Basic Statistics
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Course Introduction
Basic Statistics introduces foundational concepts and methods for collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data. Students will explore descriptive statistics, probability theory, and essential inferential techniques such as hypothesis testing and confidence intervals. The course emphasizes practical applications through problem solving and data-driven decision making, equipping learners with the analytical skills necessary for various academic and professional disciplines. Tools such as graphs, numerical summaries, and statistical software may also be integrated to support understanding and hands-on experience.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics 6th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics Its up to You
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Sample Questions
Q1) A population can be considered all of the occurrences with certain characteristics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) _______ is to a smaller group of data as population is to a larger group of data.
A)Micro group
B)Mini group
C)Micro data
D)Sample
Answer: D
Q3) In early times, once numbers became part of the human language, the next step was to attach numbers to _______.
A)outcomes
B)letters
C)places
D)time
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Sample Questions
Q1) What impact do extreme scores have on the median?
A)positive skew
B)negative skew
C)minimal impact
D)nullify the value
Answer: C
Q2) Why is the mean the most frequently used measure of central tendency?
Answer: When the distribution of scores is free of outliers (i.e., extreme scores), the mean tends to be the most precise measure of central tendency.
Q3) What is the symbol used to represent the mean?
A)N
B)n
C) \[\bar { x }\]
D)X
Answer: C
Q4) The nominal level can be the least precise level of measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) When computing the standard deviation, why are the deviations from the mean squared?
Answer: In order to compute the standard deviation (the average distance a score is from the mean), you need an average of the deviations.If you summed up the deviations from the mean, the sum would always be zero (arithmetic mean).By squaring the deviations, the negative signs disappear so that in the next step they can be summed without having the sum equal to zero, thus allowing the computations of the standard deviation to be completed.
Q2) How does a biased standard deviation differ from an unbiased standard deviation?
Answer: The biased standard deviation uses n in the denominator of its formula while the unbiased standard deviation uses n 1 in the denominator of its formula.The unbiased standard deviation is used so as to not underestimate the population standard deviation.
Q3) What is the variance for the following set of scores: 20, 24, 26, 22, 18, 16, 18?
A)12.95
B)3.60
C)6.55
D)24
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most basic way to illustrate data is through the creation of a histogram.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is a method of tallying and representing how often certain scores occur?
A)histogram
B)midpoint
C)frequency distribution
D)bar chart
Q3) What is the middle point of the class interval called?
A)median
B)mode
C)histogram
D)midpoint
Q4) A graph should communicate only one idea.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the process of creating a class interval.
Q6) A histogram conveys the same information that a frequency polygon does.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) If X decreases in value as Y decreases, what type of correlation exists?
A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)neutral correlation
D)no correlation
Q2) Which of the following correlations would be interpreted a moderate relationship?
A).25
B).35
C).45
D).65
Q3) If the correlation between two variables was equal to 0, the scatterplot between these two variables would be represented as ______.
A)a line sloping upward
B)a line sloping downward
C)a horizontal line
D)a vertical line
Q4) In the formula for the Pearson correlation coefficient, what is the difference between the sum of a set of values squared and the sum of the squared values?
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a total of 80 possible agreements, there are 60 times where Teacher A and Teacher B agreed on whether students in college checked their cellphone in the classroom.What is the interrater reliability coefficient?
A)1.33
B).80
C)25
D).75
Q2) The actual or measured score is called the _______.
A)true score
B)observed score
C)error score
D)real score
Q3) The more violent television programs an individual watches, the more likely the individual develops aggressive behavior.Watching violent television is ______.
A)a dependent variable
B)an independent variable
C)a mediation variable
D)an intervening variable
Q4) How do reliability and validity work together?
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The null hypothesis refers to the _______, whereas the research hypothesis refers to the _______.
A)sample; population
B)direction; sample
C)population; direction
D)population; sample
Q2) When writing a null hypothesis, what type of letters are used?
A)Arabic
B)Greek
C)Roman
D)Latin (English)
Q3) What are the two main categories of hypotheses?
A)null and research
B)null and sample
C)research and population
D)research and sample
Q4) What is the purpose of the research hypothesis?
Q5) What are four differences between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis?
Q6) Why is a representative sample important?
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the t score for a z score of 1?
A)10
B)40
C)50
D)60
Q2) Define asymptotic.
Q3) The percentages or areas under the normal curve can be interpreted as probabilities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are three characteristics of a normal curve?
Q5) Events that occur in the extremes of the normal curve have a very small probability of occurring.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Are distributions always normal?
Q7) Why is it important that the tails of a normal curve never touch the x-axis?
Q8) What does a z score of 4 mean?
Q9) What is a z score? Page 10
Q10) Why do we use standard scores?
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Page 11
Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define significance level.
Q2) If we reject the null hypothesis, it suggests that ______.
A)The obtained value is more extreme than the critical value.
B)The obtained value is smaller than the critical value.
C)The obtained value is the same as the critical value.
D)There is a difference between the obtained value and the critical value.
Q3) Under the normal curve, if the obtained value falls to the left of the critical value, what percentage of the normal curve did it fall under?
A)5%
B)10%
C)95%
D)100%
Q4) When we test differences between the mean scores of two unconnected groups, which of the following statistical techniques should we select?
A)regression
B)analysis of variance
C)independent-samples t-test
D)dependent-samples t-test
Q5) Can something be significant and not meaningful?
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely: The One Sample Z-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) An alternative hypothesis in a one-sample Z-test could be represented as follows:
A) \[H _ { 1 } : \bar { X } > \mu\]
B) \[H _ { 0 } : \bar { X } > \mu\]
C) \[H _ { 0 } : \bar { X } = \mu\]
D) \[H _ { 0 } : \bar { X } < \mu\]
Q2) If you have a population standard deviation of 7 and a sample size of 100, what is your standard error of the mean?
A) 3
B)7
C)10
D)0.7
Q3) If your sample mean is 25, your population average is 5, and your standard error of the mean is 10, what is your observed z value?
A)5
B)2.5
C) 2
D)2
Q4) What are the guidelines in using effect size?
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Page 13
Chapter 11: Tea for Two: Tests Between the Means of Different Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the effect size formula, what does X bar stand for?
A)the mean for Group 1
B)effect size
C)standard deviation
D)variance
Q2) In the formula that computes a t value, what does represent?
A)scores for Group 1
B)mean for Group 1
C)number of participants for Group 1
D)variance for Group 1
Q3) If you want to examine the difference among the average scores of three unrelated groups, which of the following statistical techniques should you select?
A)regression
B)dependent-samples t-test
C)analysis of variance
D)independent-samples t-test
Q4) If you have a sample size of 500, should you interpret the statistical significance or the effect size?
Q5) Why do we calculate effect size?
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Chapter 12: Tea for Two Again: Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following relates to the difference you expect when conducting a t-test?
A)hypothesized mean difference
B)Pearson correlation
C)observations
D)variance
Q2) When calculating a dependent-samples t-test, the order in which you input the posttest score and pretest score can change the t value.If you input the pretest first, the obtained value will be _______.
A)positive
B)negative
C)neutral
D)invalid
Q3) Which of the following formulas is used to calculate degrees of freedom for a dependent-samples t-test?
A)k 1
B)n 1
C)n(1)
D)k + 1
Q4) When considering a t-test for dependent samples, what is a D score?
15
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the next step after stating the null and research hypotheses in the computation of the F statistic?
A)setting the level of risk
B)selecting the appropriate test
C)computing the obtained value
D)stating research hypotheses
Q2) If your MSw th n is higher than your MSb tw n, your F value will be _______.
A)higher
B)lower
C)the same
D)one
Q3) Analysis of Variance refers to ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How is ANOVA similar to and different from a t-test?
Q5) Who is responsible for the invention of the F statistic?
A)Pearson Fisher
B)Karl Pearson
C)R.A.Fisher
D)R.A.Pearson
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of
Variancea Brief Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The number of main effects is equal to ______.
A)the number of dependent variables
B)the number of independent variables
C)the number of independent variables plus the number of interaction effects
D)the number of dependent variables minus the number of interaction effects
Q2) In the factorial ANOVA, subjects are measured ______.
A)only once
B)exactly twice
C)once or more
D)twice or more
Q3) Which of the following would be an example of a design that examines the effects of gender and SES (high SES and low SES) on a test of student achievement?
A)one-way ANOVA
B)2 × 2 ANOVA
C)multivariate ANOVA
D)3 × 2 ANOVA
Q4) The source table lists sources of variance in an analysis of variance.
A)True
B)False
Q5) When should you use a factorial ANOVA instead of a simple ANOVA?
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends Testing
Relationships Using Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a research hypothesis posits that there is a direct relationship between two variables, the test is _______.
A)one tailed
B)two tailed
C)negative
D)nondirectional
Q2) If a research hypothesis posits that there is a nondirect relationship between two variables, the test is _______.
A)one tailed
B)two tailed
C)negative
D)nondirectional
Q3) Write an example of a research hypothesis for a two-tailed t-test for the correlation coefficient.
Q4) In the equation r = .45, p < .05, what is the obtained value?
A).45
B)45
C).65
D)65
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why do we use and not Y in the regression equation?
Q2) Which of the following symbols is associated with the predicted score in the regression equation?
A)X
B) \(Y ^ { \prime }\)
C)a
D)b
Q3) Using the regression formula with a slope = .704 and an intercept = .719, what would the predicted college GPA be for a student whose current high school GPA = 3.2?
A)2.69
B)2.97
C)3.00
D)3.20
Q4) Based on the formula for a regression line, what does a represent?
A)known value of X
B)slope of a line
C)y-intercept
D)predictor score
Q5) What does a unique contribution mean for a variable?
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
CHI-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is used to compare the medians from two samples?
A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank test
C)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA
D)the sign test
Q2) A chi-square is calculated by dividing the total number of _______ by the number of _______.
A)occurrences; observations
B)observations; occurrences
C)occurrences; categories
D)categories; occurrences
Q3) What is the difference between a one-sample and a two-sample chi-square test?
Q4) In the result , what is ?
A)the observed value
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the chi-square statistic
Q5) How do you interpret = 18.9, p < .05?
Q7) What does the one-sample chi-square test determine? Page 20
Q6) How do nonparametric statistics differ from parametric statistics?
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Chapter 18: Some Other Important Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Q1) In data analysis, researchers often use a technique based on how well various items are related to one another and form clusters.What technique is this?
A)path analysis
B)logistic regression
C)factor analysis
D)meta-analysis
Q2) Researchers combine data from several studies to examine patterns and trends.What analysis is that?
A)path analysis
B)multiple regression
C)factor analysis
D)meta-analysis
Q3) In what type of ANOVA is there one factor on which participants are tested more than once?
A)analysis of covariance
B)repeated measures
C)multivariate analysis
D)path analysis
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Chapter 19: Data Mining: An Introduction to Getting the
Most Out of Your Big Data
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Q1) Not to anyone's surprise, there is an entire _________ devoted to data mining.
A)organization
B)society
C)profession
D)industry
Q2) If you created cross-tabulation tables, your tables would summarize _______ data.
A)reliable
B)ratio
C)categorical
D)ordinal
Q3) A pivot table is a special way to visualize and manipulate rows and columns as well as the contents of cells.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the meaning of "quants?"
A)qualitative
B)quantitative
C)quality
D)quantity
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Chapter 20: A Statistical Software Sampler
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Sample Questions
Q1) PSPP is an open-source variant of SPSS.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Minitab contains utilities that include ReportPad, which is a report generator.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to the text, what is one of the most important things to remember when buying a statistics software package?
A)buy direct from the manufacturer
B)try before you buy
C)always buy shareware
D)share software packages with friends
Q4) Which of the following statistical software packages is free?
A)PSPP
B)Minitab
C)SPSS
D)JMP
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Chapter
Sites for Statistics Stuff
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Q1) What is KhanAcademy?
A)a non-profit educational organization
B)the data and story library
C)SurfStat Australia
D)statistical reference datasets
Q2) You can find data sets through any of the following EXCEPT ______.
A)Statistical Reference Datasets
B)Numbers and More
C)U.S.Census Bureau
D)The Data and Story Library
Q3) What is the resource locator that we often call the "web address?"
A)WA
B)URL
C)Locator
D)Address
Q4) Which university's research guide's site has hundreds of resource links?
A)University of Florida
B)University of Newcastle, Australia
C)University of Michigan
D)Wikipedia
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Chapter 22: The Ten Commandments of Data Collection
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Q1) Once you get in the habit of _______ possible participants, it may become too easy to cut a sample down to too small a size.
A)welcoming
B)adding
C)removing
D)skipping
Q2) When you think about a research question, it is also important to think about the type of data you will have to collect to answer that question.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Never ______ the original data, such as the test booklets, interview notes, and so forth.
A)use
B)overuse
C)discard
D)destroy
Q4) Always make a duplicate copy of the data file.
A)True
B)False
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