Auditory Perception Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Auditory Perception explores the processes by which humans interpret and understand sound, from the physiological mechanisms of the ear to the psychological interpretation in the brain. The course covers topics such as sound localization, pitch and loudness perception, auditory scene analysis, speech and music perception, and the influence of experience and attention on auditory processing. Students will also examine disorders of auditory perception, approaches to auditory research, and applications in technology and communication. Through lectures, demonstrations, and hands-on projects, the course links foundational theories to practical issues in hearing and auditory cognition.
Recommended Textbook
Sensation and Perception 10th Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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15 Chapters
769 Verified Questions
769 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The method of limits takes into account the variability of human perception by_____.
A) consistently presenting subliminal stimuli to avoid bias
B) using deception to hide the true purpose
C) averaging the results of a number of trials
D) measuring brain activity concurrently
Answer: C
Q2) Which brain structure is responsible for creating perceptions and producing other "high" level functions such as language, memory, and thinking
A) brain stem
B) cerebral cortex
C) hypothalamus
D) occipital lobe
Answer: B
Q3) The physiological level of analysis involves the relationship between _____.
A) stimulus-and-physiology only
B) physiology-and-perception only
C) stimulus-and-perception only
D) both stimulus-and-physiology and physiology-and-perception
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) When visual pigments become bleached they are _____.
A) dead
B) fully regenerated
C) color sensitive
D) detached from the opsin
Answer: D
Q2) The difficulty of reading under dim light conditions can be explained by _____.
A) the increased sensitivity of cones under low light conditions
B) the increased acuity of cones under low light conditions
C) the fact that rod functioning predominates during dark adaptation, resulting in poor acuity
D) the fact that cone functioning predominates during dark adaptation, resulting in poor acuity
Answer: C
Q3) The visual pigment molecules are contained in the _____.
A) inner segments of the visual receptors
B) outer segments of the visual receptors
C) axons of the rods
D) axons of the cones
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Neural Processing
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Sample Questions
Q1) To measure _____, the experimenter decreases the intensity difference between the light bars and the dark bars until an observer can just barely detect the difference between the dark bars and the light bars.
A) Mach bands
B) contrast threshold
C) phase continuity
D) brightness constancy
Answer: B
Q2) Human lateral inhibition is most likely accomplished by _____.
A) end-stopped cells
B) extrastriate cells
C) bipolar cells
D) dissociative cells
Answer: C
Q3) Quiroga et al. (2008) studied sensory coding by _____.
A) ablation of the IT in humans
B) ablation of the FFA in humans
C) using implanted electrodes in the limbic system of college student volunteers
D) using implanted electrodes in the temporal lobe of epileptic patients
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Cortical Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the methods, results, and conclusions of Gauthier et al.'s "Greeble" research.
Q2) The _____ can be described as the electronic map of the retina on the cortex.
A) visual map
B) spatial map
C) retinotopic map
D) cortextual map
Q3) An electrode is placed in an orientation column that responds best to orientations of 45 degrees. The adjacent column of cells will probably best respond to orientations of
A) 5 degrees
B) 40 degrees
C) 90 degrees
D) 175 degrees
Q4) The primary deficit encountered by patient H.M. is best described as the inability to
A) discriminate between faces
B) perceive different line orientations
C) form new long-term memories
D) use information from the "where" pathway
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Chapter 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research has shown that an infant can visually recognize his/her mother's face from
A) the contrast between her eye color and face
B) her smile
C) the contrast between her hairline and forehead
D) her overall head shape
Q2) Describe two image-based factors that determine what area is seen as "figure" in an image with reversible figure-ground. Draw an example that demonstrates each factor.
Q3) Naselaris et al. (2009) developed the _____ decoder, which is used to make predictions about characteristics of a scene such as contrast and shape.
A) form
B) structural?
C) orientation?
D) semantic?
Q4) Explain how grouping and segregation work together to organize perception.
Q5) Describe the how Bayesian inference can be used to understand perception.
Q6) Describe the decoders developed by Naselaris et al. (2009), how they were established, and what they can be used for.
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Chapter 6: Visual Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Learning from past experience" as a factor involved in attention was demonstrated by Shinoda et al. (2001), who showed that drivers are more likely to detect stop signs when they were positioned _____.
A) at the middle of a block
B) 75 feet from the intersection
C) at the intersection
D) at random through a neighborhood
Q2) In Grimes' 1996 study, _____ of subjects failed to notice a 180-degree rotation of Cinderella's Castle at Disneyland.
A) 15%?
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 45%
Q3) Describe Posner et al.'s (1978) precueing procedure, the classic results obtained using this procedure, and the implications for attention theory.
Q4) Describe the "occluded rod" paradigm.
(b) Describe what it revealed about the relationship between perceptual completion, motion perception, attention, and scan paths in infants.
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8
Chapter 7: Taking Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) Individuals with damage to the parietal regions associated with reaching have difficulty with reaching tasks. An analysis of their reach "paths" reveals that the parietal region _____.
A) provides guidance for where to reach
B) calculates the distance required to reach for an object
C) is responsible for motor coordination
D) provides guidance for reaching and avoiding obstacles
Q2) Hamid et al. (2010) had participants navigate a maze while recording their eye movements. The maze contained landmarks on the walls at corners and at other positions that would not aid maze navigation. After participants learned the maze, the researchers removed half of the landmarks. The results of this study revealed that _____.
A) performance decreased when landmarks that had been viewedlongerwere removed
B) participants did not notice that the landmarks were missing and their performance was unaffected
C) participants had been relying on all landmarks to navigate
D) performance increased when non-informative landmarks were removed
Q3) Name and discuss two characteristics of optic flow.
Q4) Describe the role landmarks play in wayfinding.
Q5) Discuss the capacity of newborn infants to imitate facial expressions.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Perceiving Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pack and Born (2001) found that the combining of responses from V1 cells occurs after about ______ after presentation of the moving bars.
A) 1 msec
B) 20 msec
C) 140 msec
D) 900 msec
Q2) Discuss three types of illusory motion and provide an example of each.
Q3) Kourtzi and Kanwisher (2000) used fMRIs to show that "implied motion" stimuli cause
A) greater responses in the MT and MST than "no-implied motion" stimuli
B) less firing in the MT and MST than "no-implied motion" stimuli
C) less firing in the amygdala than the "house" pictures
D) the same amount of firing in the MST as "house" pictures
Q4) Newsome, Britten, and Movshon found that as the coherence between the dots' direction of movement increased, _____.
A) the MT neuron fired more rapidly
B) the monkey judged the direction of movement less accurately
C) the MT neuron fired less rapidly
D) the MT neuron fired at rates less than the level of spontaneous activity
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Chapter 9: Perceiving Color
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Sample Questions
Q1) Color matching experiments show that if a person with full color vision is given at least ____ wavelengths to mix together, the person can match any single wavelength.
A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
Q2) Bornstein et al. habituated a four-month-old infants to a 510 nm ("green") stimulus, then presented a 480nm ("blue") stimulus or a 540nm ("green") stimulus. The infants in this study dishabituated to _____
A) the 480 nm stimulus only
B) the 540 nm stimulus only
C) both of the 480nm and 540nm stimulus
D) neither the 480 nm nor the 540 nm stimulus
Q3) Adding more white to a color changes the color's _____.
A) hue
B) wavelength
C) brightness
D) saturation
Q4) Evaluate Newton's claim that the light "rays are not colored."
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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size
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Sample Questions
Q1) State and identify the components of the size-distance scaling equation.
(b) Specify how the size-distance scaling equation can explain the phenomenon: Emmert's Law; the Ames Room illusion and the Muller-Lyer illusion.
Q2) Myranda looks at a photograph of a truck. Which statement best describes how she will perceive this photograph?
A) She will always perceive a photograph of a real truck as being a real truck.
B) She will always perceive a photograph of a toy truck as being a toy truck.
C) She will perceive the toy truck as a toy truck if depth cues are eliminated.
D) Her perception of the size will depend on the known size of nearby objects.
Q3) _____ is the difference in the images in the two eyes; _____ is the impression of depth that results from this information.
A) Deletion; accretion
B) Accretion; deletion
C) Binocular disparity; convergence
D) Binocular disparity; stereopsis
Q4) Discuss the method, results, and implications of the Holway and Boring (1941) "hallway" experiment.
Q5) Describe the differences in how depth is perceived in cats, insects, and bats.
Q6) Discuss motion-based depth perception cues.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Hearing I: Basic Processes and Pitch Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a pregnant mother reads the original version of The Cat in The Hat aloud
While pregnant, which version of The Cat in The Hat would the infant prefer after birth?
A) the original version, as it had been read to them prenatally?
B) a version in which the words "cat" and "hat" were replaced with "dog" and "fog"
C) a version in a language different than that read by the mother
D) all versions of the story equally, whether original or modified
Q2) A guinea pig tonotopic map shows that a receptor close to the apex will respond to a tone of _____ Hz.
A) 60
B) 800
C) 7,000
D) 30,000
Q3) The audibility curve of a six-month-old infant _____.
A) is similar to the audibility curve for an adult
B) is the same as the audibility curve for a one-month-old
C) cannot be determined at such a young age
D) shows that localization develops over the first 6 months
Q4) Discuss the structures and functions of the middle ear.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Hearing II: Location and Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which auditory localization dimension extends from left to right
A) elevation
B) depth
C) azimuth
D) time
Q2) The horizontal axis in auditory localization is called the _____.
A) elevation
B) depth
C) azimuth
D) bradburthy
Q3) The effects of _____ are responsible for melody schema.
A) proximity
B) pragnanz
C) location
D) experience
Q4) What is meant by "the beat" and how is "the beat" processed in the brain?
Q5) What is meter and what is known about the processing of meter in the brain?
Q6) Define visual capture and give examples of this concept.
Q7) Describe the method, results, and implications of the Hofmann et al. research on the role of spectral cues for localization.
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Chapter 13: Speech Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Japanese children at the age of _______ can tell the difference between the /r/ sound and the /l/ sound just as well as American children.
A) six months?
B) one year
C) two years
D) five years
Q2) The _____ is the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of the word.
A) formant
B) phoneme
C) tadoma
D) morpheme
Q3) Rubin et al. (1976) asked participants to respond when they heard a word that started with the /b/ sound. The average response time when real words were used was _____; and _____ when non-words were used.
A) 100 msec; 57 msec
B) 580 msec; 631 msec
C) 995 msec; 900 msec
D) 1.87 sec; 1.88 sec
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The Cutaneous Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) As we move from mechanoreceptor fibers in the fingers toward the brain, we see that neurons become _____.
A) less specialized
B) more inhibitory
C) less inhibitory
D) more specialized
Q2) Bobby is asked to use haptic perception to identify a soccer ball. She will most likely use the exploratory procedure(s) of _____ to identify the soccer ball's exact shape.
A) lateral motion and pressure
B) pressure only
C) enclosure and contour following
D) passive motion and lateral motion
Q3) The area on S1 associated with the thumb is as large as the area for the forearm. This is an example of _____.
A) sensory substitution
B) Braille projection
C) cortical magnification
D) the analgesic inversion principle
Q4) Explain how haptic exploration is used to identify objects.
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Chapter 15: The Chemical Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) An eight-hour-old newborn who is given a concentrated shrimp odor to smell will
A) respond with a facial expression similar to a smile
B) respond with an increase in sucking
C) respond with a facial expression that displays disgust
D) will not respond at all to smells at this young age
Q2) Sodium nitrate results in a taste of _____.
A) sweet only
B) sweet and sour, but not bitter
C) a combination of sour and bitter only
D) a combination of salty, sour, and bitter
Q3) The substance amiloride _____.
A) blocks the flow of sucrose to taste receptors
B) blocks the flow of sodium to taste receptors
C) increases neural responses to salt detection
D) neutralizes bitter tastes by confusing the signal
Q4) Does population coding or specificity coding occur in taste?
Support your answer with research.
Q5) Describe the Proust effect and provide a physiological explanation for its occurrence.
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