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QUID NOVI

Vol 43 No 8 18 Jan 2022

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quid.law@mcgill.ca @quidnovi.mcgill

McGill University Faculty of Law Faculté de droit de l’Université McGill

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EDITORS-IN-CHIEF RÉDACTEURS EN CHEF Mark Townsend & Chris Ciafro ART DIRECTOR DIRECTRICE ARTISTIQUE Hanna Rioseco LAYOUT EDITOR ÉDITEUR DE MISE EN PAGE Luther Mourinet COPY EDITORS SECRÉTAIRES DE RÉDACTION Maïmouna Diallo Nathan Leung Roxanda Mirzac COLOUMNISTS CHRONIQUEURES ET CHRONIQUEUSES Ana Rogers-Butterworth, Juliette Croce, Martina Kneifel, Andrew Medeiros, Mario Michas, Darcy Taylor, Spencer Williams Special thanks to Prairie Koo for designing the layout. ~ The Quid Novi is published weekly by the students of the Faculty of Law at McGill University. Production is made possible through the direct support of students. All contents copyright © 2021 Quid Novi.

Les opinions exprimées sont propres aux auteurs et ne réflètent pas nécessairement celles de l’équipe du Quid Novi. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views of the McGill Law Students’ Association or of McGill University. Envoyez vos commentaires ou articles avant jeudi 17h00 à quid.law@mcgill.ca. Toute contribution doit indiquer le nom de l’auteur, son année d’étude ainsi qu’un titre et un sous -titre pour l’article. Les images doivent être soumises séparément. L’article ne sera publié qu’à la discrétion du comité de rédaction, qui basera sa décision sur la politique de rédaction disponible sur notre Facebook @quidnovi.mcgill.

QUID NOVI

CETTE SEMAINE...

INSIGHTS

COMMUNAUTÉ

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Vol 43 No 8 18 Jan 2022

EVENTS

3 | LMFAO AT PRINTEMPS DE 2 | FROM THE GELBER L’ÉCONOMIE 2021

3 | SEEDS OF SOVEREIGNTY:

Getting Started: International Legal Research

INDIGENOUS RIGHTS & CANNABIS LAW McGill Law Journal Podcast

4 | MARTINE ROY STUDENT COLLOQIUM & PRIZE Appel à communications étudiants

5 | THE JUDICIAL COMMIT-

7 | PRIX DE L’AHJUCAF 2022 POUR LA PROMOTION DU DROIT

TEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL A Look at the Institutions’ Intricacies

10 | MCGILL INTERNATIONAL LAW SOCIETY GRATEFUL FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO ATTEND CONFERENCE A Look at the Institutions’ Intricacies

Le prix de 3.000 euros

8 | RCHERCHE FACILITATEUR. TRICE.S DE DIALOGUE ET SCRIBES Forum sur la diversit é et l ’ inclusion « Une convergence des pratiques pour l’unit é d’action » 11 | HONOURABLE G.I. SMITH MEMORIALAWARD A $2,500 bursary for a deserving Nova Scotia law student 12 | THE J. STEPHEN TATRALLYAY MEMORIALAWARD Une bourse de 1 500 $ 14 | OFFRE D’EMPLOI

Global Affairs Canada, Department of Justice

Vol 43 ● No 8

FROM THE GELBER Getting Started: International Legal Research Ana Rogers-Butterworth

As the semester nears its end there has been an increase in research questions related to International Law. If you simply don’t know where to start, you are not alone! Many students have come to me at a loss, so I thought it would be helpful to run through some basic strategies and where to start when researching this very particular domain. Not to start off too basic, but it is important not to confuse “international”, which is the study of law without borders - particularly as related to the United Nations or other international organizations; whereas “foreign and comparative” relates to the laws of a particular country. More than ever I urge you to start with our Library Guide on this topic. What I have consistently seen as a research dilemma among students is difficulty restricting their research topic to the international scope. When searching for international laws on something like citizenship, it is difficult to specify via keywords that you are not looking at a specific jurisdiction; adding “international” or even “international law” to your search does not necessarily eliminate place-specific materials which often overwhelm your results page. Also, most of our go-to databases are automatically organized by jurisdiction; if you don’t take this into account when searching WestLaw you will by default be searching Canadian content.

Brill International Law offers an extensive collection of e-books. I’ve found this to be one of the best resources for more difficult search topics - with the specificity of their titles and the scope of coverage you often find that perfect book that gets your research rolling. In terms of navigation just make sure you click “”International Law” on the right screen menu.

Kluwer Law Journals includes subscription to 30 international law journals; to restrict your search to subscribed content just click “view all” after “your subscriptions”. From here it is simple to enter your search topic and use the filters on the left to further narrow down your topic.

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This is why it helps to start with collections that specify in international law; so that you do not need to worry about sifting through irrelevant material or coming up with an impossible search strategy to weed it out. To that end I’m going to give you a few quick tips for searching some of our top international law resources for secondary materials. Legal encyclopedias are a great place to start any research, and to refer back to when needed. For international law, a particularly good one is the Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford). You can, of course, find this on our LibGuide. The homepage makes it look as though you need to click into the resource you want to search, but you actually need to use the top level search bar and then narrow your selection using filters.

Lastly, I can’t talk about international legal research without mentioning Elgar Advanced Introductions. Books in this collection provide concise and accessible overviews of various legal topics. There aren’t too many (36 at the moment) so I recommend browsing the collection for relevant titles - or scroll down the homepage to browse the “International Law”carrousel.

These are just a few go-to resources to get your research started; top level doctrine like this will lead you to relevant case law from international courts, legislation, treaties as well as more in-depth commentary and analysis. Et comme toujours...N’hésitez pas à nous contacter si la bibliothèque peut mieux vous soutenir dans vos

études. Pour céduler des consultations, ou si vous avez des questions de référence, veuillez contacter : Sonia : sonia.smith@mcgill.ca Ana : ana.rogers-butterworth@mcgill.ca. Nos assistant.e.s de recherche : law.library@mcgill.ca

LMFAO at Printemps de l’économie 2021 Andrew Medeiros & Martina Kneifel| 4Ls

We would like to thank SSMU and the Faculty of Law for providing us with support to attend the conference through the Ambassador Fund and Alumni Student Engagement Fund (ASEF).

The Laws of Money and Finance Appreciation Organization (LMFAO) had the opportunity to attend Printemps de l’économie 2021 - Bifurcations: L’heure des choix in Paris, France this October. At beautiful venues across Paris, such as the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, we had the chance to participate in cutting-edge discussions about the reorganization of society in the post-Covid world. We were able to learn from scholars and policymakers in law, economics, finance, environment, and sociology about issues affecting academia, young people, and the global population as we move to transform the recent crisis into an opportunity. For example, a panel about antitrust and competition law in the “Big Tech” space led to a debate about the possibilities and trade-offs of dismantling large technology companies when antitrust law has perhaps not caught up with the digital age. This talk neatly complemented a subsequent dialogue about increased consumption in the post-Covid era and how governments might promote more sustainable ways of life. By building con nections in Paris, we forged an ongoing conversation between Canadian and French efforts to reshape society following the shocks induced by COVID-19. After serious discussions with leaders of France’s largest think tanks, our cultures were married. We taught the French about Quebecois swear words while the French offered us their wine. Martina performed admirably in this environment. However, Andrew is an incurable anglophone from Ontario. He was offered wine from California after referring to local dishes as “soupe gratinée à l’oignon française” and “chocolate croissant.” 3

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Vol 43 ● No 8

THE JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL A Look at the Institutions’ Intricacies Mario Michas | 1L

‘Emergency, emergency,’ I cried, ‘give us emergency, This shall be the doctrine of our salvation. Are we not surrounded by emergencies? The rent of a house, the cost of food, pensions and health, the unemployed, These are lasting emergencies, tragic for me’ But the only answer was property and civil rights, And all my peace-time troubles were counted as nothing. ‘At least you have an unoccupied field,’ I urged, ‘Or something ancillary for a man with four children? Surely my insecurity and want affect the body politic?’ But back came the echo of property and civil rights. I was told to wrap my sorrows in watertight compartments. ‘Please, please’, I entreated, ‘look at my problem. I and my brothers, regardless of race, are afflicted. Our welfare hangs on remote policies, distant decisions, Planning of trade, guaranteed prices, high employment; Can provincial fractions govern this complex whole? Surely such questions are now supra-national!’ But the judges fidgeted over their digests And blew me away with the canons of construction.1 This excerpt from FR Scott’s poem Some Privy Counsel not only shows the importance for law to draw from other arts, but it also highlights a main criticism of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the 1930s. FR Scott is referring to the Privy Council’s invalidation of federal legislation responding to the Great Depression. In constitutional law, the name of the Judicial Committee is brought up often in readings and in class. The question of the Committee’s nature and intricacies often arises as well. What really was the Judicial Committee? The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in London, commonly referred to as the JCPC, was the court of last resort for Canada between 1833 and 1949.2 It was a Board composed of judges who would dispose of appealed cases in the name of the British monarch. The Committee was, and still is,3 the final court of appeal in 1 See Francis Reginald Scott, Events and Signals: Poems by F.R. Scott (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1954) at 41—2. 2 See Peter McCormick, The Evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada: Supreme at Last (Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd., 2000) at 7—10. 3 See “Role of the JCPC” (last visited 23 December 2021), online: The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council <www.jcpc.uk/about/ role-of-the-jcpc.html>.

Image from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council’s Website.

many countries, given the British custom that the final court would be that of the monarch’s council.4 The right to appeal a case to the throne historically operated through various different mechanisms. As of the beginning of English rule in Canada, litigants who were discontented with local court decisions could appeal to the Monarch.5 One could even appeal directly from a provincial court of appeal.6 Initially, appeals to the throne were disorganized. In the late 17th century, the appellate committee of the Privy Council was created, but the proceedings were rather informal and not judicial. Consequently, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was created by statute in 1833, organizing the appeal to the throne. By 1844 the JCPC’s role was defined, and its membership was stabilized. However, it was not until 1876 that membership was reserved to the law lords of the House of Lords. In 1895, judges from British colonies were allowed to sit on the JCPC, and Canadian chief justices could be sworn in as privy councilors to decide cases. Moreover, one justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, Sir Lyman Poore Duff, later Chief Justice of Canada, rendered decisions in 4 See British Coal Corp v The King, [1935] UKPC 33 at 3, AC 500 [British Coal]. 5 See Philip Girard Jim Phillips & R Blake Brown, A History of Law in Canada, vol 1 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press for The Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History, 2018) at 70. 6 See James G. Snell & Frederick Vaughan, The Supreme Court of Canada: History of the Institution (Toronto: University of Toronto Press for the Osgoode Society, 1985) at 183.

Vol 43 ● No 8 JCPC appeals. While the Judicial Committee hosted different judges frequently, some judges such as Lord Haldane became common fixtures. Commentators observed that at one sitting the Privy Council “may be composed of the ablest judges in the land, and at the next sitting its chief characteristics may be senility and general weakness.”7 The Judicial Committee is limited to giving legal advice to the monarch regarding the disposal of a case. If the Queen or King in council does not assent to a judgment, it has no force. However, a constitutional convention exists whereby the monarch always accepts the advice of the members of the Judicial Committee. In Canada, the abolition of appeals to the JCPC was a long process, as even with the creation of the Supreme Court of Canada in 1875, the abolition of appeals was not necessarily envisioned. The Minister of Justice who introduced the Supreme Court Act, Télesphore Fournier, did not wish to block appeals to the JCPC, but he wished that they would end soon. In 1888, Parliament amended the criminal code and ended criminal appeals to the Judicial Committee. However, in 1926, the Privy Council deemed the amendment unconstitutional and criminal appeals were reinstated.

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In 1933, criminal appeals were terminated once more, and in 1935 the Judicial Committee ruled the termination to be valid. Finally, in 1940, the Supreme Court Act was amended to make the Supreme Court the final court of appeal. The Privy Council ruled the amendment intra vires Parliament’s power in 1947. The end of appeals, save those that had commenced before 1950, 8 became a reality when Parliament amended the Supreme Court Act again in 1949. The Canadian legal community was opposed to abolishing the appeal for many decades because it viewed the Judicial Committee as more competent than Canadian courts. From confederation to the beginning of the 20th century, the Canadian legal community deflected any criticisms of the JCPC appeal by non-lawyers.9 However, as of the mid-1920s critics grew more vociferous and even jurists began criticizing the appeal. Frustration with the JCPC grew as the Board struck down many Canadian laws in the mid-to-late 1920s. Moreover, Canadian nationalism which grew after the First World War led to louder calls for terminating appeals. In the 1930’s, criticisms of the JCPC grew stronger because 7 See AH Marsh, “Privy Council as a Colonial Court of Appeal” (1894) 14 Can L Times 89 at 94. 8 See David Ricardo Williams, Duff: A Life in the Law (Vancover: University of British Colombia Press for the Osgoode Society, 1984) at 252. 9 See Ian Bushnell, The Captive Court: A Study of the Supreme Court of Canada (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1992) at 211.

of the board’s invalidation of federal legislation trying to curtail the effects of the Great Depression.10 Scholars such as F.R. Scott accused the JCPC of weakening the central government by holding that the federal legislation was invading provincial jurisdiction.11 While criticisms of the Judicial Committee were fueled by a surge in Canadian nationalism after the World Wars and a growing discontent with the Committee’s decisions, changes in legal academia and attitudes vis-à-vis the law also had an impact. By the 1920’s, legal commentary was challenging the idea that legal principles were disconnected from politics.12 Consequently, scholars began asserting that the Privy Council’s decisions were influenced by the institution’s willingness to preserve its own role. The end of appeals did not free the Canadian courts from British jurisprudence as the rule of precedent still applied, and Canadian judges continued to cite British cases heavily. While scholars held that “the attainment of judicial autonomy was a prerequisite for first class jurisprudence,”13 the Supreme Court had for a long time “captive judges” that were cut from conservative judicial cloth and were primarily “rule oriented.”14 Thus, the end of appeals did not in itself bring about a modernization of the judiciary as policymakers had hoped. Finally, the Privy Council undoubtedly had an impact on Canadian jurisprudence. Some scholars contend that the Judicial Committee ensured the “partial breakdown of the general scheme of Confederation.”15 The Committee was accused of being oblivious to Canadian conditions and of interpreting the Canadian Constitution without regards to Canadian needs. The Privy Council was described as a “symbol of colonial dependence.”16 Other scholars, while recognizing the importance of Canadian judicial independence from the United Kingdom, believe that the idea that the Judicial Committee made Canada follow another federalist direction is exaggerated. While there is disagreement as to the Judicial Committee’s real impact on Canadian politics and society, certainly the elimination of appeals paved the way for the independent evolution of Canadian law. 10 See Alan Cairns, “The Judicial Committee and its Critics” (1971) 4:3 Can J Political Science 301 at 326. 11 See Francis Reginald Scott, “The Privy Council and Mr. Bennett’s ‘New Deal’ Legislation” (1937) 3:2 Can J Economics & Political Science 234 at 237. 12 See RCB Risk, “The Scholars and the Constitution: POGG and the Privy Council” in G Blaine Baker & Jim Phillips, eds, A History of Canadian Legal Thought: Collected Essays (Toronto: University of Toronto Press for the Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History, 2006) 233 at 241—2. 13 See Cairns, supra note 10 at 344. 14 See Bushnell, supra note 9 at 211. 15 See Risk, supra note 11 at 249. 16 See Bushnell, supra note 9 at 243.

Prix de l’AHJUCAF 2022 pour la promotion du droit Le prix de l’AHJUCAF (Association des hautes juridictions cassation ayant en partage l’usage du français) récompense Prix de l'AHJUCAF 2022 de pour la promotion du droit l’auteur d’un ouvrage, d’une thèse ou d’une recherche, écrit ou traduit en français, sur une thématique juridique ou judiciaire, intéressant le fond du droit ou les missions, l’activité, la jurisprudence, l’histoire d’une ou de plusieurs hautes juridictions membres de l’AHJUCAF. Le prix de l’AHJUCAF (Association des hautes juridictions de cassation ayant en partage l’usage2022 du français) récompense l’auteur ou décembre d’une Sont éligibles au titre de la session les travaux présentés entre d’un le 1erouvrage, janvier d’une 2021 thèse et le 31 2021. La date de recherche, écrit ou traduit en français, sur une thématique juridique ou judiciaire, intéressant limite d’envoi des dossiers est fixée au 1er mars 2022. L’objectif prioritaire est de promouvoir de jeunes juristes d’avenir le fond du droit ou les missions, l’activité, la jurisprudence, l’histoire d’une ou de plusieurs de pays en voie de développement, ayant travaillé sur des thématiques intéressant les Cours suprêmes hautes juridictions membres de l’AHJUCAF.

francophones.

Sont éligibles au titre de la session 2022 les travaux présentés entre le 1er janvier 2021 et le

Le prix de 3.000 euros 31 a pour finalité de La valoriser publication travaux. décembre 2021. date delalimite d'envoi de desces dossiers est fixée au 1er mars 2022. L’objectif prioritaire est de promouvoir de jeunes juristes d’avenir de pays en voie de

développement, ayant des thématiques Cours suprêmes Encourager les travaux de recherche : Letravaillé prix de sur l’AHJUCAF entendintéressant égalementlesencourager les travaux de recherche qui francophones. abordent l’évolution de la place institutionnelle des Cours suprêmes dans l’Etat de droit et les enjeux liés à leur rôle dans la régulation par le droit, sur le plan national et international. Le prix de 3.000 euros a pour finalité de valoriser la publication de ces travaux.

L’objectif prioritaire Mme : L’objectif prioritaire de dedul’AHJUCAF est l'AHJUCAF d’identifier et de sa promouvoir de jeunes juristes Ola Mothy a été du la prix lauréate Prix 2018 de pour thèse d’avenir de pays en voie de développement, ayant réalisé des travaux de qualité,(Universités et de soutenir la recherche juridique univer«L'information du consommateur et le commerce électronique» de Rennes et sitaire sur les thématiques intéressant les Cours suprêmes francophones. Beyrouth). Un Prixannée spécial :aIlété attribuésoit à M.enGildas Fiacre Nonnou pour sa « L’indépendance Le prix est organisé chaque consiste une dotation financière dethèse 3.000 euros et une valorisation dans le cas pouvoirsoit judiciaire Etats d’Afrique francophone : cas du Bénin et du d’une Sénégalthèse » où l’ouvrage a déjà étédu publié, en unedans aidelesà la publication du même montant s’il s’agît ou d’autres travaux (Université Bénin). A titre exceptionnel, au regard de la qualité des ouvrages présentés, de recherche non encore publiés d'Abomey-Calavi, sous forme d’ouvrage. le jury peut décider d’attribuer prix paretconcours ou de n’attribueront aucun prix. M. Aubindeux DASSI NDE M. Gaudens DJIHOUESSI été les colauréats de l'édition 2019.

M. Aubin DASSI a soutenu thèse L'égalité professionnelle hommes/femmes dans Éligibilité : Sont éligibles au titre de laNDE session 2022satous les« ouvrages publiés, toutes les thèses soutenues ou les travaux de les Etats d'Afrique noire francophone » leentre 1er mars 2019 à l’Université de31 Yaoundé II 2021. recherche présentés, entrant dans le champ ci-dessus défini, le 1er janvier 2021 et le décembre (Cameroun). M. Gaudens DJIHOUESSI a soutenu sa thèse « L'appropriation privée de l'eau en Afrique de l'ouest francophone » le 29 mars 2019 à l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi (Bénin).

Le jury : Le jury est composé de membres de droit et de membres désignés. Les quatre membres de droit sont deux membres du bureau de l’AHJUCAF désignés par celui-ci, le secrétaire général de l’AHJUCAF et le représentant de l’Organisation internationale de la francophonie (OIF). Parmi les membres désignés par le bureau de l’AHJUCAF Page 1 sur 3 figurent au minimum deux universitaires de pays différents. Date limite des candidatures : Le dossier devra être transmis au plus tard le 1er mars 2022 par courrier électronique à l’adresse structurelle suivante : sgahjucaf@ahjucaf.org. Tous les éléments utiles sont disponibles sur le site internet de l’AHJUCAF dans la page consacrée au Prix de l’AHJUCAF 2022. Constitution du dossier : Les postulants doivent transmettre par voie dématérialisée au secrétariat de l’AHJUCAF une lettre de candidature au Prix AHJUCAF 2022, accompagnée de : • Un fichier de la thèse ou de l’ouvrage référencé, adressé en format PDF ; • Un CV mentionnant nécessairement les coordonnées postales, électroniques et téléphoniques du candidat ; • Le résumé de la thèse ou de l’ouvrage (4 pages maximum) ; • Le rapport de soutenance (pour une thèse) L’introduction de la thèse ou de l’ouvrage ainsi que le plan de la thèse ou de l’ouvrage ; • Deux attestations pour soutenir la candidature à l’obtention du prix.

Vol 43 ● No 8

***Recherche scribes***

Forum sur la diversité et l’inclusion « Une convergence des pratiques pour l’unité d’action » Participez au Forum diversité et inclusion en prenant part à l’équipe des scribes ! Lieu : Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal *Passeport vaccinal obligatoire avec code QR et pièce d’identité avec photo Dates :

**2 rencontres préparatoires • Vendredi 11 février sur la plateforme Zoom, de 11h à 13h30 à Zoom (lien envoyé lors de votre confirmation) • Samedi 12 mars en personne, de 9h30 à 12h30 à En personne (lieu à confirmer) Forum partie 1 (participation non-obligatoire): - Jeudi 21 avril : conférenciers et panels de 13h à 17h **Forum partie 2 (journée de travail): - Vendredi 22 avril : ateliers intersectoriels et sectoriels de 9h à 17h

Tâches : QUID NOVI • 18 JAN 2022

Prise de notes lors des ateliers intersectoriels et sectoriels du 22 avril. En collaboration avec les facilitateur.trice.s qui animeront les tables de dialogue, vous serez responsable de prendre en note les points saillants des échanges réalisés, puis de réunir les informations dans un document informatisé. *À noter que le Forum sera principalement en français, mais une compréhension de l’anglais sera requise. Honorarium : 200 $ pour votre implication totale S.v.p. nous partager votre intérêt dans les plus brefs délais en nous écrivant directement à l’adresse courriel suivante : audrey.lamothe@lereseaupaix.ca

***Recherche facilitateur.trice.s de dialogue*** Forum sur la diversité et l’inclusion « Une convergence des pratiques pour l’unité d’action »

Participez au Forum sur la diversité et l’inclusion en prenant part à l’équipe des facilitateur.trice.s de dialogue ! Lieu : Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal *Passeport vaccinal obligatoire avec code QR et pièce d’identité avec photo Dates :

Tâches : Faciliter les dialogues entre les participant.e.s du forum lors des ateliers intersectoriels et sectoriels du 22 avril. Divisé.e.s en plusieurs groupes, les participant.e.s du forum échangeront sur leurs pratiques professionnelles en regard des thématiques choisis et reliés au secteur de la diversité et l’inclusion. Le travail se fera en collaboration avec un.e. scribe, qui aura le rôle de noter les points saillants des échanges réalisés, puis de réunir les informations dans un document informatisé. *À noter que le Forum sera principalement en français, mais une connaissance pratique de l’anglais est requise. Honorarium : 300 $ pour votre implication totale comme facilitateur.trice S.v.p. nous partager votre intérêt dans les plus brefs délais en nous écrivant directement à l’adresse courriel suivante : audrey.lamothe@lereseaupaix.ca

Vol 43 ● No 8

MCGILL INTERNATIONAL LAW SOCIETY GRATEFUL FOR OPPORTUNITY TO ATTEND CONFERENCE Darcy Taylor, Juliette Croce, and Spencer Williams

In late October, we had the opportunity to attend the 50th conference of the Canadian Council on International Law entitled “Getting International Law Back on Track?” representing the McGill International Law Society (MILS). The conference consisted of panels featuring international law practitioners and scholars, as well as networking opportunities. This experience was filled with thoughtful and well-rounded expert discussions on current issues in the international legal arena and provided us with unique insights into the practices and work within the fields of international environmental, criminal, and economic law. We would like to thank the Alumni Student Engagement Fund (ASEF), administered by the Law Students’Association (LSA), for funding this experience. We greatly appreciate their generosity to further the opportunities for McGill students interested in international law.

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One interesting panel involved a discussion of international criminal law getting “off track” with regard to a variety of important international crimes and their enforcement at the International Criminal Court (ICC). One of the speakers, Meg DeGuzman, focused on how the ICC has adopted too narrow of a focus on enforcement. She argued that this narrowness is because the ICC’s vision is based on two false narratives — first, the broad vision that the ICC can end impunity for the most serious crimes, and second, that the ICC focuses on the needs of victims. To get back on track, she suggested accepting a more limited role of the ICC that aims to avoid harming victims. Speakers Darryl Robinson and Valerie Oosterveld focused on specific topics, namely the ICC’s approach to ecocide and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in mass atrocities, respectively. We were intrigued by Robinson’s discussion about ecocide being used as a mechanism to rebalance international criminal law, given that the ICC focuses largely on prosecuting individuals from the global south. In contrast, ecocide charges would mostly lead to prosecutions of individuals from the global north. Oosterveld contended that the 2014 policy paper on SGBV adopted by the office of the Prosecutor is a key mechanism for recognizing and charging SGBV in a wider range of situations, something that the ICC has been cautious in doing since the recognition of the crime. In Ecocide as an International Crime? Forging New Roads of Accountability for Mass Destruction, we had a chance to hear a panel discussing the opportunities and challenges in recognizing the crime of Ecocide in the Rome Statute. Ecocide — the wanton, unnecessary mass damage or destruction of ecosystems — poses an interesting take on the space of environmental law within international criminal law. The panel emphasized how ecocide sat at 10

this intersection, wherein its recognition at the ICC would give the charge of environmental destruction significant normative force and would act as a powerful lever to shift corporate and individual decision-making behaviour. For us, the biggest takeaway was how much consideration of a diverse field of international law is taken when developing the proposal for recognition of ecocide under the Rome Statute — including sustainable development law, human rights, and private climate litigation. Another fascinating panel discussed the pressing issue of the United Nations (UN) Security Council’s failure to respond to mass atrocities due to the veto power of the permanent members. Despite momentum for humanitarian interventions in the 1990s, the Security Council has recently been paralyzed by the veto power in cases of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Panelists took this opportunity to consider potential solutions to this crisis at the UN, with a particular emphasis on the role of the UN General Assembly as a relevant actor. Yasmine Nahlawi noted that despite Security Council inaction, the General Assembly created the International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism on international crimes committed in the Syrian Arab Republic in 2016. Rebecca Barber added that the body can make recommendations to the Security Council and request International Court of Justice advisory opinions. Another panelist, Jennifer Trahan, focused on the potential legal problems associated with the use of the veto in cases of mass atrocities. Pointing out how these veto decisions practically cost lives on the ground, she argued that the use of the veto may be contrary to various international legal obligations, ranging from jus cogens principles to treaty obligations under the Genocide Convention. Ultimately, this panel raised important legal questions about the use of the veto, while also debating practical action that the General Assembly can take. A later panel focused on the use of force in the context of 21st Century Transnational Conflict. Panelists discussed whether the UN Charter provisions regarding the prohibition on use of force remain appropriate in the contemporary era, and how states can ensure greater clarity regarding acceptable uses of force moving forward. Self-defence quickly emerged as the most pressing issue on the panel. Speakers explained how states have stretched the limit of the self-defence justification for the use of force in international relations. For example, countries like the United States often cite the right to self-defence

when using force in questionable anticipatory manners that appear at odds with Article 51 of the UN Charter. This reality raises significant questions regarding the legitimacy of the prohibition on the use of force and even practical questions regarding the increased risk of military escalation between states. Ultimately, the panelists shed light on the importance of reexamining international law to account for modern realities and challenges. They emphasized the centrality of the prohibition on the use of force to the international system and advanced relevant ideas regarding the legitimacy of this prohibition. A discussion on shipping and the environment focused on a pledge for global shipping to reduce emissions by 50% below 2008 by 2050. It was noted that since ships typically last for 30 years, these steps have to happen now. The discussion drew a sharp distinction between the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the International Maritime Organization, describing the latter as more exclusive and “old school.” This in turn means that states, especially those which are flags of convenience, behave quite differently in the respective settings. This discussion also touched on the Arctic, where the pressures of climate change and shipping are closely intertwined. A melting Arctic Ocean creates attractive opportunities for shorter shipping routes. In addition to environmental concerns though, there is a question of jurisdiction. Ekaterina Antsygina explained the related processes of delineation — the establishment of an extended continental shelf, and delimitation — the process of establishing maritime boundaries, in the Arctic. Several Arctic nations, including Canada, Denmark, and Russia, are actively seeking to stake claims to larger areas, many of which overlap. Finally, the panel discussed the potential for rising sea levels to alter jurisdiction of hundreds of thousands of square kilometres. As sea levels rise, countries could face reductions in their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). As islands fail to support human life, they are reclassified as rocks, and accordingly lose their status as contributing to a country’s EEZ. This will have the most pronounced impact in the Pacific, where the main source of revenue for many island states is closely tied to fishing. Another important consequence is that as EEZs are reduced, so too is the ability for states to create marine protected areas that are crucial to global conservation targets. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea does not explicitly account for rising sea levels, and the panellists called for greater stability, security, and predictability in this regard, urging mandatory and binding global enforcement. Overall, this conference was an excellent learning opportunity for McGill law students. We had the opportunity to hear from a variety of experts across numerous areas of international law. We are grateful for the experience and encourage all other students to take advantage of similar opportunities.

THE HONOURABLE G. I. SMITH MEMORIAL TRUST The G. I. Smith Memorial Trust is pleased to offer the G. I. Smith Memorial Award, a $2,500 bursary for a deserving Nova Scotia law student. The award honours the memory of Truro lawyer “Ike” Smith, a member of the Nova Scotia Bar for 50 years. He was MLA for Colchester County from 1949 until 1974, serving in several Cabinet positions in the governments of Robert Stanfield, and succeeding him as Premier of Nova Scotia from 1967 until 1970. He was appointed to the Senate in 1975 and served until his death in 1982. This bursary is open to full time law students or articled clerks from Nova Scotia who have begun at least their second year of law school, or their clerkship in this province or elsewhere. This includes second year students, third year students, articled clerks and students engaged in graduate law studies. Applicants should have a record of significant activity in the areas of public and community affairs, sports, or arts and entertainment, and have demonstrated interest in bettering themselves, their communities and their province through professional and volunteer efforts. Applicants must exhibit financial need. Applications (including academic records and two reference letters) should be sent to: Sarah Emery, Chair G. I. Smith Memorial Trust c/o Patterson Law 10 Church Street Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 3Z6 or semery@pattersonlaw.ca The deadline for the receipt of application is January 21, 2022.

Vol 43 ● No 8

THE J. STEPHEN TATRALLYAY MEMORIAL AWARD THE J. STEPHEN TATRALLYAY MEMORIAL AWARD The J. Stephen Tatrallyay Memorial Award is given by the Canadian College of Construction Lawyers (“CCCL”)

to a law student selected by the CCCL in its sole and absolute discretion based on the criteria below. The late Stephen was one of theMemorial leading construction lawyers Canada and a past President and Founding The Tatrallyay J. Stephen Tatrallyay Award is given byinthe Canadian College of Construction Fellow of the CCCL. Stephen was well known for his consistent contributions to the body of literature in the area Lawyers ("CCCL") to a law selected the CCCL in encourage its sole and of construction law. This Award wasstudent created in memoryby of Stephen and to law absolute students todiscretion prepare and submit a paper for consideration by the CCCL. based on the criteria below. The late Stephen Tatrallyay was one of the leading construction

in Canada and a pastsubmission Presidentwill: and Founding Fellow of the CCCL. Stephen was well Thelawyers law student with the successful i. Receive a $1,500 Award; known for his consistent contributions to the body of literature in the area of construction law. ii. Have their paper published in the Journal of the Canadian College of Construction Lawyers which has been published since 2007; This Award annually was created in memory of Stephen and to encourage law students to prepare and iii. Be featured in the Articles section of the CCCL website; and a paper for consideration by Annual the CCCL. iv.submit Be invited to attend the 2022 CCCL Conference (conference fee, travel, hotel and meal expenses to be paid by the College). The law student with the successful submission will:

Criteria

The paper submitted must be: (i) Receive a $1,500 i. by a student who is pursuing a lawAward; degree at a Canadian University; ii. on any current issue of interest to construction law practitioners and topical to the practice of construction law in(ii) Canada;Have their paper published in the Journal of the Canadian College of iii. no less than 1,400 words; iv. not subject to Construction any restrictionLawyers on publication; which has been published annually since 2007; v. well written with original and innovative thought and based on thorough research; and vi. of sufficient scholarly quality for publication by the College. (iii) Be featured in the Articles section of the CCCL website; and

QUID NOVI • 18 JAN 2022

To be eligible for consideration the author of the paper must be prepared to confirm in writing that the entirety of the work is (iv) original Be andinvited to mustto agree to transfer copyright the paper to the Journal publisher. Submission attend the 2022 CCCLinAnnual Conference (conference fee, travel,of a paper for consideration is a representation that the student agrees to these terms. hotel and meal expenses to be paid by the College). CCCL reserves the right not to award the prize to any person.

TheCriteria Award

1.The The CCCL, through itsmust Executive paper submitted be: shall, at its sole and absolute discretion, determine if any submission meets the criteria and then select the successful submission to be awarded the J. Stephen Tatrallyay Memorial Award (if any). CCCL cannot be compelled to disclose any submission received or its evaluation of those submissions. (i) student by a student who is pursuing degree atmention a Canadian University; 2. Any law with a submission deserving aoflaw an honorable may be offered the opportunity to have their paper published in the CCCL Journal. 3. The CCCL itscurrent executive expects to selecttoa construction winner of the Award by April 29,and 2022. (ii) through on any issue of interest law practitioners topical to the

practice of construction law in Canada; Due Date for Submissions Submissions are to be delivered electronically no later than February 18, 2022 to Brian Samuels, CCCL Publica(iii) no less than 1,400 words; tions Chair, at brian@samuelslawcorp.com. Submissions will be deemed to be received in confidence.

(iv) 12

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not subject to any restriction on publication;

LA BOURSE EN MÉMOIRE DE J. STEPHEN TATRALLYAY La bourse en mémoire J. Stephen Tatrallyay (J. Stephen TatrallyayMEMORIAL Memorial Award)AWARD est décernée par le Collège THEdeJ. STEPHEN TATRALLYAY canadien des avocats en droit de la construction (« le Collège ») à un étudiant en droit sélectionné par le Collège à sa seule discrétion et selon les critères énumérés ci-dessous. Feu Stephen Tatrallyay était un des chefs de file dans The J. du Stephen Tatrallyay Memorial Award is given by the Canadian of Construction le domaine droit de la construction au Canada, un ancien Président du Collège et unCollege de ses membres fondateurs. Stephen était reconnu pour ses contributions à la doctrine dans le domaine du droit de la construction. Cette bourse Lawyers ("CCCL") to a law student selected by the CCCL in its sole and absolute discretion a été créée en mémoire de Stephen pour encourager les étudiants en droit à rédiger et à soumettre un article à l’intention du Collège. based on the criteria below. The late Stephen Tatrallyay was one of the leading construction

lawyers Canada and a past President and Founding Fellow of the CCCL. Stephen was well L’étudiant en in droit choisi se méritera: i. known une bourse de consistent 1 500 $; contributions to the body of literature in the area of construction law. for his ii. aura son article publié dans le Journal du Collège qui est publié à chaque année depuis 2007; et waspublié created Stephen encourage iii.This seraAward également dansinlamemory section «ofArticles » duand site to web du Collège.law students to prepare and iv.submit sera invité à assister à la conférencebyannuelle du CCAC 2022 (frais de conférence, de voyage, d’hôtel et de a paper for consideration the CCCL. repas à la charge du Collège). The law with the successful submission will: Critères destudent sélection

L’article soumis devra: i. être écrit par un étudiant en droit inscrit dans une université canadienne; Receive a pour $1,500 Award; en droit de la construction et d’actualité pour la pratique du droit ii. traiter(i) d’un sujet d’intérêt les avocats de la construction au Canada; iii. contenir 1 400 mots; (ii) pas moins Havedetheir paper published in the Journal of the Canadian College of iv. n’être soumis à aucune restriction de publication; has been published 2007; v. être bien rédigéConstruction avec des idéesLawyers originaleswhich et novatrices et appuyé sur desannually recherchessince consciencieuses; et vi. être d’une qualité académique satisfaisante pour fins de publication par le Collège. (iii) Be featured in the Articles section of the CCCL website; and Pour être éligible, l’auteur de l’article doit pouvoir affirmer par écrit que l’entièreté du travail est originale et il doit accepter de transférer ses droits d’auteur à l’éditeur du Journal. L’étudiant qui soumet un article est réputé Be invited to attend the 2022 CCCL Annual Conference (conference fee, travel, avoir accepté(iv) ces conditions.

hotel and meal expenses to be paid by the College). Le Collège se réserve le droit de n’accorder de bourse à aucun candidat.

La Criteria Bourse

1. Le Collège, par l’entremise de son comité exécutif, à sa seule discrétion, détermine si les articles soumis The paper submitted be: par la suite l’article qui se méritera la bourse (le cas échéant Le Collège ne rencontrent les critèresmust et choisit peut être obligé de dévoiler quelque soumission que ce soit ou l’évaluation de celle-ci). 2. Tout étudiant en droit qui soumet un article digne de mention peut se faire offrir l’opportunité de voir son (i) by a student who is pursuing a law degree at a Canadian University; article publié dans le Journal du Collège. 3. Le Collège, par l’entremise de son comité exécutif, prévoit sélectionner un gagnant de la Bourse au plus tard le(ii) 29 avrilon 2022. any current issue of interest to construction law practitioners and topical to the

of construction law in Canada; Date limite pourpractice participer Les candidats leur article par voie électronique au plus tard le 18 février 2022 à l’attention (iii)devront notransmettre less than 1,400 words; de Brian Samuels, Président du comité des publications du Collège, à l’adresse courriel suivante : brian@samuelslawcorp.com. Tous les articles seront reçus et traités en toute confidentialité. (iv) not subject to any restriction on publication; 123531153:v3

Vol 43 ● No 8

OFFRE D’EMPLOI La Direction générale du droit commercial international (JLT), une unité conjointe d’Affaires mondiales Canada et du ministère de la Justice, est heureuse d’annoncer le lancement du processus de recrutement d’étudiants et d’étudiantes pour l’été 2021. Six (6) postes sont à pourvoir à partir du présent processus. La Direction générale du droit commercial international a pour mandat de fournir des services juridiques relatifs au droit commercial international et à l’investissement étranger à tous les ministères et agences du gouvernement du Canada. Les étudiants et les étudiantes en droit auront l’occasion unique de travailler dans un environnement dynamique avec le soutien des avocats et avocates de JLT sur des dossiers très médiatisés portant sur des négociations et litiges en matière de commerce et d’investissements internationaux. Ils pourront ainsi acquérir une expérience pratique dans la prestation de conseils juridiques relatifs aux obligations du Canada en matière de commerce et d’investissements internationaux. Les étudiants et étudiantes en droit devront, entre autres, effectuer des recherches juridiques sur les obligations internationales du Canada en vertu de divers traités sur le commerce international et les investissements étrangers (en particulier les Accords de l’OMC et l’ACÉUM) et appuyer les avocats et avocates de JLT lorsqu’ils représentent le Canada dans le cadre de procédures d’arbitrage et/ou autres règlements de différends, ainsi que dans le cadre de négociations d’accords de libre-échange et d’accords sur la promotion et la protection des investissements étrangers. Les postes seront dotés pour une période allant de mai à août 2022. Les étudiants et les étudiantes en droit seront payés à un taux horaire concurrentiel. Seuls les étudiants et les étudiantes qui répondent aux critères suivants seront admissibles : QUID NOVI • 18 JAN 2022

1. Être citoyen canadien ou résident permanent. Toutefois, la préférence pourrait être accordée aux citoyens canadiens. Étant donné que la Direction générale du droit commercial international est déterminée à constituer un effectif qualifié et diversifié reflétant la société canadienne, nous encourageons en particulier les candidatures des personnes qualifiées qui s’auto-identifient comme appartenant à l’un des groupes visés par l’équité en matière d’emploi: autochtones, personnes handicapées, minorités visibles ou femmes. 2. Être présentement inscrit à l’un des programmes suivants: a. Un programme d’études de 1er cycle en droit menant à la pratique professionnelle du droit (LL.B., LL.L., J.D.); ou b. Un programme d’études supérieures en droit (LLM, LLD, SJD, JSD) et avoir déjà obtenu un diplôme de 1er cycle en droit menant à la pratique professionnelle du droit. 1. Avoir complété au moins un cours en droit international (préférablement un cours en droit commercial international, en droit des investissements étrangers, ou en arbitrage international), et ce, au plus tard au 31 décembre 2021; et 2. Être capable de travailler en français ou en anglais, ou dans les deux langues officielles.

Toutes les candidatures devront inclure les éléments suivants : • Une lettre de présentation qui explique comment le candidat ou la candidate remplit les critères d’admissibilité énoncés ci-haut. De plus, la lettre de présentation doit: ○ décrire toute expérience académique ou professionnelle du candidat ou de la candidate en droit commercial international ou en droit des investissements étrangers et/ou en arbitrage international (i.e. stages, concours de plaidoirie en droit international, articles académiques ou autres publications); et ○ indiquer le niveau de connaissance du français et de l’anglais du candidat ou de la candidate. • Un curriculum vitae; • Un relevé de notes non officiel des études en droit et des autres études post-secondaires; • Le nom d’une (1) référence académique ou professionnelle qui peut témoigner sur les compétences d’analyse et de rédaction juridiques. Veuillez fournir leur numéro de téléphone ainsi que leur adresse courriel. Bien qu’une lettre de recommandation ne soit pas obligatoire, les candidats et les candidates peuvent soumettre une lettre s’ils le souhaitent. Veuillez prendre en note que la référence peut être contactée durant le processus de sélection. La pandémie de COVID-19 continue d’influencer les arrangements de travail et les procédures au sein de la fonction publique fédérale. Les entrevues relatives à cette offre d’emploi se dérouleront à distance, par téléphone ou vidéoconférence. Le lieu de travail principal des employés de JLT est le 125, promenade Sussex, à Ottawa. Cependant, en raison de la pandémie de COVID-19, des arrangements de travail temporaires ont été mis en place et tous les employés travaillent principalement à distance. Puisque la réponse à la pandémie est en évolution constante, il est difficile de prévoir à quoi ressemblera l’environnement de travail à l’été 2022. Dans la mesure où nous le pouvons, nous resterons flexibles dans l’examen des arrangements de travail alternatifs. Ce faisant, nous encourageons les candidats et candidates à indiquer leur préférence quant au mode de travail lors de l’envoi de leurs candidatures. En vertu de la Politique sur la vaccination contre la COVID-19 applicable à l’administration publique centrale, les candidats et candidates retenus, qu’ils travaillent à distance ou à partir du bureau, devront être pleinement vaccinés à moins que des mesures d’adaptation ne soient prises en raison d’une contre-indication médicale certifiée, de la religion ou d’un autre motif de distinction illicite prévu par la Loi canadienne sur les droits de la personne. Les candidats et les candidates retenus devront se conformer aux procédures d’autorisation de sécurité d’Affaires mondiales Canada avant de commencer le stage. Le processus d’obtention d’une cote de sécurité implique une demande détaillée, une vérification approfondie des antécédents et une éventuelle entrevue de sécurité. En tant que tel, le processus peut prendre plusieurs semaines ou mois et l’emploi ne pourra commencer tant que la cote de sécurité n’est pas accordée. Si vous possédez actuellement une cote de sécurité valide avec le Gouvernement du Canada, prière d’indiquer le niveau de cette cote dans la demande ainsi que le ministère ou l’agence qui l’a accordée. Les candidatures peuvent être soumises au plus tard le 24 janvier 2021 à 23h59 heure de l’est. Toute candidature reçue après cette date ne sera pas évaluée. Les candidats et les candidates doivent envoyer une copie électronique de leur candidature adressée à l’attention du “Comité de sélection de JLT” à l’adresse suivante: admin-jlt@international.gc.ca. Veuillez noter que nous communiquerons seulement avec les personnes convoquées à une entrevue. Pour toutes questions, veuillez contactez admin-jlt@international.gc.ca Le comité de sélection Direction générale du droit commercial international (JLT)

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