Algebra-Based Physics II Exam Preparation Guide

Course Introduction

Algebra-Based Physics II is a continuation of introductory physics, focusing on the fundamental principles of electricity, magnetism, optics, and modern physics topics such as atomic and nuclear phenomena. Emphasizing conceptual understanding and quantitative problem-solving, the course utilizes algebraic methods rather than calculus to explore electric and magnetic fields, circuits, electromagnetic waves, optical systems, and the foundational ideas of quantum mechanics and relativity. Laboratory components may be included to provide practical experience with experimental techniques and data analysis relevant to these key areas of physics.

Recommended Textbook College Physics Strategic Approach with Mastering Physics 2nd Edition by Randall D. Knight

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30 Chapters

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Chapter 1: Representing Motion

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Q1) The following conversion equivalents are given:

1 gal = 231 in3 1 ft = 12 in 1 min = 60 s

A pipe delivers water at the rate of 95 gal/min.The rate,in in3/s,is closest to:

A)0.21

B)0.19

C)0.17

D)0.15

E)0.14

Answer: A

Q2) A plot of land contains 5.8 acres.How many square meters does it contain? [1 acre = 43,560 ft2.]

A)2.3 × 104 m2

B)7.1 × 103 m2

C)7.0 × 104 m2

D)5.0 × 104 m2

Answer: A

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Chapter 2: Motion in One Dimension

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Q1) At the same moment,one rock is dropped and one is thrown downward with an initial velocity of 10 m/s from the top of a 300 m building.How much earlier does the thrown rock strike the ground? (Disregard air resistance. )

A)0.95 s

B)0.66 s

C)0.85 s

D)They land at exactly the same time.

Answer: A

Q2) Acceleration is sometimes expressed in multiples of g,where g = 9.8 m/s2 is the acceleration due to the earth's gravity.In a car crash,the car's velocity may go from 26 m/s to 0 m/s in 0.15 s.How many g's are experienced,on average,by the driver?

A)18 g

B)13 g

C)22 g

D)23 g

Answer: A

Q3) What quantity is measured by your speedometer (be as specific as possible)?

Answer: Your speedometer tells you the instantaneous speed of your car.

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Page 4

Chapter 3: Vectors and Motion in Two Dimensions

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Q1) The magnitude of the displacement vector of an object is equal to the distance that object has moved.

A)True

B)False

Answer: False

Q2) A ship moving initially at 10.7 m/s due North,drifts due NE at the same speed.To correct the bearing,the captain accelerates the engine and turns the rudder NW.If the engines deliver a constant acceleration of 4.4 m/s2,how long will it take to assume the original course again?

A)2.4 s

B)3.4 s

C)1.7 s

D)1.2 s

Answer: A

Q3) A football is kicked toward the goal posts and feels no air resistance.While it is in the air,the only force acting on it is 9.8 m/s2 downward due to gravity.

A)True

B)False

Answer: False

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Chapter 4: Forces and Newtons Laws of Motion

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Q1) A child on a sled starts from rest at the top of a 15.0° slope.If the trip to the bottom takes 15.2 s,how long is the slope? Assume that frictional forces may be neglected.

A)293 m

B)586 m

C)1130 m

D)147 m

Q2) Newton's Third Law suggests that a book sitting on a flat table experiences an upward force due to the table.If this is true,why doesn't the book start moving upward?

Q3) An object is moving to the right in a straight line.The net force acting on the object is also directed to the right,but the magnitude of the force is decreasing with time.The object will

A)continue to move to the right,with its speed increasing with time.

B)continue to move to the right,with its speed decreasing with time.

C)continue to move to the right with a constant speed.

D)stop and then begin moving to the left.

Q4) When decelerating quickly in a car,you feel as if you are being thrown forward in your seat.Which one of Newton's Laws most directly explains this effect? Explain your reasoning.

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Chapter 5: Applying Newtons Laws

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Q1) Starting from rest,a 75 kg skier slides down a 17.0° slope.If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the skis and snow is 0.120 and it takes 16.9 s to get to the bottom,how long is the ski trail? (Use g = 9.8 m/s2. )

A)248 m

B)496 m

C)124 m

D)186 m

Q2) At breakfast one morning,you notice something printed on your cereal box which says "1.0 lb = 0.454 kg." What is wrong with this information?

Q3) A fish is to be weighed at the harbor.If the mass of the fish is 69.0 kg,what will be the reading on the scale? (Use g = 9.8 m/s2. )

A)676 N

B)7.04 N

C)7.74 N

D)744 N

Q4) You are in a elevator which starts accelerating upward.Explain what happens to your apparent weight,and why.

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Page 7

Chapter 6: Circular Motion,orbits,and Gravity

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Q1) If you swing a bucket of water fast enough in a vertical circle,at the highest point the water does not spill out because an outward force balances the pull of gravity on the water.

A)True

B)False

Q2) While a Ferris wheel turns at uniform angular speed,a seat at the rim of the wheel has a nonzero radial acceleration toward the center of the wheel but a tangential acceleration of zero.

A)True

B)False

Q3) Earth's gravity is caused by our planet's spin on its axis. A)True

B)False

Q4) Astronauts in orbit are weightless,but they are not beyond the pull of Earth's gravity.How can this be?

Q5) For astronauts in space,there is no atmosphere to slow their orbit.Why don't they just fly away to the moon?

Q6) How is it possible for someone to remain in her seat (without any straps)while upside down on a loop-the-loop roller coaster?

Page 8

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Chapter 7: Rotational Motion

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Q1) A force of 17 N is applied to the end of a 0.63 m long torque wrench at an angle 45° from a line joining the pivot point to the handle.What is the magnitude of the torque generated about the pivot point?

A)7.6 Nm

B)10.7 Nm

C)12.0 Nm

D)9.7 Nm

Q2) A child is sitting on the outer edge of a merry-go-round that is 18 m in diameter.If the merry-go-round makes 4.9 rev/min,what is the velocity of the child in m/s?

A)4.6 m/s

B)9.2 m/s

C)0.7 m/s

D)3.2 m/s

Q3) A tall tree and a short tree (both having the same width and mass density)are cut at the base at the same time,and begin tipping over.Which tree hits the ground first?

A)the small tree

B)the tall tree

C)They hit at the same time.

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Chapter 8: Equilibrium and Elasticity

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Q1) A stone rolls down a sloping hillside.The normal force that the surface of the hill exerts on the stone is equal to the stone's weight.

A)True

B)False

Q2) Two unequal weights are connected by a massless string which passes over a frictionless pulley.If the pulley has no appreciable mass,the tension in the string is the same on both sides of the pulley;but if the pulley has mass,the tension will not be the same on both sides of the pulley.

A)True

B)False

Q3) In the figure,the sum of the y-components of the forces,exerted on the door by hinges 1 and 2,is closest to:

A)145 N

B)165 N

C)195 N

D)225 N

E)250 N

Q4) Do all points on a rigid,rotating body have the same angular acceleration? Support your answer.

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Chapter 9: Momentum

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Q1) You are standing on a skateboard,initially at rest.A friend throws a very heavy ball toward you.You can either catch the object or deflect the object back toward your friend (such that it moves away from you with the same speed as it was originally thrown).What should you do in order to maximize your speed on the skateboard?

A)catch the ball

B)deflect the ball back

C)Your final speed on the skateboard will be the same regardless whether you catch the ball or deflect the ball.

Q2) A 1200 kg car moving at 15.6 m/s collides with a stationary car of mass 1500 kg If the two vehicles lock together,what is their combined velocity immediately after the collision?

A)6.9 m/s

B)8.6 m/s

C)12.1 m/s

D)5.5 m/s

Q3) As a tile falls from the roof of a building to the ground its momentum is conserved.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 10: Energy and Work

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Q1) 4.00 × 105 J of work are done on a 1110 kg car while it accelerates from 10.0 m/s to some final velocity.Find this final velocity.

A)28.6 m/s

B)22.9 m/s

C)25.7 m/s

D)31.5 m/s

Q2) A child does 350 J of work while pulling a box from the ground up to his tree house with a rope.The tree house is 8.4 m above the ground.What is the mass of the box?

A)4.3 kg

B)2.6 kg

C)3.2 kg

D)3.9 kg

Q3) Two lumps of clay are thrown at each other such that they come completely to rest after the collision.Obviously,kinetic energy is not conserved.Where did the energy go?

Q4) Is energy conserved during a two-car collision?

Q5) Viscous friction allows oil to reduce the heating and wear of moving machine parts.But viscous friction depends on velocity.Is that a nonconservative force?

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Page 12

Chapter 11: Using Energy

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Sample Questions

Q1) A laboratory experiment is to be run at 42.0 K.Express this temperature in Celsius to the nearest degree.

A)-231°C

B)315°C

C)74°C

D)415°C

Q2) Does an increase in entropy increase or decrease the ability of a system to do work?

Q3) Which of the following is a FALSE statement?

A)Entropy is a quantitative measure of disorder.

B)The total entropy change in one cycle of a Carnot engine is zero.

C)The entropy of an isolated system is conserved,i.e. ,constant.

D)Entropy can be measured in units of J/K.

Q4) A Carnot engine extracts 508 J of heat from a high-temperature reservoir during each cycle,and rejects 303 J of heat to a low-temperature reservoir during the same cycle.What is the efficiency of the engine?

A)0.4

B)0.68

C)1.68

D)0.63

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Chapter 12: Thermal Properties of Matter

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Sample Questions

Q1) A heat conducting rod,0.90 m long,is made of an aluminum section,0.20 m long,and a copper section,0.70 m long.Both sections have a cross-sectional area of 0.0004 m2.The aluminum end and the copper end are maintained at temperatures of 30ºC and 230ºC,respectively.The thermal conductivities of aluminum and copper are 205 and 385 W/m K,respectively.The temperature of the aluminum-copper junction in the rod,in ºC,is closest to:

A)100

B)93

C)86

D)80

E)74

Q2) A 920 g empty iron kettle is put on a stove.How much heat in joules must it absorb to raise its temperature form 15.0ºC to 93.0ºC? (The specific heat for iron is 113 cal/kg · ºC. )

A)33,900 J

B)40,500 J

C)8110 J

D)40,100 J

Q3) What measures the average kinetic energy associated with random translational motion of molecules?

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Page 14

Chapter 13: Fluids

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Q1) The body takes a mass of air into the lungs directly proportional to the ambient pressure.A diver who uses 27 psi/min at sea level has an air tank initially containing 1800 psi.How long can the diver work at a water depth of 40.0 ft.?

A)31 min

B)56 min

C)107 min

D)2 min

Q2) A football coach in hopes of improving his kicker's performance fills a 0.9 kg football with helium rather than air.Assuming that the football contains a volume of helium equal to the air it replaces at standard temperature and pressure,what change in relative weight of the football (change in weight divided by weight)is to be expected? The volume of the football is 1.6 l.

A)1.81 × 10-3

B)1.42 × 10-3

C)1.96 × 10-4

D)1.01 × 10-3

Q3) When an object is floating,the buoyant force on it is just equal to its weight.

A)True

B)False

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Page 15

Chapter 14: Oscillations

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Q1) A 3.42 kg mass hanging vertically from a spring on the Earth (where g = 9.8 m/s2)undergoes simple oscillatory motion.If the spring constant is 12 N/m,find the period of oscillation of this setup on the moon,where g = 1.6 m/s2.

A)3.35 s

B)2.51 s

C)4.35 s

D)5.70 s

Q2) A 3.7 kg block on a horizontal frictionless surface is attached to a spring whose force constant is 450 N/m.The block is pulled from its equilibrium position at x = 0 m to a displacement x = +0.080 m and is released from rest.The block then executes simple harmonic motion along the x-axis (horizontal).The maximum elastic potential energy of the system is closest to:

A)1.4 J

B)1.3 J

C)1.6 J

D)1.7 J

E)1.8 J

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Chapter 15: Traveling Waves and Sound

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Q1) Observer A is 2.0 m from a tiny light bulb and observer B is 8.0 m from the same bulb.The intensity of light from this bulb that A sees is 16 times as great as the intensity that B sees.

A)True

B)False

Q2) Crests of an ocean wave pass a pier every 12.0 s.If the waves are moving at 5.6 m/s,what is the wavelength of the ocean waves?

A)67 m

B)34 m

C)77 m

D)57 m

Q3) A weight W is hanging from a light vertical string.If a second weight W is added without stretching the string,the speed of pulses on this string will now be twice as great as it originally was.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 16: Superposition and Standing Waves

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Q1) A 2.0 g string,0.67 m long,is under tension.The string produces a 700 Hz tone when it vibrates in the third harmonic.The speed of sound in air is 344 m/s.The wavelength of the tone in air,in SI units,is closest to:

A)0.49

B)0.55

C)0.61

D)0.67

E)0.45

Q2) Calculate the light intensity 1.45 m from a 100.0 W light bulb.Assume that the light radiates equally in all directions.

A)3.79 W/m2

B)4.36 W/m2

C)47.6 W/m2

D)54.7 W/m2

Q3) A guitar string is fixed at both ends.If you tighten it to increase its tension,the frequencies of its normal modes will increase but its wavelengths will not be affected.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 17: Wave Optics

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Q1) A double slit illuminated with two different colors of wavelengths 831 and 558 nm forms a two-colored diffraction pattern on a screen located 228 cm away.The slit separation is 36 wavelengths of 831 nm light.(a)What order maximum for = 831 nm occurs near x = 20.5 cm from zeroth order? (b)What order maximum for = 558 nm lies close to this order?

A)(a)3 (b)5

B)(a)6 (b)10

C)(a)2 (b)2

D)(a)5 (b)3

Q2) An 18 mm wide diffraction grating has rulings of 710 lines per mm.Light is incident normally on the grating.Monochromatic light of 506 nm wavelength is used.The largest angle from the normal at which an intensity maximum is formed is closest to:

A)46°

B)44°

C)42°

D)40°

E)38°

Q3) Why are only about 6-10 minima seen when light illuminates a single slit?

Q4) What is the difference between diffraction and interference?

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Chapter 18: Ray Optics

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Q1) In Situation 18.1,a ray originating at O reaches a point on the brine-oil interface at the critical angle.The distance of this point from the axis is closest to:

A)1.5 m

B)1.7 m

C)1.9 m

D)2.1 m

E)2.3 m

Q2) Light having a speed in vacuum of 3.0 × 108 m/s enters a liquid of refractive index 2.0.In this liquid,its speed will be:

A)6.0 × 108 m/s

B)3.0 × 108 m/s

C)1.5 × 108 m/s

D)0.75 × 108 m/s

E)None of the above choices are correct.

Q3) If you increase the object distance from 4 to 8,what happen to the amount of light admitted through the lens? What happens to the real image?

Q4) Why shouldn't you spray water on your roses at noon?

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Page 20

Chapter 19: Optical Instruments

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Q1) The eyepiece of a compound microscope has a focal length of 2.50 cm and the objective has a focal length of 1.60 cm.The two lenses are separated by 14.0 cm.The microscope is used by a person with normal eyes (near point at 25 cm).What is the angular magnification of the microscope?

A)72

B)88

C)180

D)219

E)115

Q2) In a compound microscope

A)both the objective and the eyepiece form real images.

B)magnification is provided by the objective lens and not by the eyepiece.The eyepiece merely increases the resolution of the image viewed.

C)magnification is provided by the objective and not by the eyepiece.The eyepiece merely increases the brightness of the image viewed.

D)the magnification is m1 + M1,where m1 is the lateral magnification of the objective and M2 is the angular magnification of the eyepiece.

E)the image of the objective serves as the object for the eyepiece.

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Chapter 20: Electric Fields and Forces

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Q1) Two nuclei each contain two protons and exert a force 4 N on each other.If we transfer a proton from one of these nuclei to the other,the force on each nucleus is now reduced to 3 N.

A)True

B)False

Q2) A hydrogen nucleus,which has a charge e,is situated to the left of a carbon nucleus,which has a charge 6e.Which statement is true?

A)The electrical force experienced by the hydrogen nucleus is to the left,and the magnitude is equal to the force exerted on the carbon nucleus.

B)The electrical force experienced by the hydrogen nucleus is to the left,and the magnitude is greater than the force exerted on the carbon nucleus.

C)The electrical force experienced by the hydrogen nucleus is to the left,and the magnitude is less than the force exerted on the carbon nucleus.

D)The electrical force experienced by the hydrogen nucleus is to the right,and the magnitude is equal to the force exerted on the carbon nucleus.

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Chapter 21: Electric Potential

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Q1) A sphere with radius 2.0 mm carries a 1.0 C charge.What is the potential difference,VB - VA,between point B 4.0 m from the center of the sphere and point A 9.0 m from the center of the sphere? (The value of k is 9.0 \(\times\) 10S1U1P19S1S1P0 N·m2/C2. )

A)1300 V

B)-1300 V

C)140 V

D)-0.45 V

Q2) Four identical positive point charges lie at the corners of a square.The electrical potential at the center of this square is zero because the electric fields all cancel at that point.

A)True

B)False

Q3) Two equal but opposite point charges are held a distance D apart,and a third point charge Q is placed midway between them.When Q is released it will remain at rest because its potential energy is zero at the midpoint.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 22: Current and Resistance

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Q1) A 4.0 m length of gold wire is connected to a 1.5 V battery,and a current of 4.0 mA flows through it.What is the diameter of the wire? (The resistivity of gold is 2.44 × 10-8 ·m. )

A)17 m

B)8.5 m

C)48 m

D)9.0 m

Q2) A copper wire of length L and radius b is attached to another copper wire of length L and radius 2b,forming one long wire of length 2L.This long wire is attached to a battery,and a current is flowing through it.Relative to the electric field within the wire of radius b,the magnitude of the electric field within the wire of radius 2b is

A)four times weaker.

B)four times stronger.

C)two times weaker.

D)two times stronger.

E)equal.

Q3) Where does the energy go that an electron has gained from the electric field when the electron passes through a conductor that has resistivity?

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Chapter 23: Circuits

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Q1) Of voltmeters and ammeters,which is/are connected in series?

Q2) A 10.0 V battery is connected across two resistors in series.If the resistors have resistances of 840.0 and 590.0 ,what is the voltage drop across the 590.0 resistor?

A)4.1 V

B)5.9 V

C)14 V

D)7.0 V

Q3) If a 75 W bulb and a 100 W bulb are connected in series across a 120 V outlet,the 75 W bulb will dissipate 75 W of power and the 100 W bulb will dissipate 100 W of power.

A)True

B)False

Q4) A circuit requires a 500 resistor,but all that is available are 1 k resistors.If the 1 k resistors are in abundant supply,how can they be combined to achieve the desired resistance?

Q5) Which will drain a battery faster,a circuit with a resistance of 10 k or a circuit with a resistance of 1 ?

Q6) Why is it appropriate that electromotive force be measured in volts?

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Page 25

Chapter 24: Magnetic Fields and Forces

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Q1) Two particles with equal mass,one carrying a charge q and the other -2q,each enter at right angles to a uniform magnetic field with the same velocity.Which is deflected into a circular path with the larger radius?

Q2) A metal wire is bent into a square and carries a uniform current throughout it.The net magnetic field at the center of this square is zero.

A)True

B)False

Q3) A circular coil of wire of 200 turns and diameter 6 cm carries a current of 7 A.It is placed in a magnetic field of 0.90 T with the plane of the coil making an angle of 30° with the magnetic field.What is the torque on the coil?

A)3.1 N m

B)1.8 N m

C)5.9 N m

D)8.2 N m

E)1.5 N m

Q4) The net magnetic field inside a conductor must be zero.

A)True

B)False

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Page 26

Chapter 25: Electromagnetic Induction and Electromagnetic Waves

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Q1) In the figure,two solenoids are side by side.The switch S,initially open,is closed.The induced current through the resistor R is:

A)zero

B)from a to b

C)from b to a

Q2) Unpolarized light is incident upon two polarization filters that do not have their transmission axes aligned.If 14% of the light passes through,what is the measure of the angle between the transmission axes of the filters?

A)58°

B)75°

C)86°

D)82°

Q3) For electromagnetic waves,the electric and magnetic fields are often given in the form of sine waves.Explain how this model of electromagnetic waves does not violate the conservation of energy,especially when the sine functions are zero.

Q4) By how much are the electric and magnetic fields out of phase in an electromagnetic wave?

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Chapter 26: Ac Electricity

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Q1) An alternating current is supplied to a lightbulb,which strobes.A motor rotates a white fan (with one blade painted red)at 504 Hz in the light from the strobing bulb,and the fan appears to stand still.At 252 Hz the red blade alternates between two positions that are 180° apart.What is the angular frequency of the current? (Be careful,the light will strobe regardless of the sign of the current. )

A)504 rad/s

B)252 rad/s

C)1008 rad/s

D)126 rad/s

Q2) A circuit with alternating current has its voltage and current in phase.How does the average power compare to the root mean square of the current and voltage?

Q3) In a series RLC circuit,the current is largest at resonance.

A)True

B)False

Q4) In a purely resistive AC circuit,when the voltage is at its maximum,the current is at its maximum value as well.

A)True

B)False

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Page 28

Chapter 27: Relativity

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Sample Questions

Q1) An object of mass M is initially moving at a speed of 0.999 c and collides inelastically (they stick)with another identical object that was initially at rest.After the collision,the two objects are moving with a speed

A)considerably greater than c/2.

B)roughly equal to c/2.

C)considerably less than c/2.

Q2) An astronaut on a spaceship moving at 0.927 c says that the trip between the two stars took 4.26 y.How long does this journey appear to take to someone in the rest frame of the two stars?

A)11.4 y

B)1.60 y

C)2.30 y

D)12.6 y

Q3) Calculate the speed at which a 0.272 kg object has the same momentum as a 1.30 kg object moving 0.515 c.

A)0.944 c

B)0.922 c

C)0.981 c

D)0.592 c

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Page 29

Chapter 28: Quantum Physics

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Sample Questions

Q1) A crystal is irradiated with X-ray photons with energies of 1.65 × 10-15

J.The atomic planes in the crystal are separated by 0.21 nm.At what angles of incidence will the X-rays reflect from the crystal?

A)73°,55°,and 31°

B)55°

C)73° and 31°

D)73°

Q2) An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference.After acceleration the electron has a wavelength of 880 nm.What is the potential difference responsible for the acceleration of the electron?

A)1.9 × 10-6 V

B)1.7 × 10-6 V

C)2.2 × 10-6 V

D)2.5 × 10-6 V

Q3) The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons from a metal is equal to the work function of that metal.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 29: Atoms and Molecules

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Sample Questions

Q1) All stationary states of the hydrogen atom for which n = 4 have the same energy.

A)True

B)False

Q2) The shortest wavelength of a photon that can be emitted by a hydrogen atom,for which the initial state is n = 3,is closest to:

A)820 nm

B)850 nm

C)880 nm

D)910 nm

E)940 nm

Q3) It is impossible for an electron to lose its spin angular momentum.

A)True

B)False

Q4) Do all transitions (excluding fine and hyperfine transitions)that end up in the ground state of hydrogen give ultraviolet light? Why?

Q5) 14C and 14N both contain 8 neutrons in their nuclei.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 30: Nuclear Physics

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Sample Questions

Q1) Why do heavy nuclei contain more neutrons than protons?

A)Neutrons dilute the electric repulsion of the protons.

B)Neutrons are lighter than protons.

C)Neutrons are heavier than protons

D)Neutrons are radioactive,and so are heavy nuclei.

Q2) A radioactive nuclide of atomic number Z emits an alpha particle and the daughter nucleus then emits a beta particle.What is the atomic number of the resulting nuclide?

A)Z-1

B)Z+1

C)Z-2

D)Z-3

Q3) The majority of known nuclei are stable.

A)True

B)False

Q4) The primary reason very large nuclei are unstable is due to

A)the cumulative repulsive force amongst the protons.

B)the cumulative attractive force between the protons and the orbiting electrons.

C)the repulsive force between the neutrons and the protons.

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Page 32