Advanced Topics in Personality Psychology Solved
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Course Introduction
Advanced Topics in Personality Psychology explores the latest theories, research findings, and methodological approaches in the study of personality. The course examines contemporary models of personality structure and dynamics, the influence of genetics and environment, and the interplay between personality and psychopathology. Students will critically analyze topics such as personality assessment, stability and change across the lifespan, cultural influences, and the biological bases of personality. Emphasis is placed on current debates and cutting-edge research, preparing students to engage with ongoing advancements in the field.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Theories 9th Edition by Barbara Engler
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction Evaluating Personality Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define the term theory. Answer: Not Answer
Q2) Which of the following personality theorists considered the concept of personality to be unnecessary?
A) Gordon Allport
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Carl Rogers
D) B. F. Skinner
Answer: D
Q3) Who is most closely associated with the term paradigm as applied to scientific study?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Thomas Kuhn
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Carl Rogers
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mark is a twelve-year-old boy who has not experienced bed-wetting problems since he was a preschooler.However,he recently began wetting the bed after he learned that one of his parents had suddenly become seriously ill.Mark's recent bed-wetting is best labeled as which of the following defense mechanisms?
A) Projection
B) Displacement
C) Regression
D) Repression
Answer: C
Q2) Cahlil is angry at his mother but,rather than taking his anger out directly on her,he takes it out on his younger sister.Cahlil's behavior exemplifies
A) displacement.
B) projection.
C) regression.
D) sublimation.
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Analytical Psychology Carl Jung
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does Jung's method of amplification compare with the Freudian approach to dream interpretation?
A) Both techniques ask the patient to free-associate the dream elements.
B) Freud concentrated on dream series; Jung dealt with single dreams.
C) In Jung's method, no precise effort is made to separate manifest and latent contents.
D) Only Freud made frequent reference to mythology and fairy tales in interpreting dreams.
Answer: C
Q2) Who coined the term transpersonal?
A) Jung
B) Freud
C) Rogers
D) Maslow
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Inter-psychic Theories Alfred Adler, Harry Stack
Sullivan
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Sample Questions
Q1) The not-me self entails
A) dreadful aspects of the self that have been repressed from conscious awareness.
B) experiences that are avoided because they produced anxiety in the past.
C) idealized characteristics that a person strives to achieve.
D) those experiences that a person expects to undergo sometime in the future.
Q2) The term family constellation refers to
A) the astrological signs of the family members.
B) the drawing power that a family has to attract new acquaintances.
C) one's position within the family birth order.
D) the emotional climate of the family.
Q3) In your opinion,to what extent do parataxic distortions (as described by Sullivan) influence romantic relationships? What effect would you expect these parataxic distortions to have on romantic relationships?
Q4) Adler suggested that the style of life is pretty well established by A) adulthood.
B) the age of two.
C) the age of five.
D) adolescence.
Q5) Describe some of the major features of Adlerian psychotherapy.
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Chapter 5: Psychoanalytic Social Psychology Karen Horney
Erich Fromm
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Q1) Certain celebrities become what their public expects them to be instead of expressing their true selves.This describes which of the following character orientations?
A) Exploitative
B) Hoarding
C) Marketing
D) Receptive
Q2) Horney believed that the "flight from womanhood" was
A) characterized by promiscuity.
B) due to a biological abnormality.
C) due to experiences of social and cultural disadvantages.
D) due to penis envy.
Q3) Horney felt that a woman's concept of inferiority results from A) her basic neurotic tendencies.
B) living in a patriarchal society.
C) innate, biological factors.
D) her inherent lack of creativity.
Q4) Identify what Fromm saw as our basic human condition and the three common mechanisms of escape from it.
Q5) Describe assessment and research in Horney's theory.
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Chapter 6: Ego Analytic Psychology Anna Freud Erik Erikson
Dan McAdams
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Q1) According to McAdams,the theme of __________ is the most powerful life story in contemporary America.
A) victimization
B) redemption
C) narcissism
D) codependency
Q2) According to Erikson,a two-year-old's negativism is a(n)
A) sign of frustration.
B) form of disguised anger.
C) innate contrariness.
D) struggle for autonomy.
Q3) Explain how Erikson's theory enlarged our understanding of the ego.
Q4) Critics have suggested that Erikson's theory applies only to a white,Western,patriarchal society.Discuss how people in other cultures might experience different life stages,emotional polarities,and ego strengths.
Q5) What did Erikson demonstrate in his study of two Native American tribes?
A) That society shapes basic character structures
B) That the Yurok tribe had a superior way of life
Page 8
C) That society does not exert much influence on one's character development
D) That oral and anal characters are not found in all cultures
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Chapter 7: Human Relations Object Relations Theory,
Relational-Cultural Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Stone Center group formed to A) promote a better understanding of the psychology of women.
B) resurrect Karen Horney's feminine psychology.
C) reaffirm the relevancy of the male paradigm to the psychology of women. D) provide a female paradigm for Freudian theory.
Q2) When Doug was an infant,his parents did not respond positively to his unique,loveable characteristics.As an adult,he finds himself searching in vain for such a positive response from those around him.Kohut would explain Doug's situation by stating that
A) Doug has become narcissistic.
B) Doug's parents mirrored him too much.
C) Doug's problem is caused by inborn physiological brain abnormalities.
D) Doug's parents used an authoritative parenting style.
Q3) In a paradigm shift,relational-cultural theory reconceives of ill health as A) dependency.
B) disconnection.
C) emotional immaturity.
D) hostility.
Q4) Explain how disconnections are the major source of psychological problems.
Q5) Describe the paradigm shift made by the Stone Center group.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Analysis of Behavior John Dollard and
Neal Miller BFSkinner
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Sample Questions
Q1) The parents of twelve-year-old Sharon praise her for earning good grades.Behaviorists would describe the praise as A) modeling.
B) punishment.
C) primary reinforcement.
D) secondary reinforcement.
Q2) The greatest difference between Freud's theory and Dollard and Miller's is that
A) unlike Freud, Dollard and Miller view anxiety as a core ingredient in neurosis.
B) unlike Freud, Dollard and Miller emphasized the importance of conflict.
C) unlike Freud, Dollard and Miller stressed learned motives.
D) unlike Dollard and Miller, Freud believed that unconscious factors underlie human behavior.
Q3) Clark Hull developed a systematic theory of learning based on the concept of A) classical conditioning.
B) drive reduction.
C) the law of effect.
D) overt behavior.
Q4) Show how Skinner's position included philosophical assumptions as well as scientific statements.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Social Learning Theories Albert Bandura, Julian
Rotter, Walter Mischel
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Q1) In Rotter's theory,the individual's subjective evaluation about the outcome of his or her behavior is known as the A) expectancy.
B) reinforcement value.
C) behavior potential.
D) psychological situation.
Q2) Discuss Mischel's emphasis on behavioral specificity.
Q3) If Bandura observed a child caring for a "sick" doll in a compassionate way,his explanation of the child's behavior would probably emphasize most strongly
A) inborn tendencies of the child toward such behavior.
B) the child's observations of others acting in similar ways.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.
Q4) Of the three components of the triadic reciprocal causation model,which component do you find has the most influence on human behavior?
Q5) Describe Bandura's contributions to behavior modification.
Q6) Describe the four main concepts that Rotter includes in his theory for predicting behavior.
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Chapter 10: Traits and Personology Gordon Allport Henry Murray
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Q1) Could a high score on one of the needs on Murray's list underlie a particular psychological disorder? If so,can you identify a particular need that could lead to a particular psychological disorder?
Q2) The number of central dispositions necessary to describe an individual normally ranges between
A) one and four.
B) five and ten.
C) eleven and fourteen.
D) fifteen and twenty.
Q3) Enrique,a slight,weak eight-year-old,unconsciously seeks as friends other boys who are strong,helpful,and sympathetic.On Murray's list of needs,Enrique would probably score high on which of the following?
A) Dominance
B) Aggression
C) Order
D) Succorance
Q4) Explain Allport's distinction between continuity and discontinuity theories of personality.
Q5) Describe the study of personology as defined by Murray.
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Chapter 11: Factor Analytic, Genetic and Evolutionary
Theories Raymond Cattell, The Big Five Personality Traits, Genetic and Evolutionary Developments
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Q1) Relative to the current DSM-IV-TR system of classifying mental disorders,the Five-Factor Model suggests
A) a continuum between normality and abnormality.
B) a larger number of diagnoses in the mood disorders category.
C) a larger number of diagnoses in the psychotic disorders category.
D) that people with disorders are qualitatively rather than quantitatively different from those without disorders.
Q2) Which of the following questions best summarizes the recent research on the relationship between the Big Five and DSM-IV-TR disorders?
A) To what extent is perceived psychopathology actually a byproduct of cultural differences?
B) Does psychopathology represent a qualitative or quantitative difference from normality?
C) Into how many different disorders should the mood disorders category of DSM-IV-TR be subdivided?
D) Precisely how many basic personality traits does each individual possess?
Q3) Explain how twin studies contribute to behavioral genetics.
Q4) Discuss how evolutionary psychology influences personality theory.
Q5) Define behavioral genetics and distinguish between genotype and phenotype. Page 13
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Chapter 12: Biological Traits Hans Eysenck
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Q1) Identify the hypothesized causal agents of extraversion-introversion,emotional stability-neuroticism,and psychoticism in Eysenck's theory.Indicate how his work relates to current research on the brain.
Q2) Eysenck believed that differences in IQs can be explained on the basis of differences in
A) arousal.
B) cultural backgrounds.
C) evoked potentials.
D) parental IQs.
Q3) William Sheldon and Ernest Kretschmer
A) taught hypnosis techniques to Sigmund Freud.
B) conducted research that led directly to the Five-Factor Model of personality.
C) were founding members of the Stone Center group.
D) were predecessors to Eysenck in terms of connecting biological characteristics to personality.
Q4) Describe the biological basis of behavior and neurosis in Eysenck's theory and current research.
Q5) Describe some of the applications of Eysenck's theory.
Q6) Describe how Eysenck measured traits.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Humanism Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
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Sample Questions
Q1) One characteristic Rogers attributed to the fully functioning person is A) blissfulness.
B) creativity.
C) defensiveness.
D) inflexibility.
Q2) In the traditional cultures of Japan and China,it is believed that personality is best rooted in
A) a strong sense of independence.
B) an appreciation of one's uniqueness.
C) being able to define oneself in terms of the group.
D) positive self-esteem based on personal achievements.
Q3) The needs associated with metamotivation are called
A) meta-needs, or M-needs.
B) deficiency needs, or D-needs.
C) growth needs, or G-needs.
D) being needs, or B-needs.
Q4) Distinguish among different responses to emotional communications.
Q5) In your opinion,how prominent should transpersonal psychology (including efforts to enhance the spiritual component of life) be in the practice of psychotherapy?
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Chapter 14: Existential Psychoanalysis Rollo May
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Sample Questions
Q1) In his existential analysis of personality,May sought to dissolve the traditional dualism of ________ that has pervaded Western thought since Descartes.
A) science and philosophy
B) object and subject
C) war and peace
D) I and thou
Q2) According to May,what is the main question in the Oedipal drama?
A) Why was Oedipus exiled as a baby?
B) Will Oedipus recognize what he has done?
C) Will Oedipus be punished?
D) Why did Oedipus murder his father?
Q3) Explain how May defined myth,why he believed we need new myths,and the types of myths he believed were currently needed.
Q4) According to May,the source of our current problem lies in
A) our denial of the value of individual competition.
B) the loss of the center of values of society.
C) our inability to empathize with others.
D) our emphasis on global cooperation.
Q5) Discuss the existentialist approach to scientific methodology.
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Chapter 15: Personal Constructs George Kelly
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Q1) Identify some of the criticisms of Kelly's theory.
Q2) Greg lives his everyday life under the following assumption: "Other people are not trustworthy." He has interpreted most of his interactions as supportive of this assumption,and continues to do so.According to Kelly,Greg's assumption about other people is A) false.
B) a personal construct.
C) a theory.
D) a corollary.
Q3) For which psychological problems would you expect the psychotherapy technique of role-playing exercises to be most helpful? For which problems would it be least helpful?
Q4) How successful would Kelly's Rep Test be in assessing your personality?
Q5) Probably the most important word in Kelly's statement of his most basic theoretical assumption is A) psychologically. B) processes.
C) anticipates.
D) conditioned.
Q6) Discuss Kelly's fundamental postulate and eleven corollaries that support it.
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Cognitive-Behavioral Theories Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Arnold Lazarus
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Q1) How are the thought processes involved in cognitive distortions similar to the kind of thinking that leads to conflicts between nations?
Q2) Discuss the dimensions of sociotropy and autonomy.
Q3) Coming back to his apartment building one evening,Pete saw that firefighters were rushing in to put out a fire.Even though there were seventy-four other apartments in the building,he immediately assumed that the fire must have started in his apartment through his negligence.Pete's thinking is characterized by which cognitive distortion?
A) Dichotomous thinking
B) Magnification
C) Overgeneralization
D) Personalization
Q4) Discuss the philosophical origins of Beck's cognitive theory.
Q5) Characteristically,an REBT therapist would be
A) an empathetic listener.
B) indirect.
C) subtle.
D) highly active.
Q6) Discuss the theory of personality behind cognitive therapy.
Page 19
Q7) Explain the theory behind Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy.
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Chapter 17: Zen Buddhism
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Q1) In Zen,bowing is an expression of
A) disguised superiority.
B) gratitude and respect.
C) disapproval.
D) worship.
Q2) An individual who has achieved the mental state of nirvana experiences
A) death.
B) no cravings or dualistic ideas.
C) increased intelligence.
D) the satisfaction of all desires.
Q3) In your opinion,why have Zen Buddhism and other Eastern approaches become more popular in parts of Western culture in recent years?
Q4) Dr.Anson is a clinical psychologist who uses Eastern psychotherapy approaches.For most clients,she would probably list as a goal
A) freedom from dukkha.
B) strengthening the self.
C) separation of the self from the surrounding world.
D) replacing irrational thought patterns in significant relationships.
Q5) Discuss the principle of dependent origination.
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Chapter 18: Conclusion personality Theory in Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why it is important to conceive of personality theories as philosophy and art as well as science.
Q2) Who was one of the first theorists to recognize the value of an interdisciplinary methodology with his diagnostic council at Harvard?
A) Freud
B) Murray
C) Beck
D) Erikson
Q3) Rollo May regards basic philosophical issues as ________ that need to be
A) bipolar dimensions; more sharply defined
B) either/or propositions; further dichotomized
C) paradoxes; resolved creatively
D) hypotheses; empirically validated
Q4) Discuss the history of the terms psyche and psychology from their origins in Greek thought to their present-day use.
Q5) How might increased concentration on the biological basis of personality influence the methods and results of the study of personality in the future?
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