Advanced Nutrition Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Advanced Nutrition delves into the complex biochemical and physiological processes that govern nutrient metabolism and requirements in the human body. The course explores the interactions between macro- and micronutrients, their role in health maintenance, disease prevention, and the modulation of gene expression. Students will critically examine emerging research on diet and chronic disease, nutrient bioavailability, and the impact of nutrition across the lifespan. Special emphasis is placed on understanding scientific methodologies, interpreting nutritional research, and applying advanced concepts to dietary assessment and intervention strategies.
Recommended Textbook
Advanced Nutrition and Human Metaboli 7th Edition Sareen S. Gropper
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14 Chapters
1263 Verified Questions
1263 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Cell: A Microcosm of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Substances that bind with allosteric sites and alter the activity of regulatory enzymes are called ____.
A)transport proteins
B)modulators
C)Na pumps
D)sarcoplasmic reticula
Answer: B
Q2) the tendency of a compound to donate and receive electrons
A)free energy
B)activation energy
C)cellular energy
D)transition state
E)standard reduction potential
Answer: E
Q3) Membrane lipid bilayers consist primarily of ____.
A)phospholipids
B)cholesterol
C)proteins
D)saturated fatty acids
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) Secretin stimulates gastric emptying.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The hormone primarily responsible for contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the duodenum is ____.
A)gastrin
B)secretin
C)cholecystokinin
D)GRP
Answer: C
Q3) Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Villi are s-designed to increase the absorptive surface area of the small A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Carbohydrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which cellular site is most of the energy released when carbohydrates are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?
A)cytoplast
B)endothelium
C)Golgi body
D)mitochondrion
Answer: D
Q2) Alcohol in beverages is degraded mainly in the liver cytosol with the production of one NADH for each ethanol molecule.Predict what effect consumption of alcohol would have on the activity of the liver malate-aspartate shuttle.
A)no change
B)increased
C)decreased
D)reversed
Answer: B
Q3) Glucose phosphorylation in the liver is catalyzed by glucokinase.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Fiber
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Sample Questions
Q1) The predominant source of chitin is ____.
A)shells of crab, lobster, and shrimp
B)bran
C)vegetables
D)fruits
Q2) What is the recommended amount each day of dietary fiber for most population groups?
A)15-24 g
B)19-38 g
C)50-60 g
D)70-90 g
Q3) Pectins,gums,inulin and resistant starches are structurally longer-chain,water-soluble fibers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Viscous gel-forming fibers may contribute to satiety by ____.
A)elevating serum glucose levels
B)elevating glucagon levels
C)slowing gastric emptying
D)reducing hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Lipids
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fat digestion does not require ____.
A)pancreatic lipase
B)colipase
C)bile
D)leucine
Q2) Adipocytes' primary function is to store fat as triacylglycerol; thus,they do not require glycolysis and the TCA cycle for energy needs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Identify a nonspecific response to injury involving phagocytic cells,neutrophils,and macrophages.
A)inflammation
B)atherosclerotic plaque formation
C)blood clotting
D)thermogenesis
Q4) Ketogenesis would be the HIGHEST ____.
A)after a high-CHO meal
B)after a high-protein meal
C)after a high-fat meal
D)during prolonged starvation
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Protein
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Sample Questions
Q1) <b>Transamination and Deamination:</b> What are these two reactions in amino acid metabolism (draw a diagram if that is helpful)? Why are they important? (Hint-transamination is important for two reasons; deamination,essentially one.)How do different tissues factor into these reactions?
Q2) Incomplete proteins are derived from foods of animal origin such as eggs,milk,cheese,meat,and fish.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The liver is the site for transamination of all amino acids.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Name the genetic disease associated with the lack of the liver enzyme necessary to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.
A)maple syrup urine disease
B)phenylketonuria
C)homocystinuria
D)lactase deficiency
Q5) Several companies are now enriching enteral and parenteral nutrition products with glutamine.What is the rationale for this procedure?
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Chapter 7: Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise
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Sample Questions
Q1) During very prolonged starvation nearing death,the body shifts from using protein for energy to using fat stores.
A)True
B)False
Q2) liver
A)relies solely on glucose for energy
B)fatty acids/glucose are the major fuel
C)stores large amounts of triacylglycerols
D)uses little glucose-6-phosphate and stores much glycogen
E)can adapt to using ketone bodies during prolonged energy deficit
Q3) The lack of which muscle enzyme causes glucose,when phosphorylated in the muscle,to be trapped?
A)glucose-6-phosphatase
B)glycerol-3-phosphatase
C)6-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
D)glucokinase
Q4) All tissues prefer glucose first,and then fatty acids,to meet their energy needs.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Healthy Weight
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adiponectin levels decrease with decreased fat mass and increase with increased fat mass.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which body component comprises more diverse tissues?
A)lean body mass
B)fat mass
C)fat-free mass
D)skinfold thickness
Q3) The activity that requires the greater amount of energy expended is ____.
A)cross-country skiing at 8 mph
B)vigorous, full-court basketball
C)vigorous soccer
D)running at 9 mph
Q4) Leptin and one other hormone have similar effects on orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons.That hormone is ____.
A)ghrelin
B)adiponectin
C)peptide yy
D)insulin
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Chapter 9: Water-Soluble Vitamins
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the water-soluble vitamins is found widely distributed in all plant and animal foods,which makes a deficiency unlikely?
A)riboflavin
B)folic acid
C)pantothenic acid
D)pyridoxine
Q2) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
A)proline and hydroxyproline; provide rigidity to newly formed collagen
B)pyruvate dehydrogenase; important for decarboxylations in carbohydrate catabolism
C)glutathione reductase; important for red blood cell antioxidant integrity and a sensitive measure of riboflavin nutriture
D)aldehyde dehydrogenase; important for catabolism of vitamin B (pyridoxal to pyridoxic acid)
E)acetyl-CoA carboxylase; important to form malonyl-CoA and commit acetyl-CoA to fatty acid synthesis
Q3) Pernicious anemia can be due to folate or B<sub>12</sub> deficiency.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the functions of vitamin A are carried out by retinoic acid via transcriptional mechanisms.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which is molecule is retinoic acid?
A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
Q3) A deficiency of vitamin A will lead to night blindness.This is due to ____.
A)damage to the retina
B)inability to produce rhodopsin
C)damage to the area of the brain that interprets incoming visual signals
D)damage to the rods
Q4) The majority of vitamin A is stored in the liver,while carotenoids are stored mainly in the ____ tissue.
A)muscle
B)eye
C)adipose
D)skin
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Major Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Choose which one of the following statements is not correct.
A)About half of magnesium in the body is associated with the bones.
B)Intracellular and serum magnesium levels are rigidly maintained.
C)Magnesium in cells is associated with phospholipids and proteins.
D)Magnesium metabolism is regulated by several hormones.
Q2) Compare calcium,phosphorus and magnesium as to their physiological functions,symptoms of a deficiency and some of their food sources.You may write out your response or set it up in table form.
Q3) Uptake of phosphorus into cells is thought to occur via ____.
A)active transport
B)facilitated diffusion
C)passively, driven by the chemical gradient
D)Brownian movement
Q4) sulfur
A)forms a complex with ATP for use in glycolysis
B)required for blood clotting
C)forms part of the linear backbone of DNA
D)found as part of structures of vitamins and some amino acids
E)absorption inhibited by excessive calcium
Q5) How is magnesium associated with bone mineralization?
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Chapter 12: Water and Electrolytes
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the recommended Adequate Intake (AI)values of water for adults? What factors will cause modifications in these values?
Q2) What is the basis for replacing some of the NaCl in the diet with KCl,and how does it work?
Q3) The majority of water in the gastrointestinal tract is absorbed in the ____.
A)duodenum
B)jejunum and ileum
C)ascending colon
D)transverse colon
Q4) Maintenance of blood volume is directly related to control of ____.
A)appetite
B)thyroid hormone level
C)respiratory rate
D)blood pressure
Q5) A good predictor of hypertension is a measurement of ____.
A)serum sodium concentration
B)urinary sodium excretion
C)average daily sodium intake
D)sodium filtration rate by the kidney
Q6) Explain how ACE inhibitors work to treat hypertension.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which mineral facilitates transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain?
A)calcium
B)nickel
C)zinc
D)iron
Q2) Most copper circulating in the blood is in the form of hCtr1.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Iron regulatory protein (IRE-BP)is activated (i.e.,to bind IREs)by iron.
A)True
B)False
Q4) <b>Protein Regulation by Minerals: </b>Zinc,copper,and iron regulate the expression of specific proteins,particularly those that are involved in ensuring cells receive these minerals,and those involved in preventing any toxicity associated with too much of a given mineral.Describe how excess zinc (or copper,but not both)and iron regulate the expression of a protein involved in their storage.Be specific-name any proteins and define all abbreviations.
Q5) Certain foods have been classified as containing goitrogens.List three of these foods and tell how they affect iodide uptake in the thyroid.
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Chapter 14: Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which ultratrace element is normally consumed at <100 µg/day,mainly from nuts,legumes,grains,and chocolate,and has been assigned a Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 1 mg/day?
A)nickel
B)silicon
C)cobalt
D)boron
Q2) Black-foot disease is associated with high nickel exposure.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What ultratrace element has been shown to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase function and the absorption of amino acids at higher concentrations?
A)vanadium
B)arsenic
C)cobalt
D)boron
Q4) How does boron exert its effect on body functions?
Q5) How does nickel work in the human body?
Q6) How might a type II diabetic or prediabetic benefit from taking vanadium supplements?
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