QUID NOVI
NCDH 305 - 3644 Peel Montréal, Québec H2A 1X1
McGill University Faculty of Law Faculté de droit de l’Université McGill
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Vol 44 No 16 28 March 2023
quid.law@mcgill.ca @quidnovi.mcgill
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF RÉDACTEUR EN CHEF Zack Goobie ART DIRECTOR DIRECTRICE ARTISTIQUE Souang Wu LAYOUT EDITOR ÉDITEUR DE MISE EN PAGE Ezequiel Indriago Perez COPY EDITORS SECRÉTAIRES DE RÉDACTION Muna Tojiboeva Roxanda Mirzac COLUMNISTS CHRONIQUEURES ET CHRONIQUEUSES Ali Hachem Sofia Watt Sjöström CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE COLLABORATEURS ET COLLABORATRICES Alexia Armstrong Sara Alarcon Carrillo Special thanks to Prairie Koo for designing the layout. ~ The Quid Novi is published weekly by the students of the Faculty of Law at McGill University. Production is made possible through the direct support of students. All contents copyright © 2022 Quid Novi.
Les opinions exprimées sont propres aux auteurs et ne réflètent pas nécessairement celles de l’équipe du Quid Novi. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views of the McGill Law Students’ Association or of McGill University. Envoyez vos commentaires ou articles avant jeudi 17h00 à quid.law@mcgill.ca. Toute contribution doit indiquer le nom de l’auteur, son année d’étude ainsi qu’un titre et un sous -titre pour l’article. Les images doivent être soumises séparément. L’article ne sera publié qu’à la discrétion du comité de rédaction, qui basera sa décision sur la politique de rédaction disponible sur notre Facebook @quidnovi.mcgill.
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QUID NOVI
CETTE SEMAINE...
INSIGHTS
COMMUNAUTÉ
2 | LETTER FROM THE EDITOR 3 | OVERHEARDS 2 | FROM THE GELBER 4 | LEGAL AVENUES TO
CORPORTATE ACCOUNTABILITY John v Barrick Gold and Bills C-262 and C-263
7 | MEET THE TEAM
Marc-Elder Piard, Columnist
7 | MEET THE TEAM
Ezequiel Indriago Perez, Layout Editor
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Vol 44 No 16 28 March 2023
EVENTS 6
| DÉCONFINER LE DROIT PRIVÉ EN LE DRAMATISANT : L’ARTISANAT JURIDIQUE MIS EN SCÈNE ET SOUS LES PROJECTEURS DE KENNETH BURKE Patrick Garon-Sayegh
8 | MEET THE TEAM Ali Hachem, Columnist
9 | CROSSWORD PUZZLE
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Vol 44 ● No 16
LETTER FROM THE EDITOR Zack Goobie | 3L
I often get asked, “can I write about this in the Quid?”. I am proud that we have not yet had to refuse any articles. Every week we get diverse opinions that make this paper what it is. Through the help of great editors, columnists, and contributors, I am very happy with the product that we have produced so far. I think publishing an article in the Quid should be a McGill Law rite of passage. Every law student at this Faculty has a hot take about something. This school is a melting pot of intelligent people who can educate their colleagues on many different topics. I think the world would be a better place if everyone read the weekly edition of the Quid.
This paper is not only comical, but extremely informative. I have learned lots from columnists such as Gary Preteau, Ella Johnson, Sofia Watt Sjöström, Nicolas Kamran, Alanna Molzahn, Ali Hachem, and so many others. I never thought I would write for a paper that covered Afrobeat, the State of Utah, the Oscars, NCAA NIL contracts, stand-up comedy, thoughts on pigeons, and Taylor Swift. I had one person mention to me that Skit Nite was so nice because we could see our colleagues in a non-academic setting. Besides Skit Nite, I think the Quid is a great alternative. We are inundated with academic responsibilities at this
Faculty that we can sometimes lose sight of the things that we love. This paper can be an outlet to express your hobbies, opinions, or favourite activities. While I see the Quid as a way to take a break from academic responsibilities, many people are great at describing, criticizing or commenting on their coursework. Donc, je vous invite tous à prendre un peu de recul durant cette période chargée pour écrire pour le Quid. Si vous avez des questions, vous pouvez toujours nous écrire à quid.law@mcgill. ca. Nous n’avons que deux éditions qui restent cette année et je sais que vous avez quelque chose à dire. J’espère avoir la chance de lire vos propos.
FROM THE GELBER Sara Alarcon Carrillo | 3L
With less than six weeks before the last day of classes, the deadlines for term papers are looming. When conducting research, several databases have made it easier to track which sources have been consulted. This feature is extremely helpful when writing a term paper, a factum, or a memorandum. Below is a guide for saving and organizing sources in four of the main databases available to McGill students.
manage alerts for cases, and browse through their folders. To add a case to a folder, search the case on CanLII. Once open, there will be an option to “Save this case.” All cases in a folder can be easily accessed under the “Browse Lexbox” feature.
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CanLII VLex – International Caselaw
CanLII is a great database for Canadian case law, legislation, and some secondary sources. Their “filing” system is called Lexbox. Lexbox allows students to organize cases into folders and set up notifications for every time a case of interest is mentioned. Students can open a free Lexbox account by selecting “Lexbox” under the “Tool” section on the home page. In the Lexbox home page (see above), students can see their CanLII search history, 2
VLex has access to cases, statutes, and other materials for 134 countries and is particularly useful for Spanish-speaking countries. Sources can be added to a specific folder through the “Add to folder” button located in the top right corner of every source. All research folders can be accessed from the home page on the left side bar. HeinOnline CAIJ The CAIJ database includes legislation, jurisprudence, and doctrine. Importantly, CAIJ has access to Wilson & Lafleur eBooks and allows its users to save/bookmark specific chapters. All saved sources can be accessed through the “Dossiers/Repérages” button under “Mon CAIJ” on the left-hand side of the webpage.
HeinOnline is a great database for finding doctrine. Users can create bookmarks for sources of interest. To create a folder and save a bookmark, students will be prompted to create a “MyHein” account, which is different than the McGill institutional account. Additionally, users can add eTOC alerts for specific titles found in HeinOnline. By setting up these alerts, users will receive email notifications when a journal publishes a new issue. eTOC Alerts can be set up by searching up the title of the journal and selecting “Create a eTOC Alert.” eTOC Alerts can also be managed in the MyHein account.
Happy researching!
OVERHEARDS 2L : “Every Taylor Swift song is better written than any judgment ever.” 2L : “That’s the thing about transsystemia: now I’m confused in two traditions.”
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Vol 44 ● No 16
LEGAL AVENUES TO CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY John v Barrick Gold and Bills C-262 and C-263 Sofia Watt Sjöström | 2L
In November 2022, a group of Tanzanians sued Barrick Gold Corporation (“Barrick”), a Canadian mining company, in the Ontario Superior Court, in the case of John v Barrick Gold.1 Any jurist interested in corporate accountability, human rights, and the evolution of Canadian corporate law should pay attention to this judgment. Firstly, this is not the first time that human rights abuses are alleged against Barrick, or Canadian mining companies in general. Secondly, the arguments in the statement of claim represent important opportunities for the evolution of Canadian corporate law. However, given that those opportunities have limits, there is also an important opportunity for legislative reform, which you can petition your MPs about (scroll to section IV to learn more)! I. Facts of the Case
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[Trigger Warning: violence] In their statement of claim, the plaintiffs allege deeply troubling facts—facts which, if the court accepts them as true, seem to cry out for a remedy. The plaintiffs are Tanzanian residents living nearby Barrick’s North Mara mine. This mine produces waste rock, apparently of no use to Barrick, that some residents harvest to find trace quantities of gold, which they can then sell to help make ends meet.2 Barrick does not seem to perceive these activities favourably, but supposedly responds by depending on Mine Police,3 local police officers with a history of violence,4 for security. Although Barrick also employs private security forces, the plaintiffs argue it provides Mine Police support and funding, despite knowing about their propensity for violence.5 This has put many local Tanzanians at risk given the proximity of their homes to the mine, including those who do not harvest waste rock.6 In fact, the plaintiffs argue that it has led to the violent killing of five Tanzanians, represented in their lawsuit by widows, children and/or other family,7 as well as the beating and/or shooting of nine others.8 John v Barrick Gold, (2022) ONSC (Statement of Claim of the Plaintiffs), online (pdf): <waddellphillips.ca> [perma.cc/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/22.11.23ISSUED-Statement-of-Claim-North-Mara-FINAL.pdf]. 2 Ibid at paras 4–7; 41–43. 1
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Ibid at para 12.
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Ibid at paras 10, 11, 67–84. Ibid at paras 10, 11, 69.
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Ibid at para 12. Ibid at paras 16–20. Ibid at paras 21–29.
The statement of claim is a chilling read. Although this is just the plaintiffs’ side of the story, Barrick does not appear to deny that these things happened so much as it denies its own responsibility for their occurrence.9 I think this is a case where the human perspectives are particularly worth dwelling on. II. Broader Context It is important to situate this case in its broader context. This is not the first instance of alleged human rights abuses by Canadian mining companies. After Dr. Ghebremusse spoke at10 an MJSDL event last fall, I reached out to her to learn more. To begin with, I was shocked to realize to what extent Canada is involved in foreign mining. 75% of mining companies across the globe are based in Canada.11 Canada has associated itself with a very positive image, such that the “Canada Brand”12 suggests impeccable corporate ethical standards. However, research challenges this by documenting Canadian companies’ impact in, for example, Latin America, highlighting issues such as improper community consultation as well as egregious and violent wrongs.13 Barrick itself has been called out before: it was sued twice in the past over North Mara, although one case was settled and the other is still proceeding in the British courts.14 Barrick Gold Corporation, Public Response, “Statement on Legal Proceeding” (25 November 2022) [“Barrick Response”, online: Barrick <www.barrick.com> [perma.cc/English/operations/northmara/legal-proceeding-nov2022/default.aspx]. 10 As a Professor at Allard Law School at University of British Columbia, Dr. Ghebremusse has expertise in this area: see e.g. https://allard.ubc. ca/about-us/news-and-announcements/2021/shedding-light-how-canadian-mining-conflicts-shape-governance-southern-africa. 11 Global Affairs Canada, News Release, “Minister Ng promotes Canada’s mining industry at virtual Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada 2021 Convention” (17 March 2021), online: Canada <www.canada.ca> [perma.cc/en/global-affairs/news/2021/03/ minister-ng-promotes-canadas-mining-industry-at-virtual-prospectors--developers-association-of-canada-2021-convention.html]. 12 See e.g. “The ‘Canada Brand’: Violence and Canadian Mining Companies in Latin America” (17 December 2016), online: Justice and Corporate Accountability Project <justice-project.org> [perma.cc/the-canada-brand-violence-and-canadian-mining-companies-in-latin-america/]. 13 See e.g. ibid; “The impact of Canadian Mining in Latin America and Canada’s Responsibility: Executive Summary of the Report submitted to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights” (2010), online (pdf): Due Process of Law Foundation <www.dplf.org> [perma.cc/ sites/default/files/report_canadian_mining_executive_summary.pdf]. 14 BarrickOnTrial, Press Release, “Barrick Slapped with Third Lawsuit on Same Human Rights Abuses at Tanzanian Mine: ‘Business as Usual’?” (23 November 2022), online: <www.barrickontrial.ca> [perma.cc/barrick-slapped-with-third-lawsuit-on-same9
Dr. Ghebremusse recommends two websites with resources to learn more about Canadian mining companies’ impact across the globe: Mining Watch Canada15 and the Canadian Network on Corporate Accountability.16 III. Corporate Accountability in Canadian Law If Business Associations taught me anything, as the jurisprudence currently stands, it is really difficult to hold Canadian companies accountable for human rights violations in foreign countries. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, there are questions of international law and diplomacy. Canadian courts do not generally want to interfere with what takes place within the jurisdictions of other sovereign nations; thus, judges exercise restraint in their treatment of issues abroad.17 Still, there are situations where despite events taking place in another country, for practical reasons, Canada’s court system may be plaintiffs’ best—or only—option. This may notably arise with multinational corporations when the local subsidiary company does not have the assets to enforce a judgment.18 This brings us to the second legal obstacle: the corporate veil. You are likely aware that corporations are considered separate legal persons. In brief, what this means is that corporations themselves are liable for their acts; no one else is. This insulates people implicated in the corporation, notably shareholders, from legal liability.19 It draws a line—a veil—between the company and its shareholders, or between local subsidiaries and their multinational parent companies. And courts are very, VERY, reluctant to pierce that veil. The fact that an injustice calls out for a remedy will not suffice for them to do so.20 This traditional picture is not static, however—it needs to develop as an area of law. The Supreme Court ruled in Nevsun Resources Ltd v Araya,21 a 2020 case involving a Canadian mining company, that corporations might be held accountable for breaches of customary international law in other countries.22 This was enough not to dismiss the case—not to actually hold human-rights-abuses-at-tanzanian-mine-business-as-usual/]. https://miningwatch.ca.
the corporation accountable. Soon afterwards, Nevsun settled the case outside of court.23 Maybe John v Barrick Gold will allow courts to consider the reach of customary international law again. The plaintiffs’ statement of claim alleges not only negligence, but complicity in breaches of customary international law.24 However, North Mara Mine is operated not by Barrick itself, but by its sixth-level indirect subsidiary: North Mara Gold Mine Limited.25 Thus, the corporate veil is likely to be a major obstacle for the plaintiffs in John v Barrick Gold. Do the plaintiffs address this? Their legal arguments are not clear yet. Nevertheless, I found it interesting that the statement of claim emphasizes statements Barrick made to its investors and the public indicating that it had a high degree of operational control over its subsidiary’s operations at the mine as well as policy statements emphasizing its respect for human rights throughout its operations.26 In Business Associations, we learnt that, in British case law, public representations and group-wide policies could sometimes be determinative for liability.27 As I mentioned, Barrick has already been hit with two lawsuits in Great Britain over the North Mara Mine.28 It will be interesting to see how these arguments play out in a Canadian court. There are lots of obstacles, jurisprudential and otherwise, to the court ruling in favour of the plaintiffs. However, Canadian corporate law is not set in stone. On the contrary, law is constantly moving and shifting. Even the corporate veil has only been around since 1897.29 Law can change. Sometimes, law must change. Cases like John v Barrick Gold give courts the opportunity to consider some of these crucial legal issues—and give all of us the opportunity to witness how far courts will go, this time. IV. The Legislated Alternative As the public increasingly pays attention to what multinational corporations are up to in other countries, the needs of this time are changing. Yet, not everyone feels that corporate law jurisprudence will address these needs in a timely or adequate manner. John v Barrick Gold may be a watershed moment—or not. When I asked Dr. Ghrebemusse what ordi-
15
See Yvette Brend, “Landmark settlement is a message to Canadian companies extracting resources overseas: Amnesty International,” CBC News (23 October 2020), online: <www.cbc.ca> [perma.cc/news/canada/british-columbia/settlement-amnesty-scc-africa-mine-nevsun-1.5774910]. 23
https://cnca-rcrce.ca. 17 See Nevsun Resources Ltd v Araya, 2020 SCC 5 at paras 27–57 [Nevsun]. 16
See e.g. Lori Ward, “CBC goes to court to get Chevron to unseal documents in $9.5B US environmental battle,” CBC News (16 April 2018), online: <www.cbc.ca> [perma.cc/news/canada/chevon-lawsuit-ecuador-environment-rights-1.4619170]. 19 See Canada Business Corporations Act, RSC 1985, c C-44, ss 15(1), 45(1). 18
20
See e.g. Yaiguaje v Chevron Corporation, 2018 ONCA 472 at para 67.
21
See Nevsun, supra note 17. See Nevsun, supra note 17, paras 114, 116.
22
24
See Statement of Claim, supra note 1 at para 15.
25
Ibid at para 46. Ibid at paras 44–66.
26
See e.g. Vedanta Resources PLC v Lungowe, [2019] UKSC 20 at paras 50–53 (UK). 28 See BarrickOnTrial, supra note 14. 27
29
See Salomon v Salomon, [1897] AC 22 (HL, UK).
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Vol 44 ● No 16 nary citizens could do to increase corporate accountability in Canadian law, she suggested another option: turn to the legislator. In fact, two Private Members’ Bills currently pending in Parliament (outside the order of precedence) address these problems head-on: (1) Bill C-262, requiring that corporations exercise due diligence to ensure that they are not contributing to human rights violations, and (2) Bill C-263, giving more meaningful power to the Canadian Ombudsperson for Responsible Enterprise (CORE).30 If you care about these issues, a very simple thing you can do is write to your MP about these legislative proposals, and sign the petition31 saying that you support the adoption of human rights Canadian Network on Corporate Accountability, Press Release, “Bills Introduced to Protect People and the Planet Warrant All-Party Support” (29 March 2022), online: CNCA <cnca-rcrce.ca> [perma.cc/2022/03/29/news-releasebills-introduced-to-protect-people-and-the-planet-warrant-all-party-support/]. 31 https://cnca-rcrce.ca/take-action/hredd-petition/
and environmental due diligence legislation. Right now, it does not look like the two Bills have sufficient popular support to go anywhere—but the more people know, care, and speak up about them, the more likely that will change. Conclusion In sum, John v Barrick Gold is hardly unprecedented, but I believe it can be an important case. Corporate accountability is important, whether for these plaintiffs in particular, or the many others in similar situations across the globe. As citizens and jurists, we may be frustrated with the legal barriers to change. Nevertheless, we must not be so cynical that we become complacent.
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Let’s keep asking the system to change. Pay attention to class actions like John v Barrick Gold that attempt to challenge the jurisprudence as it stands. But also, do not forget to use your democratic voice. Support and share Bills C-262 and C-263!
Patrick Garon-Sayegh, « Déconfiner le droit privé en le dramatisant : l’artisanat juridique mis en scène et sous les projecteurs de Kenneth Burke » Le 31 mars 2023, de 13h00 à 14h30 (HNE), 202 du Pavillon New Chancellor Day, Format hybride À tort ou à raison, les pratiques méthodologiques disciplinent les milieux savants. Ces pratiques agissent autant à titre prospectif que rétrospectif. Elles orientent les recherches à venir et démarquent celles qui devraient être retenues de celles qui devraient être écartés. Quoiqu'elles soient nécessaires, leur effet disciplinaire devient souvent un carcan confinant, autant pour les chercheurs que pour les objets qu'ils étudient.
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Cette présentation offre aux chercheurs en droit privé une orientation méthodologique novatrice qui permet de déconfiner — au moins en partie — leurs objets d'étude. Cette orientation, ancrée dans la perspective «dramatique» développée par le rhétoricien Kenneth Burke, invite les chercheurs en droit privé à se pencher sur le travail concret des acteurs juridiques. Lorsque adoptée, la perspective dramatique permet d'appréhender la dimension artisanale du droit privé de manière «quasi-empirique» qui illumine les catégories doctrinales du droit privé sous un nouvel angle tout en respectant la perspective dite «interne» suivant laquelle le sens de ces catégories relève de pratiques interprétatives autonomes. Patrick Garon-Sayegh est professeur adjoint à la Facuté de droit de l'Université de Montréal, où il enseigne principalement le droit de la preuve civile et l'interprétation des lois. Ses recherches actuelles chevauchent le droit de la preuve et la responsabilité médicale. Plus particulièrement, il s'intéresse aux pratiques argumentatives impliquées dans la preuve d'une faute médicale et les affinités philosophiques, historiques, et pratiques qui existent entre la justification médicale et la justification juridique. Participer à l'Atelier via Zoom: https://mcgill.zoom.us/j/81140410779?pwd=bG1KUTdGKzRvVVdMZDlxNk5Od1Bmdz09 6
MEET THE TEAM Columnist
Marc-Elder Piard| 1L
Where are you from / where have you lived? Je suis d’Haïti. J’ai immigré à Montréal il y a 4 ans de cela. What drew you to the Quid? J’étais journaliste communautaire avant d’entrer à McGill. Il m’a donc semblé normal de rejoindre les rangs du Quid. What did you do before McGill Law? J’étais en Histoire et civilisations au cégep. Quel était ton cours préféré avant de commencer à la faculté de droit? Question vraiment difficile. Ce serait probablement mon cours de philosophie.
Was law school a dream come true or a happy accident? Do you want to be a lawyer? Je n’avais pas fait de maths au cégep et j’avais besoin d’un travail qui me permettrait de payer un loyer. Lol. Plus sérieusement, j’ai « vécu » à travers les failles du système juridique canadien, ce qui m’a conduit à m’intéresser au droit. Qu’aimes-tu faire quand tu n’étudies pas ? Beaucoup de choses. J’adore le happening et la performance entre autres. Je pourrais discuter des heures des enjeux éthiques entourant les œuvres de Marina Abramovic. As-tu un quartier préféré à Montréal? Le quartier où il n’y a personne de Laval… Où aimerais-tu travailler dans cinq ans? Je suis ouvert à tout. Vous savez je ne pense pas qu’il existe de bonne ou de mauvaise situation. Moi, si je devais résumer ma vie aujourd’hui avec vous…
MEET THE TEAM Layout Editor
Ezequiel Indriago Perez| 1L
Where are you from / where have you lived? I was born in Barcelona, Venezuela, but I grew up in Calgary. I’ve also lived in Ottawa and Spain. What drew you to the Quid? I wanted to do something creative outside of regular classes where I could connect with other students in the Faculty. What did you do before McGill Law? I studied Criminology and Psychology at uOttawa! Last year, I worked as an English language assistant at a secondary school in Tenerife, Spain. Quel était ton cours préféré avant de commencer à la faculté de droit? J’ai grandement apprécié apprendre de nouvelles choses sur le monde à travers mes cours aux choix en géographie.
Was law school a dream come true or a happy accident? Do you want to be a lawyer? Definitely a dream come true! I’ve been saying that I have wanted to be a lawyer since I was in elementary school. #NotMeManifesting! Qu’aimes-tu faire quand tu n’étudies pas? Ces derniers temps, je profite pour me reconnecter avec mes amis de longue distance sur FaceTime. Où aimerais-tu travailler dans cinq ans? Je continue à découvrir mes intérêts, mais j’espère que là où je suis, j’apporte un impact positif qu’il soit petit ou grand.
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MEET THE TEAM Columnist
Ali Hachem| 3L
Where are you from / where have you lived? I was born and raised in Senegal by Lebanese parents. In July 2016, at 17 years old, I moved to Montreal. It was the second time that I visited Canada, although I was born Canadian (the first time being a year before in 2015). What drew you to the Quid? I saw the Quid as an opportunity to practice my English writing skills, as it is my second language, while writing articles about topics which are dear to my heart. I mainly write about African history and culture which is not well known in Canada.
of Latin America. I did not know much about this region of the world prior to taking this class. I found the professor and the topic to be very interesting and engaging. Was law school a dream come true or a happy accident? Do you want to be a lawyer? I guess that it was a bit of both. I came to Canada with the objective of attending law school after my undergrad in Political Science. It was the deal with my father: It had to be law school and it had to be in English. It was also a happy accident because I only applied at McGill, and I eventually got in. I would love to become a lawyer to allow my mother to flex shamelessly on the family WhatsApp group to my aunts and other relatives. Qu'aimes-tu faire quand tu n'étudies pas ? J’aime sortir avec mes amis, écouter de la musique et regarder des films. As-tu un quartier préféré à Montréal? I really like Griffintown because I love to walk around the canal in the summer and picnic there with my friends. At night I like to take my significant other to eat in the many restaurants of Griffintown.
Quel était ton cours préféré avant de commencer à la faculté de droit? My favorite class before starting law school was politics
Où aimerais-tu travailler dans cinq ans? In a big law firm in Montreal as I am passionate about business law.
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What did you do before McGill Law? Before law school I completed an undergraduate degree in political science at Concordia University. I really enjoyed my time there God ble$$.
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CROSSWORD PUZZLE Alexia Armstrong | 2L
Name: Complete the crossword puzzle below 1
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Created using the Crossword Maker on TheTeachersCorner.net
Across 2. Skit Nite venue 5. French abbreviation for the McGill Journal of Sustainable Development Law 10. Brun, Tremblay, -11. Livre Cinquième du CCQ 14. Dans son cours, tu deviendras prof 15. Apt name for a litigator 16. The chancellorship saw more of these than women 17. Passive 18. Bridge in the unilateral contract hypothetical
Down 1. Housing coop near McGill founded in 1979 3. It's not a strike 4. Mcgill law's fav made-up word 6. iconic, reliable coffeehouse snack 7. Hottest band ever created 8. Escaped to California 9. Accidental inventor of the world's worst ice cream float 12. Le nom d'un des chiens du doyen 13. Cours obligatoire en 2ème année
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