Advanced Topics in Memory
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course delves into the latest research and theoretical developments in the field of memory, exploring complex topics such as the neurobiological mechanisms underlying different types of memory, the influence of emotion and stress on memory formation and retrieval, and the impact of age-related changes and neurological disorders on memory processes. Students will critically evaluate primary research articles, discuss major models of memory systems, and examine experimental techniques used in memory research. The course also considers contemporary debates and emerging topics, such as memory reconsolidation, false memories, and the role of sleep in memory, equipping students with an advanced understanding of both cognitive and clinical aspects of memory science.
Recommended Textbook
Memory Foundations and Applications 3rd Edition by Bennett L. Schwartz
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1177 Verified Questions
1177 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define the term for study occurring in one block of time.
A)nonspaced practice
B)overload practice
C)distributed practice
D)massed practice
Answer: D
Q2) What kind of a coil does TMS use to stimulate particular areas of the brain?
A)magnetic
B)behavior
C)memory
D)zinc
Answer: A
Q3) A Psychologist is testing a client to see if the client has differences in memory performance even when the client can remember words of a list at 100% accuracy.One way of testing would be to record:
A)old-new recognition.
B)cued recall data.
C)reaction time data.
D)forced choice recognition.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Memory and the Brain
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Sample Questions
Q1) To view the Cerebral Cortex, the Corpus Callosum, and a number of subcortical structures, a researcher might us:
A)MRI.
B)tdCS.
C)dBs.
D)TMs.
Answer: A
Q2) In a possible severe drug overdose, considering the synapse, damage to dendrites and terminal buttons of a neuron would cause severe problems.What would this damage affect the transmission of ?
A)neurotransmitters
B)synapse transmitters
C)electrical centers
D)metacognition vibrations
Answer: A
Q3) Explain the role of the neurotansmitters in neural circuits. Answer: inhibit and excite.
Q4) The brain is divisible into two ______ halves, oriented in the left-right direction. Answer: symmetrical
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Chapter 3: Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following represents the amount of time to say aloud the items being rehearsed in working memory?
A)span time
B)auditory time
C)iconic time
D)pronunciation time
Answer: D
Q2) The Duration of Information in Working Memory is defined as the amount of time information will remain in working memory if not:
A)maintained.
B)rehearsed.
C)exercised.
D)elaborated.
Answer: B
Q3) Explain the primacy effect.
Answer: Encoding items into long-term memory.
Q4) Articulatoy suppression tasks prevent rehersal within the phonological loop.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Episodic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eich et al. (1975) found that:
A)if a person studies when under the influence of a drug, he or she does best when tested under the influence of the same drug.
B)certain drugs can improve memory.
C)marijuana hurt memory performance, but nicotine improved it.
D)participants retrieved best when they were in the opposite mood as they were when they learned the information.
Q2) Items in directed forgetting will direct the recall of participants and will result in inhibiting the to-be-forgotten items.This will in turn result in less recall of those items in directed forgetting.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain episodic memory and give one example of this system.
Q4) Future memory for things needing accomplished is called:
A)directed memory.
B)predetermined memory.
C)perspective memory.
D)prospective memory.
Q5) Explain memory dissociation as it relates to brain damage.
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Chapter 5: Semantic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Restaurant is to "McDonald's" as:
A)a category is to an example.
B)semantic memory is to episodic memory.
C)spreading activation is to node associations.
D)sentence verification is to lexical decision.
Q2) Among Americans, a golden retriever is a very common and "prototypical" dog.Compared to a golden retriever, it will take AmericAnswer:
A)less time to verify that a Boston terrier is a dog.
B)more time to verify that golden retrievers make good pets.
C)more time to verify that a Boston terrier is a dog.
D)because all people have innate concepts, one should expect no difference.
Q3) The two theories that account for the bilingual lexicon are the single-store view and the dual store view.These two views differ with respect to:
A)how many levels of categorization bilinguals have.
B)whether there are multiple lexeme levels.
C)their explanation of coordinate bilinguals.
D)if lemmas are shared across languages.
Q4) Schemas and scripts are higher order ______ memory representations.
Q5) Explain the Prototype theory.
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Chapter 6: Visual Memory
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Sample
Questions
Q1) Brooks (1968) asked participants to imagine a letter, such as "T," in their mind's eye and then were asked to make decisions about the angles in that letter.He found that:
A)responding on the task was difficult because it taxed visual memory.
B)responding on the task using pointing was more difficult than speaking.
C)participants could only complete the task in a quiet room.
D)participants were faster in the task when the letters had been primed.
Q2) Kosslyn (1975) asked people to make visual images such as a rabbit next to an elephant.He showed that:
A)people could not make the side-by-side comparisons.
B)visual imagery alone was insufficient for the task.
C)participants were slower when an auditory distraction was also present.
D)speeded judgments of the characteristics of images were affected by the size of the imagined object.
Q3) Cognitive maps are mental representations of the internal world.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain Hemifield neglect.
Q5) ______ imagery is also called photographic memory.
Q6) Is photographic memory a reality or a fantasy?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Autobiographical Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the results of Willem Wagenaar's work in a landmark diary study.
Q2) The working self:
A)allows us to generalize life event to specific details.
B)includes the goals and self-images that make up our view of ourselves.
C)is similar to working memory in its time course.
D)integrates our autobiographical memory with our working memory.
Q3) McIsaac and Eich (2004) found that when patients suffering from PTSD retrieved memories as field memories, their emotional response was more negative and more intense.When they asked participants to recall them as observer memories they experienced more PTSD symptoms.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Weaver (1993) conducted a study comparing an ordinary memory and a flashbulb memory.Weaver's students wrote down as many details as they could remember from the ordinary interaction with their roommate and their memory of hearing the news of the start of the Gulf War (1991).He found that by the end of the semester, confidence was higher for the flashbulb memory, but the accuracy was equivalent for both memories.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: False Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Williams (1995) tracked women who had been abused and hospitalized as children.She found that:
A)a percentage of those women no longer remembered the abuse.
B)all of the women suffered from repression.
C)with the use of appropriate retrieval techniques, the women recovered their memories.
D)recovery of memories that had been repressed was impossible.
Q2) Anderson and Green (2001) were interested in repression that could be simulated in the laboratory and modeled on retrieval active suppression.They trained participants on simple word pairs.When the participants had mastered a list of forty word pairs (i.e., improved to the point where they could recall all the target words when given the cue word), they were given what Anderson and Green called a "think/no think" procedure.They found that:
A)the participants showed a rebound effect; they recognized more "no think" items in a memory test one week later.
B)there was a lower false memory rate for suppressed items.
C)the suppressed items were recalled much worse than control items.
D)there was a higher false memory rate for suppressed items.
Q3) Explain the "Fuzzy-Trace" theory.
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Chapter 9: Metamemory
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Cleary et al (2012), participants move through virtual three-dimensional environments using virtual reality glasses.Participants negotiate a virtual bowling alley, airport, or junkyard, or other scenes throughout the experiment.They found that:
A)virtual environments produced more déjà vu experiences than could be accounted for by cognitive explanations.
B)environments with which participants had familiarity with in their everyday life tended to produce fewer déjà vu experiences than unusual ones.
C)there were more déjà vu experiences for those scenes that were configurally similar to other earlier scenes than for scenes that were not.
D)déjà vu experiences were correlated with premonitions of seizures.
Q2) Agenda-based regulation refers to the view that:
A)participants initially develop a plan of study, which includes both their study goals and their study constraints.
B)participants will study easy items if they can get away with it.
C)agendas are encoded differentially compared to cue-target stimuli.
D)the region of proximal learning occurs earlier in development.
Q3) Describe the difference between memory and metamemory.
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Chapter 10: Memory Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which skill was intact in H.M.despite his strong amnesia?
A)He could learn new facts at a rate similar to an age-matched control.
B)He showed equivalent implicit memory to an age-matched control.
C)He showed equivalent explicit memory to an age-matched control.
D)He could learn new events from his life at a rate similar to an age-matched control.
Q2) Which area of the brain is associated with anterograde amnesia?
A)the hippocampus
B)V1 or Area 17
C)the anterior cingulate
D)the pineal body
Q3) The effect of benzodiazepines on memory is:
A)limited to working memory only.
B)permanent-once these drugs are used, memory performance will always be impaired.
C)linked to impairments in language production.
D)temporary-once the drug wears off, the amnesic effects wear off.
Q4) ______ amnesia refers to the inability to retrieve old memories following brain damage.
Q5) The area of the brain associated with anterograde amnesia is the ______ area.
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Chapter 11: Memory in Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research shows that teachers who emphasize metamemory skills in young grade-schoolers find that:
A)metamemory training results in quicker learning.
B)metamemory training results in less accurate learning.
C)metamemory training is not useful until children are in high school.
D)metamemory is not related to theory of mind.
Q2) Researchers can examine memory early in infancy by examining if an infant looks more at novel than familiar items.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to the memory efficiency view, memory improves in young children because:
A)the children are learning to apply knowledge of how memory works.
B)the processes of memory themselves improve as a child grow.
C)episodic memory comes online in the fourth year of life.
D)theory of mind drives the improvements in memory.
Q4) Younger children show fewer ______ memory errors.This summarizes the research on false memory.
Q5) Describe semantic memory in children.
Q6) Explain Wimmer and Perner's (1983) experiment on false belief.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Memory in Older Adults
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies examining how older adults make judgments of learning (JOLs) find that:
A)older adults show impaired accuracy in making JOLs compared to younger adults.
B)older adults' JOLs do not predict memory performance; the correlation between JOLs and recall is essentially zero.
C)older adults show inflated magnitude of their judgments relative to younger adults.
D)there is no difference in accuracy of JOLs between younger and older adults.
Q2) Declines in the size of the ______ lobe are associated with declines in memory performance in older adults.
Q3) Rick is 78-year-old truck driver and his friend Bob is a 24-year-old truck driver.Who is more likely to be at risk when using his cell phone while driving?
A)Bob, because he is a less experienced driver.
B)Bob, because he is more likely to be having arguments with his spouse.
C)Rick, because being older, he is less able to do two tasks simultaneously.
D)Rick, because he is too old to be driving anyway.
Q4) Describe the processing speed as related to age decline.
Q5) What are white matter tracts?
Q6) Explain suggestibility as it relates to memory.
Q7) Explain the inhibition theory.
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Chapter 13: Memory Improvement and Learning Efficiency
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Sample Questions
Q1) Maguire, Valentine, Wilding, and Kapur (2003) were able to record memory competitors using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Relative to normal controls, the memory competitors showed less activity in areas of the right prefrontal cortex, which are associated with spatial memory and navigation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe an Acrostic.
Q3) Technical mnemonics refer to ready-made methods for learning information. A)True B)False
Q4) Nate studies very hard for an exam before going on a vacation.Despite studying hard, he is later surprised that he did not do as well on the exam as he would have liked.It may be that:
A)Nate overlearning was offset by his use of acrostics.
B)Nate underestimated the likelihood that forgetting would occur during his vacation, thus demonstrating stability bias.
C)Nate judgments of learning were inaccurate.
D)Nate demonstrates underconfidence in testing and overconfidence in learning.
Q5) Explain distributed learning or practice.
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