Looking Forward

The Future of the Human Eye

The Future of the Human Eye

CONTENTS

STNETNOC

INTRODUCTION

Introduction from the Editor

IMPROVING LIVES

The future of VR and AR technology Ellen Lambert Bowman and Lei Liu

05

09

SQUARE EYES

If sitting too close to the television gives us square eyes, what will mobile phones do?

Professor Anaya K Koothrappali

iLENS

Smartphone controlled vision is coming Dr I Galecki

26

57

GP AI

Eyes can save your life: your local practice brought to you by AI and Google Anna Hendzel

81

THE SHORT STRAW

Can evolution’s eyes indicate our future vision?

Jamie Grady and Kirstie Hamilton

PRINT YOUR OWN IRIS

The 3D-printed contact lens and other adventures Rose Reeves

115

159

SEEING IS BELIEVING

Will we ever be able to see light outside the visible spectrum?

Dr Jade Bruce

184

ILLUSION

A magician never tells his secrets, but an optician does.

Professor Lynne Carroll

A NEW AGE OF ILLNESS

What does the future look like for our eye health?

Dr Coriander E Simms

ON THE BIG SCREEN

A futuristic cinematic experience Syndney Cannes

FOOD FOR THOUGHT ... and for sight?

Professor L M Enios

APPENDIX

209

233

260

282

Acknowledgements 307 Further reading 311 References 315 Index 321

INTRODUCTION

NOITCUDORTNI

INTRODUCTION FROM THE EDITOR A E Barrett

O

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IMPROVING LIVES

SEVIL GNIVORPMI

THE FUTURE OF VR TECHNOLOGY Ellen Lambert Bowman and Lei Liu

V

irtual reality has great potential in training road safety skills to individuals with low vision but the feasibility of such training has not been demonstrated. We tested the hypotheses that low vision individuals could learn useful skills in virtual streets and could apply them to improve real street safety.

Twelve participants, whose vision was too poor to use the pedestrian signals were taught by a certified orientation and mobility specialist to determine the safest time to cross the street using the visual and auditory signals made by the start of previously stopped cars at a traffic-light controlled street intersection. Four participants were trained in real streets and eight in virtual streets presented on 3 projection screens. The crossing timing of all participants was evaluated in real streets before and after training. The participants were instructed to say ªGOº at the time when they felt the safest to cross the street. A safety score was derived to quantify the GO calls based on its occurrence in the pedestrian phase (when the pedestrian sign did not show DON’T WALK).

Before training, >50% of the GO calls from all participants fell in the DON’T WALK phase of the traffic cycle and thus were totally unsafe.

20% of the GO calls fell in the latter half of the pedestrian phase. These calls were unsafe because one initiated crossing this late might not have sufficient time to walk across the street. After training, 90% of the GO calls fell in the early half of the pedestrian phase.

These calls were safer because one initiated crossing in the pedestrian phase and had at least half of the pedestrian phase for walking

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| Improving lives: The future of VR and AR technology

across. Similar safety changes occurred in both virtual street and real street trained participants. An ANOVA showed a significant increase of the safety scores after training and there was no difference in this safety improvement between the virtual street and real street trained participants. This study demonstrated that virtual reality-based orientation and mobility training could be as efficient as real street training in improving street safety in individuals with severely impaired vision.

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Fig 1 The visual and auditory display components of the VR simulation used in the research.

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| Improving lives: The future of VR and AR technology

reptur? Qui volent quiasitat voluptium quis cone re lanissequi to destiore verro odit, ea pro odist et eritam est omnis et perum ea solutem harum sunditaqui nimporp orehenis minverspero in corepti con consequibus sinum sitiae. Nequatum quam quatem facerib eaquam ate corro quo beatian dempor re eostio omnissitis ressi cuptas atem quae incimil magnit ommollabo. Et quidus aribus sita quam nihitia nobis eosam re pratem re reperatem. Me oditam, sunt alitecusant quia siti alit lant, qui que reprae rersper chillanis aut lique mos se doles at aut quodigendae coribus etur?

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OWN IRIS

SIRI NWO PRINT YOUR

RUOY TNIRP

THE 3D-PRINTED CONTACT LENS AND OTHER ADVENTURES Rose Reeves

B

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REFERENCES

SECNEREFER

INTRODUCTION 1 National Eye Institute. Blindness Bethesda, MD, 2010 [cited 2016 11/20]. https://nei.nih.gov/eyedata/blind.

2 National Eye Institute. Low Vision Bethesda, MD, 2010 [cited 2016 11/20]. https://nei.nih.gov/eyedata/lowvision.

3 Alliance for Aging Research. The Silver Book: Vision Loss Volume II. Washington, DC: Alliance for Aging Research; 2012.

IMPROVING LIVES 1 Owsley C, McGwin G Jr., Lee PP, Wasserman N, Searcey K. Characteristics of low-vision rehabilitation services in the United States. Archives of ophthalmology. 2009; 127(5):681Âą9. https://doi. org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.55 PMID: 19433720 2 Jacobson WH. The art and science of teaching orientation and mobility to persons with visual impairments. 2nd ed. New York, NY: American Foundation for the Blind; 2013.

3 La Grow SJ, Weessies MJ. Orientation and mobility: Techniques for independence. Wellington, New Zealand: Dunmore Press; 1994.

Exciting. Engaging.

Eye-opening. – Stephen Fry