Issuu

THE VANISHING FARM

NAME:YUE ZHANG ODULE CODE:BARC0113 STUDENT NUMBER:20149047

PROJECT STATEMENT

CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1.1 URBAN AND LANDSCAPE CONTESXT HISTORICAL STATUS SPECIES AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 1.2 SITE ANALYSIS 1.3 SITE CONDITION 1.3.1 BEDDINGTON CURRENT CONDITIONS 1.3.2 SECTION AA' 1.4 SITE PROBLEM 1.4.1 MICROPLASTICS AS CARRIERS OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC RESEARCH 2.1THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLUTANTS AND PLANTS IS INTERACTIVE 2.1.1 A ENERGY TRANSFER 2.1.2 B.NUTRIENT TRANSFER

In the future, the issue of food security will become a significant problem for society. Due to population explosion and urban development, our food may be grown in some contaminated soils. At the same time, microplastics (MPs) are widespread in natural ecosystems and are of great concern to scientists worldwide as they are thought to threaten every form of life. At the same time, agricultural systems are the most affected by microplastics, which penetrate the soil through various mechanisms and are ubiquitous in farmland (Xu et al., 2020). Objectives: Using Beddington Farmlands as an experimental site (a former landfill site close to a sewage treatment plant and wildlife habitat, both sewage treatment plants and landfill sites are important sources of microplastics), the principle that plants can absorb microplastics is used to reuse contaminated plants and make bioplastics from contaminated plants, thereby reducing the degradation time of plastics and the environmental impact of conventional plastics.

2.1.3 PHYTOTECHNOLOGY MECHANISMS: HOW PLANTS ASSIST IN REMEDIATING CONTAMINANTS 2.2PHYTOMECHANISMS: SUMMARY DIAGRAM 2.2.1THE SCHEDULE OF PLANTS ABSORB THE CONTAMINANTS 2.3 LANDFILL RESTORATION THROUGH PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUES LANDSCAPE REALIZATION 3.1 PHASING 3.2 PHASE2:COVERED TREATMENT ON LANDFILL SITES 3.3 STRATEGY2:COLLECTION AND PROCESSING 3.3.1 LANDFILL GAS COLLECTION SYSTEM

3.3.2 LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM 3.3.3 STRATEGY3:SEWAGE TREATMENT——SEWAGE PURIFICATION 3.4 PHASE 2 3.4.1 PHASE 2: PLANT SELECTION FOR PERIOD OF LANDFILL RESTORATION(LANDFILL COVER AREA) 3.4.2 PHASE 2: PLANT SELECTION FOR PERIOD OF LANDFILL RESTORATION(EDGES OF THE LANDFILL) 3.4.3PLANT SELECTED FOR AIR POLLUTANTS 3.4.4 PLANT CONFIGURATION SECTION

CONTENTS 4.1MASTERPLAN(100 YEARS LATER, A NEW HABITAT IS CREATED 4.1.1OUTDOOR FARM AREA 4.1.2GREENHOUSE AREA 4.1.3WATER FLOW SYSTEM ANALYSIS 4.2 DETAIL PLAN 4.2.1 WETLAND AREAS 4.2.2COMPOST CAMPUS 4.2.3NORTH FACING FARM 4.2.4 ECOLOGICAL RESURGENCE 4.2.5 GREENHOUSE 4.2.6 AQUAPONICS HOUSE DESIGN 4.2.7 AQUAPONICS POND SELFSUSTAINING SYSTEM 4.3DETAIL PLAN 4.3.1 CREATE WETLANDS AT THE OUTLET OF THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 4.3.2 SECTION BB' 4.3.3 SOME OF THE DETAILS SHOWN 4.3.4 NORTH FACING FARM 4.3.5 SOUTH FACING FARM 4.3.6 RENDERING OF NORTH FACING FARM 4.3.7 RENDERING OF FACING FARM

SOUTH

4.4 AERIAL VIEW

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.1 LANDSCAPE CONTEXT 1860

1940

1965

Beddington Farm began treating its sewage with irrigation and fertilisation.

Land use in Beddington Farmlands from agriculture to sewage treatment

1977-1990

1998-2010

The sewage treatment plant on part of Beddington Farm became operational.

The start of gravel extraction and landfill operations changed the landscape of the Farm beyond recognition.

Landfills and wastewater treatment plants are the most significant contributors to microplastics, hurting the environment. At the same time, people are producing waste and wastewater. Wastewater and microplastics are the main culprits in agriculture. Shortly, our crops may have to live in this polluted environment. Therefore, I would like to use the Beddington farmlands as an experimental site to think about how to reduce the environmental impact of microplastic pollution.

London

Historical Status

Contaminated plants

Beddington Farmlands

tornskata

3000

yellowhammer

2500

GDP p

er cap

Short-eared Owl

Common Snipe

3500

ita

2000

grey-partridge

1900

1910

World War I

1965

World War II

Glaucous Gull Black-necked Grebe Red-necked Grebe Velvet Scoter Osprey Great Skua Little Tern Scaup Goldeneye Smew Marsh Harrier Red-breasted Merganser Arctic Tern Black Tern Little Gull Kittiwake Sedge Warbler Reed Warbler Common Whitethroat Grasshopper Warblers Marsh Warbler

oths

er of M

Ruff Dunlin Greenshank

Numb

Yellow Wagtails

Linnet

Fieldfare Redwing Jack Snipe

Roy Weller Peter Chasteauneuf Common Snipe Grey Partridge

Brad Ashby Colin Harrison Brian Milne

Yellowhammer

Curlew wintering Meadow Pipit Northern Lapwing Greenfinch

1940

dde

alu

v Net

1977

Infan

Infant mortality in London

1990

2000

t mort

Curlew Sandpiper Common Teal

TON

Northern Lapwing Black Redstart Hooded Crow

1860

ING

Tree Sparrow Len Parmenter

500

NDS

MlA

FAR

D BED

Corn Crake

1500

1000

ta Wag

w Yello

Yellow Wagtail Corn Bunting Red-backed Shrike Common Redshank

Species and economic analysis

ality

part of the birds that occur in this period

With industrialisation, the beddington Farmlands is becoming more economically viable and more polluted

1.2 SITE ANALYSIS

LEGEND

Wetland Beddington Park Site Trees Trees

A’

Building and storage Composting Welfare cabin control cabin for composting tunels product storage building green waste composting tunnels product storage building landfill gas enginess

Public right of way Future footpath within Reginal park Other footpath Water

A London

Building Bus stop South-east corner Metropolitan Open Land

Beddington Farmlands is located 500 metres south of the London Borough of Merton and 600 metres west of the London Borough of Croydon boundary. It was once a mineral extraction and landfill site and received residual municipal nonhazardous waste from partner districts and industrial and commercial customers. Once the landfill area was filled, it was covered with topsoil. A lake has been formed in the western part of the site and the first phase of the landfill restoration plan has been carried out. The site also includes a series of buildings and structures associated with other waste disposal, including the landfill gas engine, leach ponds, administration building and pound bridge building, as well as a series of electricity towers running through the site. To the north is the sludge bed associated with the sewage treatment plant, located to the south east of the site. The industrial plant and further sludge beds are also located in the eastern part of the site.

100 acre Wet grassland area

Beddington Farmlands

The mounds (North and South) Active landfill Restored landfill

Section AA'

Landfill

Enclosed beds Pongo park

N 0

Industrial area

300m

Tram

Sewage Treatment Plant

1.3 SITE CONDITION

1.3.1 BEDDINGTON CURRENT CONDITIONS

da rea lan da T cia h re l d e la a rai ke ns s Ar Th tifi el cia T ak l d he es Be rai la dd n s ke ing s ton Wa Be dd ter Ri i n Tre ve gto rW atm nW an en a dle ter tW Tre ork atm s en tW ork s

lan

ss gra

gra

particles

a Are

discharge

sewage treatment plant

ter rac eC ha

combustible gas

Residential Wastewater

Section of landfill AA'

Industrial Character Area

Industrial Wastewater

"At present the character is dominated by hard landscapes of tarmac and concrete, palisade fencing, industrial profiled cladding portal frame sheds through to small units occupied by a range of businesses. "(Beddington Strategic Industrial Location Environmental Strategy,2014)

final clay and synthetic cap with vegetation

The treated water from the sewage treatment plant flows into the lake a n d We t g r a s s l a n d area mainly through two artificial hard water channels(A,B).

existing lakes and wild bird habitat stormwater control berm

granular drainage material

moisture barrier layer

Soil Enviroment

Sludge

landfill gas to flare gas station or energy collection utilization plant well

leachate to treatment plant

tm Tre a

leachate collection sump with reser

lan

tor

W W

drainage layer synthetic liner

res

es ak el Th

res cta he .09 78

Tra m

top

dfi dd l ing l ton Wa ter

Management Facility,2013)

fw ay

igh cr

bli Pu

AERIAL VIEW OF SITE WITH EXISTING LAND USES (source: Beddington Farmlands Waste

e4 vic er

tpa

to igh

foo

cr bli

tpa

foo

Tra m

POTENTIAL AGRICULTURAL LAND AREA IN BEDDINGTON FARMLANDS

en tW ork

Vill ag

EXISTING ACCESS AND MOVEMENT ISSUES

Tertiary Treatment Process

WWTP

om ed Pr

Secondary Treatment Process

particles

Ar tifi

rk pa th

wi ge

W et

s tic

ara

cte

Ar ter rac ha

l C tria us

Primary Treatment Process

ina

ntl

yV illa

Ind mi Se

ris

re ctu tru ras

Inf al itic Cr

Section and workflow of the sewage treatment plant

WATER SYSTEM

W et

rea

r A

ter

cte

ara

rac ha

tria us Ind

No an r t h d B of ike Be r ’s dze Fie d ld) (Ho rse 10 Fie 0a ld c re W et gra ss la T h nd a Th So e m rea an e l a uth o u dS k ) nd ou e s s th) ( N (N or or th t h En a clo nd P So se o uth n dB go -ea ed Pa st s rk Co rne r

LOCAL STATUS

CHARACTER AREAS

compacted clay cliner

perforhead leachate collection pipe

MP 11.0

ETL

MP 11.25

Path

A’

drainage layer

(um)

leachate collection sump with reser

MP 11.5

ROMAN BATH HOUSE (site of)

Beddington Sewage Treatment Works

synthetic liner

compacted clay cliner

perforhead leachate collection pipe

1.4 SITE PROBLEM

1.4.1 Microplastics as carriers of inorganic and organic contaminants in the environment

SITE ISSUE 2: Microplastics flow into wetlands through hard water channels and pollute water bodies:

SITE ISSUE 1: LANDFILL SITES(closed) PROBLEM1:MICROPLASTIC Landfills produce large amounts of microplastic pollution.

industrial

PROBLEM2:TOXIC "Many of the materials in landfills contain toxic substances that are eventually released and leach into the soil and groundwater."(Landfill to Landform,2020)

Microplastics washed down drains enter our wastewater treatment plants

Stormwater

INORGANIC

ORGANIC

Microplastics

Organic contaminants

Inorganic contaminants

Discharge

Microplastics enter agriculture through treated sludge

Pollutant compounds that typically contain bonds of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen

Elemental pollutants found on the periodic table that have been released into the environment

Periodic Table: Typical Inorganic Site Contaminants

Microplastics enter water bodies through sewage treatment plants

Sewage sludge

0.5mm

Inorganic contaminants

Residential

Treatment plant

PROBLEM3:LEACHATE “Leachate is a liquid that is formed when waste from landfills decomposes. Rainwater falling on top of the landfill is the largest contributor to leachate, while surface water entering the landfill also produces leachate“. (Landfill to Landform,2020) PROBLEM4:GREENHOUSE GAS 3. "Some organic materials, such as rotting food, are often compressed and put into landfills. This causes the material to decompose anaerobically, taking oxygen with it"(Landfill to Landform,2020)

Organic contaminants

Garments made from synthetic materials can release up to 1,900 fibres into the river per wash

Contaminants more commonly found in landfill sites

Microplastic run-off into site water bodies

Seep into soil waterways,and aquifiers

SITE ISSUE 3:Landfills produce large amounts of microplastic pollution.

Problem:Microplastic uptake by plants

Schematic diagram for uptake of microplastics (MPs) in plants. apoplastic pathway of microplastics uptake

symplast transmembrane mic

ropla

xyle

SITE ISSUE 4 Microplastics are ingested by aquatic organisms

stics

transpiration stream facilitating upward flow of MP

2.1THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLUTANTS AND PLANTS IS INTERACTIVE

2.1.3 Phytotechnology mechanisms: how plants assist in remediating contaminants

For a plant to grow, it needs several basic resources including energy (sunlight), nutrients and water. In the processing of these resources, contaminants can get taken up, transformed or broken down.(Kate Kennen and Niall Kirkwood,2015) 2.1 .1A Energy transfer

1.Phytodegradation: Plant Destroys Contaminant

2.Rhizodegradation – Soil Microbes Destroy Contaminant

3. Phytovolatilization: Plant Extracts and then Releases Contaminant( Organic ) as a Gas

4.Phytometabolism: Plant Incorporates Nutrient Contaminants into Growing New Biomass

5.Phytoextraction: Plant Extracts and Stores Contaminants into Harvested Tissue for Removal

6. Phytohydraulics: Plants Change Groundwater Hydrology, Take up Water and Contaminants

7.Phytostabilization: Plant Holds Contaminants in Place and Prevents Mobilization

2.1.2 B.Nutrient transfer 1.Plant Function: Energy Transfer (Down) Plants with high evapotranspiration rates pump up water from groundwater table

solar energy

Plant acts as solar-powered pump

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2

carbon dioxide

glucose

water

oxygen

Plant extracts pollutant into above-ground tissues as water is pulled into the plant

Contaminants volatilized as a gas through plant leaves and stems

Plant incorporates contaminants into new growth.

Organic contaminants degraded by soil microbes

Plant extracts pollutant into above-ground tissues as water is pulled into the plant

Plant incorporates contaminants into new growth.

Plant extracts inorganic contaminants into aboveground tissues

Root exudates may help to bind contaminants in place

10ft

100–1000 times more microbes live in the root zone of plants than in bare soil

2.Plant Function: Nutrient Transfer (Up)

Root exudates create a beneficial environment for microbe growth in the soil

4ft

3.Plant Function: Water Transfer (Up)

2ft

Water not used in plant growth is evapotranspired into the atmosphere 2ft 4ft

6ft

Soil microbes assist plants in nutrient transformations and uptake

Plants act as solar-powered water pumps to take up water from the ground

20ft

Groundwater direction and velocity can be manipulated by plant uptake

Contaminants can be taken up in the hydraulic process

Thick plant roots stabilize and hold contaminants in soil

2.2Phytomechanisms: Summary Diagram

2.2.1The schedule of plants absorb the Contaminants 0year

1year

2years

Contaminants are absorbed by plants

Site Contaminants

Contaminants are absorbed by plants

Phytovolatilization Nitrogen

phytometabolism

The soil environment contains a variety of pollutants, including organic pollutants, inorganic pollutants, microplastics

Organic pollutants are metabolised or broken down into smaller fractions by plants

Inorganic pollutants and microplastics remain in the plant

Organic pollutants are metabolised or broken down into smaller fractions by plants

Inorganic pollutants and microplastics remain in the plant

other VOCs

Organic

Good Opportunity for Field Application

TCE

BTEX

Phytovolatilization

Phytometabolism

Phytodegradation

Phytoextraction

Rhizodegradation

Nutrients Chlorinated Solvents

phytoextraction

MTBE

Inorganic

Phytostabilization

PCE/ Perc Petroleum

Some Potential

Others

Nickel

Aliphatics

Selenium

Pesticides

Phytodegradation

Phosphorus

Cadmium

Arsenic

Diazinon

PAHs

Atrazine

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Manganese

Cobalt

Molyb -denum

Copper

Metal (loid)S

POPs

Chromium

Fluorine

Less Current Applicability at Field Scale

Phytostabilization Rhizodegradation

Phytohydraulics

RDX

NaCl

Salts

HMX

Organic contaminants Inorganic contaminants

Microplastics as carriers of organic and inorganic pollutants

RELATIVE REMEDIATION TIME

Less Time (1 - 10 years)

More Time (10+ years)

Cesium

Chlordane Trintium

DDT &DDE

Uranium

PCB

Radionuclides

Explosives TNT

Organic contaminants Inorganic contaminants

Strontium

Mercury

Aluminum Lead

....potential to take many decades

2.3 LANDFILL RESTORATION THROUGH PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUES A.Stormwater Filter

Description Along the access road and adjacent paved areas, plants and associated media filter out pollutants from rainwater in depressions or linear filter strips

Contaminants commonly generated in stormwater Nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) Metals Petroleum Microplastics

B.MultiMechanism Buffer

Common contaminants

Description Heavily vegetated buffers around the edges of the landfill can help mitigate airborne and groundwater-borne contaminants before they migrate.

Nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) Metals Petroleum Microplastics Air pollution: particulate matter

C.Leachate

Description

Common contaminants

When rainwater flows over buried waste, it carries pollutants along its path and seeps out the sides and bottom. This contaminated water is leachate and is usually collected through a system of pipes and directed into a cistern or tank.

D.Evapotranspiration Cover

Nitrogen

Microplastics

Salt (sodium, chloride and other additives) Metals All pollutants possible

Description

Common contaminants

Where landfills are not lined, high evaporation rate species can be planted on the landfill surface to allow any rainwater falling on the landfill to evaporate quickly into the air. This prevents the production of leachate and the migration of pollutants out of the site. In addition, the canopy of leaves can also prevent water from infiltrating into the soil if species with a high leaf area index are utilised.

Leachate Microplastics

3.1 PHASING

Farmland

W AR E T EA G R

ST we E P 5 me tland :Cre ad s o atin ow s n we g t

2022 SL

2062 SP

MP 11.0

ETL

MP 11.25

ETL

MP 11.25

Path (um)

Farmland

-20

wet grass land

ST h a EP4 wil bitat :Cre a dli fe for ting loc al

ars

wetland

lake

Pla so ntin il r g a em ed nnua iat ion ls fo r

ED LA G ND E S FIL L OF ed

MP 11.5

ROMAN BATH HOUSE (site of)

Treatment Works

Beddington Sewage Treatment Works

ST of EP3 lan :P d a hyt rou ore nd me lan dia dfi tion lls

ST of E P 2 we tla : C r e nd s atio

Beddington Sewage

ROMAN BATH HOUSE (site of)

f th

W AT P ll LAN E R TR T

2022:existing site is a closed landfill ,without pubilc access or amenity

dfi

2035:areas of the site can be reclaimed as useful public landscapes

T LA

FIL

SIT

A large area of the park will be reclaimed as a public park, during which the contaminated plants will be made into bioplastic through the participation of visitors each year.

Within the next 30 years， Beddington Farm Lands may be transformed into a fully sustainable living park

0-30years

Landfill edge

2027:Many years later the soil is restored and crops are grown

lan

ITU

dfi

30m

AT IO

N Easy to harvest annual plants mainly, perennials to assist

Grassland

EXISTING VEGETATION

landfill cover

ST LA EP1 ND :IN FIL ST L C ALL OV A ER EP

2 :P

rea

tin

ats

Easy-to-harvest crops

Wild plants

Easy-to-harvest crops

Wild plants

30m

tor

iat

ion

Plants harvested to remove contaminants from the site

Co-existence of annuals and perennials

Plants useful for soil remediation Perennial plants

bit

Easy-to-harvest plants

30-40years

EXISTING VEGETATION

3 :C

Plants useful for soil remediation

Easy-to-harvest plants

3.2 PHASE1:COVERED TREATMENT ON LANDFILL SITES

SOIL REMEDIATION (Landfill edge)

STRATEGY 1: INSTALL A LANDFILL COVER The landfill cap is 3 – 12 feet deep and contains the following layers

Soil Barrier Layer

Step 1:+Waste

Step 2:+Soil Barrier Layer

Step 3:+Gas Venting Layer

Step 4:+Impermeable Plastic Liner

“The natural clay-like soil at the bottom of the waste layer helps to prevent vertical migration of leachate and waste, while the waste itself is regularly covered by a soil layer and the addition of the waste layer to the mound helps to create stability and reduce odours.”(freshkillspark,2012)

“A minimum of 2 feet of soil barrier layer was added to the top of the landfill waste to ensure the stability of the hill and cover the garbage, keeping the slope of the slope between 4% and 33% to facilitate stormwater drainage.”(freshkillspark,2012)

“The venting layer is a thick geotextile laid over a soil barrier to facilitate collecting and absorbing gases in the soil. The geotextile will absorb any stray gases moving up through the lower layer.”(freshkillspark,2012)

“The impermeable plastic liner separates the waste layer below and the clean soil above, preventing gases from escaping upwards into the atmosphere and preventing rainwater from migrating downwards into the waste.”(freshkillspark,2012)

Step 8:Soil Remediation |propagation

Step9:Infusion

step10 :Reproduction

Selection of suitable fungal spores for inoculation into contaminated soil, depending on the type of contaminant present in the area.

During a four-week test period, the mushroom mycelium could expand and inject itself throughout the soil.

After a few weeks, the fungus can improve the health of the soil and attract insects.

Step 5:+Drainage Layer

“A geotextile similar to a venting layer is used as a drainage layer. The drainage layer prevents water from flowing downwards through the top layer of the landfill cover. The water moves laterally through the geotextile into the rain gutters and away from the accumulated waste.”(freshkillspark,2012)

SECTION OF LANDFILL COVER

swales

Planting Soil Barrier Protection Material

Landfill gas well header pipe

Drainage Layer

Step 7:+Planting Soil

“The barrier protection material is made from a minimum of two feet of sand placed on top of the drainage layer to protect the geotextile beneath.”(freshkillspark,2012)

“A final layer of at least six inches of clean planting soil”(freshkillspark,2012)

Thatch starts to germinate, and the plant participates in soil remediation through its phytoremediation.

Soil Barrier Layer waste

Impermeable Plastic Liner

STRATEGY 2:STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

THE VANISHING FARM

waterways.

step11: Diversification swales

Gas Venting Layer Step 6:+Barrier Protection Material

lakes

Several depressions, drop tanks and retention ponds remove rainwater from the soil layer on the landfill cap so that it does not collect in puddles on the hill and erode the upper layer of the landfill cap, and use the principle of slope to drain. At the same time, the depressions direct the water into a descent channel that flows into the stormwater control basin. The rainwater is retained in the bay until any sediment settles at the bottom of the pond.

3.3 STRATEGY2:COLLECTION AND PROCESSING LANDFILL GAS COLLECTION SYSTEM+LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM

3.3.3 STRATEGY3:SEWAGE TREATMENT——sewage purification

2.4.3LANDFILL INFRASTRUCTURE

Creation of wetlands at the outlet of the sewage treatment plant and in the flowing river to purify the discharged water and regular cutting of the polluted vegetation.

3.3.1 LANDFILL GAS COLLECTION SYSTEM “Landfill gas is produced when anaerobic bacteria feed on decomposing waste. This gas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and small amounts of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC). A landfill cap prevents landfill gas from migrating to the atmosphere. Below the lid, a network of wells, pipes, and blowers below the cover collects landfill gas from the capped landfill and delivers it to an on-site purification plant. The waste gas is collected and reused through collection, purification.“(freshkillspark,2012)

step1:Pump into the ecological sewage processor

Step 2:anaerobic collection tank Step4: aerobic reaction pool Step5: Clarify the pool

step 1:collection

Step 3: anaerobic reaction cell

STEP7:Creating wetlands where drainage passes through

step 6:Create wetlands at the outlet of the sewage treatment plant

particles of landfill gas 0 the gas is refined into pipelinegrade natural gas through a series of physical and chemical reactions.

300m groundwater monitor well

RESIDENTS

step8:Flows to wetlands 8

lakes landfill gas collection system leachate collection a n d c o n ta i n me n t system

LANDFILL GAS PURIFICATION PLANT

8 step8:Flows to wetlands waste tranfer station

Pollutant-enriched plants cut

staging area

VERTICAL WELLS

landfill gas recovery facility compressed and cooled

leachate treatment plant

flare station WATER VAPOR CONDENSES

step 2:Purification

PLANT LEACHATE TREATMENT PLANT.

3.3.2 LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM

phytoremediation The water flows through the constructed wetland and leaches the pollutants from soil and groundwater

3.4. PHASE 2: PLANT SELECTION FOR PERIOD OF LANDFILL RESTORATION(landfill cover area)

Plants selected from:RHSplants

Plant selection for landfill cover(Dominated by woody plant species with high evapotranspiration rates.Plants selected from:RHSplants)

Planting species with high evaporation rates and roots less than 5 feet deep on the landfill surface allows any rainwater that falls on the landfill to evaporate quickly into the air.

MP 11.0

High Evapotranspiration-Rate Woody Plant Species Aster × frikartii 'Mönch'

Drosera capensis

Perovskia Lacey Blue

ETL

MP 11.25

Path

Typical Plant Root Depths

(um)

6ft

MP 11.5

Trees (Horizontal Root Structure)

ROMAN BATH HOUSE (site of)

Beddington Sewage Treatment Works

Landfill cover area

Planting Soil

Trees (Tap Root Structure)

Deeply Planted Phreatophyte Trees

100

110

120

0.15m

130

10 20

2ft

A Fothergilla major

Barrier Protection Material

Symphyotrichum novi-belgii 'White Ladies'

Drainage Layer Gas Venting Layer

Prairie Grasses

Soil Barrier Layer

Herbaceous Plants

Shrubs

Phreatophyte Shrubs

50 60

Waste

0 ft

2 ft 80

5ft

Eucalyptus gunnii Azura ('Cagire') (PBR)

Symphyotrichum 'Coombe Fishacre'

Landfill cover 100

2m 10ft

110 120

130 140 150

20ft

Groundwater (Variable)

Planting high evaporation rate species allows any rainwater falling on the landfill to evaporate quickly into the air.

Section of AA' 0.9m

3.5 Phase 2: Plant selection for period of landfill restoration(edges of the landfill) The most common pollutants at the edge of landfill sites

Plant species selected for

Metal contaminants

Plant species selected for

Petroleum

The below image details the species selected, and which contaminants previous research suggests they will absorb. Plant species selected for pollution

Nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen)

annual plants MTBE

Nitrogen

High Evapotranspiration-Rate Woody Plant Species

Nickel Salix udensis 'Golden

BTEX

Pimpinella major 'Rosea'

Sunflower

field mustard

Betula pendula Fastigiata Joes ('Jolep 1')

Selenium

Pimpinella major 'Rosea' Nutrients Petroleum Arsenic

Cadmium

Iron

Boron

Endosulfan

Arsenic PAH Cadnium Zinc Nickel

DDE (weathered DDT)

Aliphatics

Zinc Pyrus salicifolia 'Pendula'

Stipa gigantea golden oats

Manganese

Cobalt

Molybdenum

Copper

Oenothera speciosa 'Siskiyou'

Helianthus salicifolius Phosphorus

Metal (loid)s

PAHs Chromium

pumkin

Cadnium Chronium Cobalt copper Nitrogen Zinc

Festuca glauca 'Elijah Blue'

PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)

PAH

Digitalis 'Serendipity

TPH PAH BTEX

TPH

ts en

tri

Cadnium Chronium Cobalt copper Nitrogen Zinc

Erica arborea var. australis f. albiflora 'Polar Express'

TPH

Fluorine

MP 11.0

Salix integra 'Flamingo' (PBR) ETL

ETL

MP 11.25

Path (um)

microplasticis

Mercury

Silene latifolia white campion (syn. Silene alba)

Lupinus 'Noble Maiden' (Band of Nobles Series)

MP 11.5

Aluminum

ROMAN BATH HOUSE (site of)

Beddington Sewage Treatment Works

Lead

Edges of the landfill

Cadnium Lead Zinc

Arsenic

Agrostemma githago

Heuchera 'Forever Purple' (PBR)

Cadnium Chronium Cobalt copper Nitrogen Zinc

Naphthalene

Chrysene TPH

PAH BTEX

Establishing a multi-buffering mechanism Plants selected from:RHSplants

3.4.3 Plant selection for edges of the landfill

3.4.4 Plant configuration section

Water released as vapor to atmosphere

Phreatophyte Shrubs

LANDFILL:+High evapotrans piration-rate species

Plant selection for edges of the landfill 0

100

110

120

130

Zone of contamination

Dense planting of species with high evapotranspiration rates captures and transpires rain-water, preventing contaminant mobilization

Pimpinella major 'Rosea'

Sunflower

field mustard

Oenothera speciosa 'Siskiyou'

100

Erica arborea var. australis f. albiflora 'Polar Express'

110

120

130

Thick vegetation prevents soils exposure to people and environment

pumkin

Species selection helps bind contaminants to soil

Silene latifolia white campion (syn. Silene alba)

Lupinus 'Noble Maiden' (Band of Nobles Series)

140

Agrostemma githago

Hg Cd

Zone of contamination

150

Clean soil buffer (4–6 in) (optional)

Soil amendments promote Clean soil buffer (4–6 in) (optional) immobilization

Cr As

Edge:Plant species selected for Nutrients 、Metal+ Phreatophyte Trees

3.4.4RENDERING OF THE COMPETITION

GRASS CUTTING I am the winner of this grass cutting competition

Bioplastics

Bioplastics made into plastic bottles

Grass -cutti ng compet ition gp rbin o s t-ab astics tan l ollu e biop p se mak e h T d to use

ts lan

can

4.1MASTERPLAN(100 years later, a new habitat is created)

4.1.1Outdoor Farm area

1 Entrance plaza

wetland

2 Wetland

300m

Site1

Daily Portion

Site2

3 Wild bird habbitat 4 Rest and recreation area 5 Farmland

6 Alpaca Farm 7 Farmland 8 Compost Campus

9 green house 10 Aquaponics House

LAND AREA :3.88ha EMPLOYEES:Volunteers and residents YIELD:75 kg/m2-yr

LAND AREA :1.51ha EMPLOYEES:Volunteers and residents YIELD:30 kg/m2-yr

Total area of agricultural land within the site:5.39ha EMPLOYEES:Volunteers and residents YIELD:450kg/m2-yr

Wetland

site2

4.1.3Water flow system analysis

4.1.2Greenhouse area

4.2ha

10 site1 7

+ 4

11 2

Greenhouse area:12,330.64 m² Yield:224181kg

wet grassland area

3 Water system

3.9 ha

Irrigation systems

How many people can be fed:800~1500

4.2.1 Wetland Areas

4.2 DETAIL PLAN

The creation of wetlands near the outfalls of wastewater treatment plants creates a better habitat for local wildlife through the physical, aquatic and microbial purification of wastewater and rainwater. Shallow swampy areas

N 0

100m

Grating

Regulated water level Water ingress

A Compost Campus Shallow swampy areas 0-0.3m Shallow swampy areas 0-0.3m

Greenhouse

Overflow riser

Spillway

Conditioning volume

Water ingress

gravel

Grating

gravel Frontage ponds Water distribution gabions

Deep swampy areas

Creation of regulating ponds to control local water levels and increase rainwater retention time

Valves

Sedimentation area Emptying pipes

Deep marsh 0.30.5m

Sedimentation area

4.2.2Compost Campus

4.2.3North Facing Farm

4.2.4 Ecological Resurgence

Land area :3.88ha Employees:Volunteers and residents Yield:75 kg/m2-yr

Aquaponics House Design North Facing Farm

Daily Portion urban Wetland

Composting facility Stormwater management Anaerobic and aerobic composting

A‘

Section AA'

compost

food production

How many people can be fed:200-500

Drainage holes

4.2.5 Greenhouse

4.2.6 Aquaponics House Design

4.2.7 Aquaponics pond self-sustaining system

building sustainability Greenhouse

Actual Beds

Airated

Aquaponics House

water collection

passive systems

Tank

Mechanical Filter

maximizing solar gain fore planting

Greenhouse

Biological Filter

mechanical sun shade devices

Mechanical Filter

waste

Fish Waste

Aquaponics House

Fish breeding Vegetable cultivation

waste

Biological Filter

4.3Detail Plan 0

4.3.1 CREATE WETLANDS AT THE OUTLET OF THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

100m

4.3.3 SOME OF THE DETAILS SHOWN

Alpaca Farm

1.Sewage treatment plant

Entrance plaza

Zone B

B 2.collection sedimentation

Alpaca Farm

5.fiter strip

Zone A

South Facing Farm Zone A

Children's Paradise A'

Plaza

Ha-ha Wall

Recreation area

6.(wetlands) remediation field irrigation

3.wetlands (surface + subsurface) Zone B 4.aeration

Entrance plaza

4.3.2 SECTION BB'

35m

4.3.4 NORTH FACING FARM

4.3.5 SOUTH FACING FARM 0'

10'

12'

14'

16'

18'

20'

24'

22'

26'

28'

30'

32'

34'

36'

38'

40'

42'

MORINING

Full sun

chives

lettuce

mint

One of the great benefits of a north-facing farm is that it enjoys evening sunshine throughout May to October. Vegetables that do well in these conditions, with three to four hours of sun, include rocket, lettuce, mint, oregano and chives.

Partial sun

Shade

Triangular planting network

10'

12'

14'

16'

18'

20'

22'

24'

26'

28'

30'

Formula for calculating the triangular grid of plant densities plant spacing = √(2 / (√3 * density))

50'

52'

54'

56'

58'

58' 29m

62' 2'

10'

12'

14'

16'

18'

20'

22'

24'

26'

28'

30'

32'

34'

36'

38'

40'

42'

44'

24'

26'

28'

30'

32'

34'

36'

38'

40'

42'

recommended fuirt and Vegetables

44' 2'

Full sun

Partial sun

Shade

tomatoes

okra

8' 10'

10'

14'

22'

peppers

24'

rocket

26'

melons

28'

30'

watermelons

34'

chives

Watermelon

mint A south-facing farm with little shade in sight is a perfect opportunity to grow heat-loving, sun-drenched plants. So I will be growing watermelons, pumpkins, okra, tomatoes and peppers on a south-facing farm 35plants

28'

30' 32'

Width=3m length=5m

34'

tomatoes

36'

38'

carrots 38'

40'

42'

44'

46'

48'

50'

52'

54'

56'

58'

60'

pumpkins 0'

10'

12'

32'

watermelons

62'

oregano

tomatoes

24'

watermelons

26'

tomatoes

12'

peppers

12'

lettuce

60'

62'

22'

38'

48'

20'

38'

48'

18'

20'

Density=2 plants/m2

46'

16'

Width=5m length=3m

36'

46'

14'

18'

36'

44'

12'

18'

32plants

44'

10'

16'

34'

42'

16'

32'

42'

Density=2 plants/m2

34'

40'

4' 6'

32'

40'

MORINING

60'

Square planting network

recommended fuirt and Vegetables

44'

14'

16'

18'

20'

22'

24'

26'

28'

30'

32'

34'

36'

38'

40'

42'

44'

peppers

NORTH FACING FARM

squash

SOUTH FACING FARM

4.3.6 RENDERING OF NORTH FACING FARM

4.3.7 RENDERING OF SOUTH FACING FARM

4.4 AERIAL VIEW

BIBLIOGRAPHY Book

Online Research Papers & Journals:

Beddington Farmlands. (n.d.). London’s next Major Nature Reserve. http://bfnr.org.uk/ Google. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2022, from https://www.google.com/

Location advantage. (2004). In Dictionary of Strategy: Strategic Management A-Z. SAGE Publications, Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452229805.n403 Committee, G. B. P. H. of C. E., Food and Rural Affairs. (2010). Waste strategy for England 2007: Third report of session 2009-10, Vol. 1: Report, together with formal minutes. The Stationery Office. Kennen, K., & Kirkwood, N. (2015b). Phyto: Principles and resources for site remediation and landscape design. Routledge. Verla, A. W., Enyoh, C. E., Verla, E. N., & Nwarnorh, K. O. (2019). Microplastic–toxic chemical interaction: A review study on quantified levels, mechanism and implication. SN Applied Sciences, 1(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1352-0

count:0, ar. sjindalFollow this publisher- current follower. (n.d.). Landfill to landform_msc thesis booklet. Issuu. Retrieved April 25, 2022, from https://issuu.com/ar.sjindal/docs/ thesis_booklet count:7, R. S. T. A. this publisher- current follower. (n.d.). Plastics in the environment: Te Ao Hurihuri - The changing world. Issuu. Retrieved April 25, 2022, from https://issuu.com/ royalsocietynz/docs/plastics-in-the-environment Architecture, J. R., & count:3, D. this publisher- current follower. (n.d.). Jack Richardson architecture & design. Issuu. Retrieved April 25, 2022, from https://issuu.com/ jackrichardsonarchitecture/docs/march_architecture_jack_richardson The park plan. (n.d.). Freshkills Park. Retrieved April 25, 2022, from https://freshkillspark.org/the-park/the-park-plan

Ullah, R., Tsui, M. T., Chen, H., Chow, A., Williams, C., & Ligaba‐Osena, A. (2021). Microplastics interaction with terrestrial plants and their impacts on agriculture. Journal of Environmental Quality, 50(5), 1024–1041. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20264 Rodríguez-Seijo, A., & Pereira, R. (2019). Microplastics in agricultural soils. In Bioremediation of Agricultural Soils (pp. 45–60). CRC Press. http://dx.doi. org/10.1201/9781315205137-3

Bhanse, P., Kumar, M., Singh, L., Awasthi, M. K., & Qureshi, A. (2022). Role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in boosting the phytoremediation of stressed soils: Opportunities, challenges, and prospects. Chemosphere, 303, 134954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134954 Shen, M., Xiong, W., Song, B., Zhou, C., Almatrafi, E., Zeng, G., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Microplastics in landfill and leachate: Occurrence, environmental behavior and removal strategies. Chemosphere, 305, 135325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135325

Ziajahromi, S., Neale, P. A., Rintoul, L., & Leusch, F. D. L. (2017). Wastewater treatment plants as a pathway for microplastics: Development of a new approach to sample wastewater-based microplastics. Water Research, 112, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.042 Tang, K. H. D., & Hadibarata, T. (2021). Microplastics removal through water treatment plants: Its feasibility, efficiency, future prospects and enhancement by proper waste management. Environmental Challenges, 5, 100264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100264 Removal of COD, ammoniacal nitrogen and colour from stabilized landfill leachate by anaerobic organism. (2016). In Sewage and Landfill Leachate (pp. 269–290). Apple Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20005-21

Website

The park plan. (n.d.). Freshkills Park. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://freshkillspark.org/the-park/the-park-plan Power plants phytorememdiation garden « landezine international landscape award LILA. (n.d.). https://landezine-award.com/power-plantsphytorememdiation-garden/ Beddington, Frances Ethel, (mrs Claude Beddington), (died 19 dec. 1963). (2007). In Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u47872