals
C)implement the contract contingencies as written
D)all of these
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Chapter 23: A: Behavioral Contracts
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Q1) Two party contracts are written between people who have some ________________ with each other.
Q2) In a behavioral contract,the negotiated consequences of the target behavior are:
A) immediate
B) delayed
C) non-contingent
D) nonspecific
Q3) Tommy writes a behavioral contract with his parents which states he can go to a movie on weekends if he completes his school assignments.During the week Tommy tells himself,"Do your assignments so you can go to a movie on the weekend." When Tommy makes this statement,it cues him to do his assignments.This is an example of ____________ behavior.
A) self-directed
B) rule-governed
C) guided
D) functional
Q4) Two types of two party contracts are ________________________ and __________________________.
Q5) Define a two party contract.
Q6) Provide an example of a one party contract and a two party contract.
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Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) What respondent behavior is involved in a fear?
A)autonomic nervous system arousal
B)escape and avoidance behavior
C)negative thinking
D)all of these
Q2) What operant behavior is involved in a fear?
A)autonomic nervous system arousal
B)escape and avoidance behavior
C)anxiety
D)all of these
Q3) ________________ produces relaxation by directing attention to a neutral or pleasant stimulus to remove the person's attention from the anxiety-producing stimulus.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
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Chapter 24: A: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) Zach sees a therapist to overcome his fear of heights.Zach learns to relax by focusing his attention on a pleasant stimulus,in order to remove his attention from the anxiety producing situation.In this example,Zach is using ____________ to produce relaxation.
A) behavioral relaxation training
B) attention-focusing exercises
C) systematic desensitization
D) in vivo desensitization
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true concerning fear?
A) respondent behavior is a component of fear
B) operant behavior is a component of fear
C) it is not always known how the fear developed
D) it must be known how the fear was conditioned to overcome the fear
Q3) The procedure of systematic desensitization is complete when:
A) relaxation is maintained while being exposed to each step of the hierarchy
B) relaxation is maintained while imagining each scene from the hierarchy
C) the entire fear hierarchy has been developed
D) the client has learned relaxation skills
Q4) How does focusing attention on the sensations of breathing help a person alleviate anxiety?
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) In__________________________,the therapist teaches clients specific self-statements that they can recite in a problem situation to improve their performance or influence their behavior in the situation.
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)acceptance-based therapies
Q2) _______________ are negative evaluations or interpretations of life events or logical errors in thinking that lead to negative mood or depressed behavior.
A)self-instructions
B)cognitive distortions
C)cognitive symbols
D)cognitive weaknesses
Q3) _______________ procedures are designed to replace specific maladaptive cognitive behaviors with more adaptive ones.
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)all of these
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Chapter 25: A: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) Paul shares his toys with other children and covertly tells himself,"Good job! You're a good person." These statements make it more likely that he will share his toys.In this example,Paul's cognitive behavior is functioning as a (n):
A) discriminative stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) reinforcing consequence
D) unconditioned response
Q2) Overgeneralization is an example of a label for a cognitive distortion.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which cognitive behavior modification procedure helps a person talk to himself to make desirable behavior more likely to occur?
A) cognitive therapy
B) cognitive restructuring
C) self-instructional training
D) A and B
Q4) Cognitive behavior modification for depression involves first getting the person to engage in more ________________.
Q5) List the 3 steps in cognitive restructuring.
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