The Impact of The Immune System On The Pathophysiological Effects of Fluid-Structure Interaction Of Species Transported and Transformed in Human Systems

The Impact of the Immune System on the Pathophysiological Effects of Fluid-Structure Interaction of The Impact of the Immune System on the Pathophysiological Effects of Fluid-Structure Interaction of Species Transported and Transformed in Human Systems Species Transported and Transformed in Human Systems

Diamy B. C amara and Dr. Kazeem Olanrewaju Chemical Engineering Department, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, 77446

Abstract

The human system consists of several biological units that are carefully organized to engage in a physicochemical interaction with complex fluids responsible for the conveyance of different nutrients and gaseous species (oxygen) needed for proper functioning of the human system. Majority of the pathophysiological conditions in the human body are due to an influx of diet deficient vitamins and nutrients our body needs for survival and pathogens (bacteria, virus) considered foreign to our physiological make-up. Moreover, since the human system is meticulously designed and connected to interact systematically with the complex fluid serving as means of transport for species; hence any distortion in these mechanisms can lead to pathophysiological conditions. The distortion can be the consequence of an invasion of foreign species (pathogen and antigen) altering the physiological mechanism or improper interaction within the body system. A specialized group of organs called the immune system has been designed to address these physiological abnormalities. WORK IN PROGRESS

The research work is currently near the process of modeling the human immune system using Simpleware and Comsol Multiphysics platforms to study the impact of immune system on the physiological and pathophysiological operation of the human systems. The body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders through a series of steps called the immune response. The immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and are pathological. The lymphatic system operating through the nodes by range of physiological mechanism of the lymphatic system which is made of lymph nodes or tissues and lymph

vessels (an assemblage of tissues that drains lymph fluids derived

from blood plasma and return it to the bloodstream through blood vessels). It filters the body of toxins and CO 2 and dispose of them through perspiration, urine, stools and our breath .As lymph passes through the nodes, the white blood cells attack the bacteria or virus found in lymph . It works with the veins to return fluid from the tissues. We currently still reviewing the transportation mechanisms perpetuated within the immune system and also the transformation (chemical reaction) of species transformed within the system. The qualitative analysis of the fluid-structure interaction of species will end the review process and precede the quantification of the varied transport and transformation occurring within the human system.

Introduction

*The human immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. • *One of the main organ of this system are the lymph nodes ; however, other organs play important roles such as the the spleen, the thymus, and the bone marrow.

Transportation Mechanisms within the Human immuneSystem

Diffusion and convection are the means of species transport within the human respiratory system Diffusion involves random motion of molecules that arise from molecular collision triggered by transfer of thermal energy. In convection, there is transport resulting from the bulk motion of fluids. Transformation of Species Transported within the Human immune System • It filters the body of toxins and CO2 and dispose of them through perspiration, urine, stools and our breath COMSOL MULTI-PHYSICS PLATFORM: A SIMULATION DESGNIATED FOR THE SIMULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Hypothesis: The last barrier and main line of defense of the human immune system is the lymphatic system, through lymphoid organs like the lymph nodes

Motivation

Thus, the research is aimed at quantifying the pathophysiological impact of foreign species in human systems and the remediating role played by the immune system through detailed analysis of the flow process of the species and its interaction within the body systems. Methods

Due to the complex structure of human immune system and complications attributable to generating convoluted images of the human physiological structures in general, images of human immune organs (lymphatic vessels) will be imported, visualized, processed and converted to simulation ready model object within the SimpleWare modeling platform.

Two routes are considered for image generation: 1) Human immune Image data from CT-Scan, MRI scanned images and saves as digital image communication in medicine (DICOM). This image will be afterward imported into SimpleWare modeling environment for further conversion into high quality model object fitted for simulation. 2) Image obtain as JPEG from licensed image data bank which is converted and save as DICOM image file. It is subsequently imported into SimpleWare for analysis as in (1).

Immune system model object is imported into COMSOL Multi-physics simulation environment to study its impact on the transport and transformation of species due to fluid-structure interaction. .

Conclusion and Future Work

 The human immune system is rather the most difficult human system to model and that explains while we are employing two robust computational platforms to numerically set it up physiologically.  Thorough review of the qualitative description of the impact of immune system on pathophysiological effect of species transport and transform due to fluid structure interaction is near completion.  The next level of the work is to move into the quantification analysis of these mechanisms

Acknowledgments

R&I’s Office of Undergraduate Research (OUR and Undergraduate Medical Academy, Prairie View A&M University.

References

1. Truskey, George A., et al. Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems.

Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. 2. Sompayrac, Lauren. How the Immune System Works. Wiley-Blackwell, 2019. 3. R. Ketchum, Heather, director. Human Physiology - Lymphatic System:

How It Works. YouTube, 2015, youtu.be/LnqL46lKVec. 4. Immune system. Human anatomy. Human silhouette with internal organs. https:// www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/immune-system

5. human-anatomy-silhouette-internal-291861980 Melody A. Swartz,The physiology of the lymphatic system, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Volume 50, Issues 1–2, 2001,Pages 3-20,

Diamy B. Camara and Kazeem B. Olanrewaju | Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering

The human system consists of several biological units that are carefully organized to engage in a physicochemical interaction with complex fluids responsible for the conveyance of different nutrients and gaseous species (oxygen) needed for the proper functioning of the human system. The majority of the human body’s pathophysiological conditions are due to an influx of diet deficient vitamins and nutrients our body needs for survival and pathogens (bacteria, virus) considered foreign to our physiological make-up. Moreover, since the human system is meticulously designed and connected to interact systematically with the complex fluid serving as means of transport for species; hence any distortion in these mechanisms can lead to pathophysiological conditions. The distortion can be the consequence of an invasion of foreign species (pathogen and antigen), altering the body system’s physiological mechanism or improper interaction. A specialized group of organs called the immune system has been designed to address these physiological abnormalities.

Hypothesis: The human immune system is largely impacted by improper transportation and transformation of species in the system.

Image to model object: Due to the complex structure of the human immune system and complications attributable to generating convoluted images of the human physiological structures in general, images of human immune organs (lymphatic vessels) will be imported, visualized, processed, and converted to simulation ready model object within the SimpleWare modeling platform.

Two routes are considered for image generation: 1) Human immune Image data from CT-Scan, MRI scanned images, and saves as digital image 2) communication in medicine (DICOM). Afterward, this image will be imported into SimpleWare modeling environment for further conversion into a high-quality model object fitted for simulation. Image obtain as JPEG from the licensed image data bank, which is converted and save as DICOM image file. It is subsequently imported into SimpleWare for analysis as in (1).

Model Object Importation into Comsol Multi-Physics The immune system model object is imported into COMSOL Multi-physics simulation environment to study its impact on the transport and transformation of species due to fluid-structure interaction.

The research is currently near the process of modeling the human immune system using Simpleware and Comsol Multiphysics platforms to study the impact of the immune system on the physiological and pathophysiological operation of the human systems. The body’s defense against infectious organisms and other invaders through a series of steps called the immune response. The immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and are pathological. The lymphatic system operating through the nodes by range of physiological mechanisms of the lymphatic system, which is made of lymph nodes or tissues and lymph vessels (an assemblage of tissues that drains lymph fluids derived from blood plasma and return it to the bloodstream through blood vessels). It filters the body of toxins and CO2 and disposes of them through perspiration, urine, stools, and breath. As lymph passes through the nodes, the white blood cells attack the bacteria or virus found in the lymph. It works with the veins to return fluid from the tissues. We are currently still reviewing the transportation mechanisms perpetuated within the immune system and the transformation (chemical reaction) of species transformed within the system. The qualitative analysis of the fluidstructure interaction of species will end the review process and precede the quantification of the varied transport and transformation occurring within the human system.

The human immune system is rather the most difficult human system to model, and that explains while we are employing two robust computational platforms to set it up physiologically numerically. A thorough review of the qualitative description of the impact of the immune system on the pathophysiological effect of species transport and transform due to fluid-structure interaction is near completion. The next level of the work is to move into the quantification analysis of these mechanisms.

[1] Sompayrac, Lauren. How the Immune System Works. Wiley-Blackwell, 2019... [2] Melody A. Swartz, The physiology of the lymphatic system, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Volume 50, Issues 1–2, 2001, Pages 3-20, [3] R. Ketchum, Heather, director. Human Physiology - Lymphatic System: How It Works. YouTube, 2015, youtu. be/LnqL46lKVec [4] “Immune System: Diseases, Disorders & Function, https://www.livescience.com/26579-immune-system.html [5] Truskey, George A., et al. Transport Phenomena In Biological Systems. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.

Diamy Camara is a junior, majoring in Chemical Engineering. Dr. Kazeem Olanrewaju Professor with research interests in Fluid-Structure interaction in Human Systems, Bio-renewable, and Supercritical Fluid Reaction, Energy and Environmental Systems Sustainability