Parco geominarario

Completed with the support of: This theis is the result of international cooperation between: Facuty of Architecture Belgrade, University of Belgrade;

Architettura ad Alghero, Dipartimento di Architettura, Design, Urbanistica: UniversitĂ degli Studi di Sassari.

with support of:

Public Art & Public Space - PaPs program; Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade.

Special thanks to: Federico Nurra, Enrico Longo, Francesca Arras Masia, Anna Camoglio, Annalisa Mollica and Gianluca Rubattu.

Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

Mentoring committee: 1. MENTORING TEAM

doc. arh. Zoran Đukanović

- Ass. prof. at Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade

prof. Arnaldo “Bibo” Cecchini - Dean of Architettura ad Alghero, Dipartimento di Architettura,

Design, Urbanistica: Università degli Studi di Sassari.

doc. dr. Alessandro Plaisant - Ass. prof. at Architettura ad Alghero, Dipartimento di Architettura,

Design, Urbanistica: Università degli Studi di Sassari.

2. MENTORING COMMISSION

doc. dr. Marija Maruna Responsible scientistic for international cooperation Alghero-Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade

3. MENTORING COMMISSION

doc. Dejan Miletić Vice Dean for Academic Affairs, Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade

Faculty of Architecture_University of Belgrade_Serbia / Faculty of Architecture_University of Sassari_Italy

Consultants: Salvatore Cherchi - Ex President of Province Carbonia-Iglesias; - Ex Major of Carbonia; - Member of Italian Parliament, Senate of the Republic; Member of Italian Parliament, Chamber of Deputies

Giampiero Pinna - President of Ass. Pozzo Sella of Parco Geominerario Nov. 2001 to March 2005 and in other mandate until 2009; - Member of Governing Council of Consortium for Parco Geom. Environment History of Sardinia with extensive involvement

dr. Luciano Ottelli - Ex Director at Geo-Mining Park of Sardinia; - Ex Director of Mines Iglesias - Iglesias; - Professional geologist and scientific oriented, writer of many books on mining issue

Claudio Demontis - representative of Argenitera;

Armando Casula

Maria Rita Ottelli

Elio Cuccu

Claudio Saddi

- Son of the miners; - Educationaly and politicaly engaged

Claudio Saddi - three retired miners (have been working over 30 Elio Cuccu Armando Casula years in different mine places of Sardinia) Maria Rita Ottelli - the young researcher Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

doc. dr Silvia Serreli

- Ass. prof. at The department of architecture, design and urban planning Alghero, University of Sassari

doc. dr Alessandra Casu - Ass. prof. at The department of architecture, design and urban planning Alghero, University of Sassari

Francesco Usalla

- Current director OF Ass. Pozzo Sella

prof. Gian Luigi Pillola

- Current commissioner of Ass. Pozzo Sella

responsible for Parco geominerario of Sardinia Region, until December 2013.

responsible for Parco geominerario of Sardinia Region, until December 2013.

- Prof. Pilola is researcher on University of Cagliary; Department of Chemical and Geological.

prof. Giorgio Peghin

- Assistant prof. at Faculty of Architecture, University of Cagliari; Expert field: Architectural and Urban composition - Owner of mine in Carbonia.

prof. ing. Antonello Sanna - Dean of Faculty of Architecture University of

Cagliari, Sardinia; Full prof. of Department of Technical Architecture, Section: Design and Construction in Science of Architecture

Faculty of Architecture_University of Belgrade_Serbia / Faculty of Architecture_University of Sassari_Italy

Table of contents: Abstract 1. Introduction

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1.1. Explanation of the topic and the thesis goals

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1.2. Hypothesis

15

1.3. Method

17

2. Key words and concepts (Theoretical criteria)

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2.1. Urban potentials of Sardinian cities

20

2.2. Mining industrial heritage

23

2.3. Cultural landscape

24

2.4. Dichotomy on livable-lovable place

27

2.5. Dichotomy of planning and design stages about cultural landscape

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2.6. Placemaking approach: Dimensions of Urban design and Placemaking

31

2.7. Communicative-collaborative process

41

2.8. Summary

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3. Examples of world practice

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3.1. Krzemionki Podgórskie, Krakow, Poland stone pit (Si base)

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3.2. Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape, Japan

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3.3. Cultural Heritage vs. Mining on the New Silk Road? Finding Technical Solutions for Mes Aynak and Beyond

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3.4. Temporal “Mine pavilion” art & architecture

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3.5. Site http://mining.about.com

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4. Study research: About mining industrial heritage in Sardinia: why and what it the general parco geominerario?

4.1. Comparative chronology of the Sardinian population and its mining industry: Pre-roman times Roman times, Medieval period, The time of the kingdom of Sardinia, After the unification of Italy, After World War II

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Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

4.2 Today – Parco geominerario

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4.3. Legislative framework in correspondence: regional landscape plan-PPR (2012)

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4.4. Examples of good Sardinian practice on parco geominerario: What is done until now?

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4.5. Summary

90

5. Field research: Visit the central area of mining landscape Iglesiente-Iglesias

95

5.1. Structure of stakeholders, about interview and questionnaire

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5.2. General conclusions

100

6. Example_location_Argentiera

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6.1. Site of Argentiera

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6.2. Mining background of Argentiera (driving and the most influent pattern)

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6.3. Curent condition of location_Argentiera: Context and Natural features

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6.4. Anthropogenic influences - secondary pattern: Public spaces and built capacities, Current works in Argentiera

122

6.5. Socio-cultural characteristics - tertiary pattern: A new tradition in creating

125

6.7. Interview with the representative of Argentiera settlement Claudio Demontis (field research)

127

7. Conclusion_Argentiera case

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8. Annex

138

9. Bibliography

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Faculty of Architecture_University of Belgrade_Serbia / Faculty of Architecture_University of Sassari_Italy

Abstract: Sardinia is an island in the Tyrrhenian see characterized by more than 8 thousand years of mining history and ancient culture. Mining activity has modeled the landscape, but the vivacious smell of ancient history among the wonderful marks of mining industry in contact with the astonishing Sardinian nature has still remained. Particular landscapes of mining sites and its environmental characters became recognized of great importance as a national heritage during 90s, not only by Sardinian government than European and Global organizations and its networks also. For the purpose to protect it and upgrade its future development they created a network of 8 district areas managed under the name parco geominerario.

The issue of master thesis is based on examining the possibilities for revival of mining landscapes in Sardinia with focus on specific example of Argenitera.

The thesis pictures the need for reorganization of existing management and managing structure in order to get back the life in ex-mining areas which are depopulated nowadays (after mining closure during ’60.). Recognized as the key factor for future development, the thesis stress out importance of strengthening local community and its resources (human resources firstly). By giving know-how to local habitats about setting up local economy it contributes to identity of place and collective identity of habitants; sense of proud as a tool for creation livable-lovable place (long term sustainability). Therefore, these would result in intensification of “ordinary - everyday life� and in increase of quality of life. Placemaking theory is meant firstly as a way of marking places of mining landscape and its specific character and as a tool with a goal to prevent mass tourism which these days (in the world of globalization) leading to phenomenon of non-spaces.

Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

In order to establish guidelines for revival of mining landscapes the first part of the thesis deals with representation of theoretical criteria, key words and concepts related to the topic: Urban potentials of Sardinian cities, mining industrial heritage, cultural landscape, dichotomy on livable-lovable place, dichotomy of planning and design stages about cultural landscape, placemaking approach - dimensions of urban design (perceptual, visual, social, temporal, functional and morphological) and communicative-collaborative process. Chapter on study research is dedicated to comprehension about body of parco geominerario. It gives view on chronological transformation of Sardinian population and its culture under mining activities. Current condition and resent processes (as the processes on creation of management body) with legislative framework and examples of Sardinian practice are further explained in detailed.

Leaded by the ethic of communicative-collaborative planning, special quality of the thesis represents the chapter on field research - visit the central area of mining landscape Iglesiente – Iglesias. This chapter summarizes results of interviews and queries made with stakeholders from all sectors, and represents their opinions as contextual guidelines about issues.

Chosen location, Argenitiera is presented trough natural characteristics (primary pattern), anthropogenic influences (secondary pattern) and socio-cultural characteristics (tertiary patterns). Results of interview with local representative are given in addition.

Regardless of all mentioned risks and potentials and by synthesis of the principles and conditions of locations, guidelines are given as theoretical input for possible approach in revival of all mining landscapes. Finally, package offer of few specific small project and its development mechanisms are given for chosen location – Argenitera della Nurra in plates, in thesis conclusion (and in the annex, trough plates). Those projects define possible solutions which can be further of a great importance for urban planning and design parallel.

Event ought, the contributions of the thesis is given by respecting landscape architecture principles and integral urban planning.

Faculty of Architecture_University of Belgrade_Serbia / Faculty of Architecture_University of Sassari_Italy

chapter content: 14

Explanation of the topic and the thesis goals

15

Hypotheses

17

Method

Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

1

Introduction

Chapter explains the chosen topic of the thesis and relations about its specific context for Sardinia from viewpoint of an Serbian student (me). Objective and goals of the thesis are represented along with answers to those what and why questions. Contribution to professional practice is shown from superposed views of integral urban planning and landscape architecture and from parallel observing of planning and design processes.

Further sections of the chapter explain hypotheses and general method of the thesis approach.

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1.1. Explanation of the topic

and the thesis goals Environmental, geological, biological characteristics, natural landscapes and its archaeological sites with their variety and importance make Sardinia unique in the Mediterranean with a spectacular coast and inner relief morphology. Among these characteristics and its distinctive cultures, mining activities has always been driving force which has interacted with landscapes by leaving remarkable changes in it. More than 8 thousand years of mining activities still visible in shaping of Sardinian culture are uniqueness of Sardinia for a Serbian student (not only I believe) and more than enough to accept the challenge about topic of mining heritage. Not the oldest, not the biggest, not the most well-known, but Sardinia is the first one recognized in European network of Geo-mining parks by mining landscapes as national heritage. Recognition all over the world doesn’t mean success, but it justifies about big cultural potential for a sure.

After the closures in ‘60s mining areas are depopulated. Generators of the life since ancient times nowadays stay almost abandoned, usually with low restless of mining settlements and big changes in astonishing landscapes.

During last 20 years some efforts to protect those places as heritage are done, but low tangible.

Objective of the thesis is to revive those places based on local; to create place from space on the principles of cultural landscape. Accordingly, first aim of the work is to get know better formation and occurrence of mining landscapes in Sardinia beneficial to find the lowest link in current developing system; to meet the legislative framework as the condition of engaged bodies in practice. Furthermore, aim is to propose strategic guidelines for organizational structure of Geo-mining parks. Finall aim as expected result, should offer some project package possible to implement in different mining areas with special project proposals for chosen location, Argentiera. The thesis contribution will have stamp from real professional practice by including opinions of respondents on interview and survey, including stakeholders (consultants in this work) from all sectors interested in.

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Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

1.2. Hypotheses • Mining industrial sites are topic of interest as particular one for the development of Sardinian culture, because they have been driving force during ancient times. Sardinian culture is unique as regional characteristic and its contained site specific habits at local level in the same time. Regarding particular cultural diversities in the ordinary life of specific sites and their singularity and uniformity for context of Sardinia, scale duality is possible to deal with from planning and design process and practice, also (first dichotomy).

• Mining sites are a constituent of landscape; it’s belonged and must be always considered as a process of reverse interaction. In the process of creating places in the present, for future generations also (trend of sustainability), starting to sense of place and its cultural importance as a former mining industry, landscape character is considered as a cultural landscape like primary (respecting the definition of the European Landscape Convention). Integral and multidisciplinary approach it is recommended, because it gives better results than regarding just one aspect or from one referral point. If the landscape, mining site wants to become a place for living it must receive urban functions. A creation of place is contained in the theory of Placemaking trough dimensions of urban design: perceptual, visual, social, temporary, functional and morphological (based on book Public Places Urban Spaces). The place doesn’t exist without loving: dichotomy of livable-lovable place is a medium of proudness, from notes of Zoran Đukanović, lecture of Darko Radović at Symposium: Measuring the Non-Measurable – Intensities in ten Cities held in Keio University, Tokyo (November 7th, 2011). Production of livable-lovable place is measure or its success.

• Argenitera (chosen location) is space, former mining site, almost abandoned and sometimes called “ghost town”. The production of space by the theory of Henry Lefebvre, define space as a place always conceived, perceived and lived.

Faculty of Architecture_University of Belgrade_Serbia / Faculty of Architecture_University of Sassari_Italy

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The Argentiera is conceived, semi-perceived and pseudo-lived. In order to transform Argentiera from space into place if we implement a concept of placemaking we can ensure livable-lovable place. This, second dichotomy, deal with production from space to place. A culture of design survey and its culture of design performance as “point on point” can create intensity, place where is possible to feel intensity like nature made it in the contacts of two rivers; in-between space as a place (as free translation, based on Heidegger’s theory of space).

• Scaling: conductive to carry out planning and desing processes as simultaneous, this approach requires observing the layering of the spatial levels:

XXL - Sardinija (PPR landscape + coastal_Regional spatial development strategy) XL - Parco geominerario (Planning development strategy) L - site of Argientiera (Urban design strategy) M - Public space network (Structure plan) S - chosen area (Masterplan with Design code & the Implementation action plan) XS - place (Intensity/Emotion plan)

• Placemeking of the mining industry with specific character of the location (sense of place) is a proper tool to revive a place and prevent mass tourism, which these days (in the world of globalization and as a treat for context of Sardinia with big touristic potential) leading to phenomenon of non-spaces.

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Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

1.3. Method The initial phase of work represents a defining thematic framework that includes defining chapters of the work, setting themes and initial hypotheses that will be relevant to the work to define the scope and purpose of the thesis research in accordance to its aims.

Study research examines the theoretical criteria considering the general context of the practice of urban planning and landscape architecture. Also, this section involves text and planning documents on the creation and functioning of parco geominerario, as well as all the material in correspondence with the creation of this body (e.g. examples of the world practice in correspondence).

Field research includes a visit to the central zone of parco geominerario, area Iglesiente - Iglesias, with a series of meetings with various stakeholders and consultants.

Specific research on information about the selected location, Argentiera della Nurra, involves analysis of three types of patterns (natural characteristics, anthropogenic influences and socio-cultural characteristics) through the study and field research. Field research is including also analysis of current state of the site and results on interview with local representative.

Primary sources will comprise plans and theoretical, text inputs, and a secondary drawing documenting them or works of predecessors.

Analysis and processing of data will give synthetically solution based on the set criteria and principles, as well as site conditions.

Result of the work, in addition to the obtained strategic guidelines, it should show the spatial and functional matrix of proposed project for revitalization of Argentiera.

General method of working with human resources is done according to principles of Public Art & Public Space - PaPs method.

Faculty of Architecture_University of Belgrade_Serbia / Faculty of Architecture_University of Sassari_Italy

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chapter content: 20

Urban potentials of Sardinian cities

23

Mining industrial heritage

24

Cultural landscape

27

Dichotomy of livable-lovable place

28

Dichotomy of planning and design stages about cultural landscape

31

Placemaking approach: Dimensions of Urban design and Placemaking

41

Communicative-collaborative process

43

Summary Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

2 Key words and concepts (theoretical criteria) The chapter is wider explanation on research problematic of the thesis while clarifying the thesis issues trough measurable dimensions (criteria). It contributes all basic variable and non-variable related to the thesis issues (questions, problems, phenomenon and processes – key words and concepts).

Starting from current thinking of expert publicity about urban potentials of Sardinian cities this chapter is setting up theoretical criteria for the thesis. Further, it explains basic key words and concepts for the thesis to be followed while making strategic guidelines for revival of mining areas. Furthermore, the chapter represents planning and design principles and their relations in the process of creation development plans.

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2.1. Urban potentials of Sardinian cities Issues are important general theoretical impute as a desired fundamental future from local experts. Particular terms is interpleaded from books written

by Sardinian currently professors of architecture as a view of the profession about urban potentials for context of Sardinia.

Reality and representation of reality in today’s deep transformation, brought rhetoric and nostalgia into action; are some topics in the book The Urban potential of external territories. The city was like an image until half of XX century, after cities and their stories became inseparable: “urban space and narrative space” (Maciocco, 2011, p.30). After World War II, cities were “exploded” (centralism or dispersion) and they asked for new forms to represent it. In Sardinian cities (Italian generally) the theory of territoriality became in focus. The theory is landscape oriented, and it emphasizes the emergence of new relation about interdependency between city and territory.

The environment dimensions make a constituent element of contemporary life. Relations that indicate invisibility of the biological and cultural dimension of spatial life and progressively favors structural economies oriented in an environmental direction. Explaining those relations author write about “traditional city as a desired landscape” (Maciocco, 2011, p.24-40).

In the book Fundamental trends in city development, Maciocco et. al. explain term „dynamic traditionary“ as resistant utopia, regarding on utopia as it doesn’t exist if the hope of future life excludes happiness in the present.

Integration of past and present with a desire to experience the past preserved as evidence of inner value and, to show their analytical fertility and exemplified in the language of today based on the language of tradition.

Historical and social events are the basis of the meaning of innovation (Maciocco et. al., 2008, p.1-3). Mentioning again the narration of the city it refers at Françoise Chou writes, these are places that differentiate the future of the European city from a “collage city” (Rowe and Koetter, 1978), in that its future could never continue as modern on the ancient, but because of the way it is formed and discomposed, will be a “realm of the urban”. Notable

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Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

places slow time, of its natural and human history, will emerge as the reference base of an urban path for a city to invent (Maciocco et. al., 2008: 120-123). In the act of approach to “horizons of contemporary public spaces” facing with the abandoned and other places artists is the answer, to use the memory in current meaning. He remars Heidegger’s state about treat to be careful with symbols and semiotic, because before image we should create a home (Maciocco et. al. 2008: 132-134).

Enhancing the City: New Perspectives for Tourism and Leisure, is a book edited by professors Maciocco and Serreli, which is dealing with issues of leisure as the social dimension of the city and it is a general critic on mass tourism.

Leisure is understood as intermediate space or frontier between tensions, it may take on the form and function of a neutral zone, where reciprocal identities may be attested, remaining separate but each beginning to have experience of the other. Where differences, the different ways of seeing the world and the various styles of thought are defined, ultimately, are the basic elements of a collective consciousness of the city. The importance of leisure takes shape as the space of one’s own cultural growth and the construction of one’s own symbolic patrimony and its collective dimensions. Leisure space can be every space, but the authentic places made it specifically for the deeper meanings of the nature and history of territories. If we not include sensitivity to the distinctive traits of places we will create “simulacrum places” (term created by Maciocco, interpretive by Silvano Tagliagambe, p.83), marked by the loss of the constitutive matrices of the city, the loss of the meaning of history and time. “Only by being rooted in effectuality and in the quest for the polyvocality of places, can the project aim for authentic situations, taking its distance from exclusive attention to branding processes and forms of spectacularisation.” (Tagliagambe,p.83). Urban branding process is artistic and cultural projects implemented by using such attributes of art and culture to express a sense of civic or national proud. It is very sliding field, because daily behaviors can be manifestations of the social, which become the primary content of architecture; as author quotes (Gregotti 1993), often: “at a level of clarity that transforms them into advertisements for themselves” (Maciocco, 2008, p. 34-35). Relation between culture and consumption (between the artistic and the commercial) become two indissolubly interrelated aspects, and lack of hierarchies is present. Author attributed to disappearance of borders between different cultural forms: art, education, architecture, but also tourism, television, music, sport and shopping… However, Serreli highlight that urban branding should be promoted trough urban strategies “linked with leisure and culture-based economies” (p. 49). In today societies “the role of the voluntary sector emerge as an instrument of leisure management policy” (p. 21). Local community should be initiator, not only to support transformations (p. 30).

Tourism is important economy for Sardinian development, but this work will not take it as primary, just as additional attribute in creating of place. Counting tourism like this, the book gives more urban potentials. Serreli continue with Faculty of Architecture_University of Belgrade_Serbia / Faculty of Architecture_University of Sassari_Italy

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culture industries which have developed as an interface between global and local (network of site with specificities senses), most important potential derives, exceeding in importance the economic activities based on data and knowledge. Urban landscapes should be based on the local crafts, manufacturing industries and culture represents business, as the basis of tourist attraction (of art, food, fashion, music and so on); “the industry providing for this fuel the economy of the city and its visible ability to produce both spaces and symbols” (P.51). Creative industries enable familiarization with the host culture and generate new patterns thought and action. The tourist “became creative” and take home different message by placing himself in concrete urban contexts, shaping reality by interacting deeply with the place visited (much deeper picture is formed than just sightseeing – “imaginative geographies” is the term used by author). The feel of responsibility to participate in the construction of urbanity could be beneficial to locality also, as an “impulse to maintain the diversity of places, their stories and social behaviors”; because plurality of cultures (p. 60). Defined by Gregory Ashworth urban tourism is: heritage tourism + place-specific + special interest tourism +business congress tourism + “fun” tourism. “Place-specific tourism is where the tourism attraction is the sense of place itself”. It may be composed of many broadly defined cultural attributes, structures and atmospheres.

“Although all tourism occurs somewhere and all places are unique, this form of tourism specifically uses this unique quality, rather than the generic characteristics of a place, as the tourism product.” (p. 208). About rights of citizenship are made many models by Arnaldo Cecchini referring to relations of tourist and city changing due to social reforms, metropolitan populations typology based on certain characteristics, possible combinations of inhabitants and different types of tourists, goods and rivalry of its users, even model of differences between male and female conceptions of tourism. Truism makes conflicts between tourists and the indigenous populations as a complex relationship, while possibilities for new citizens too.

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Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

2.2. Mining industrial heritage

In the 1950’s was borne Industrial Archeology as a branch of Archeology, defined from The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage as: ”Industrial archaeology is an interdisciplinary method of studying all the evidence, material and immaterial, documents, artifacts, stratigraphy and structures, human settlements and natural and urban landscapes, created for or by industrial processes”. In the 1970’s are defined first lows about Mining industrial heritage, after closure of most mines and, it’s abandoned and left as it was. Public interest for mining industrial history progressively growth and legal requirement existed; it is said by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): “usually consisted of the destruction of the building, the settlement and the installations, as if the pain and hard work of generations of miners only deserved to be forgotten.” In the 1973. The first international congress of Industrial Archeology is held in Ironbridge (Shropshire, UK) formally positioning it as a historical discipline and spread out amongst the first industrial countries, especially in Europe. In the 1978. during the third edition of the congress of Industrial Archeology, in Stockholm (Sweden) was created The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH); defined as: “The TICCIH is the international organization for industrial archaeology and the industrial heritage. Its aim is to study, protect, conserve and explain the remains of industrialization.” (available on their official site, Mining & Collieries section). In the name to increase public awareness about the interest of the industrial heritage TICCIH appointed one of its objectives to lobby that the most remarkable sites could enter UNESCO World Heritage List. The UNESCO includes in the list Cultural Heritage Sites where Industrial Heritage is considered with Monuments and Properties, where Mining sites or mining town is a subcategory. Since 1997, the UNESCO considers “mining landscapes” or “mining regions” as a whole, not only buildings or infrastructure. Sardinians mining industrial landscape is one of 24 sites on that list today, reclaimed as a first in European network.

Faculty of Architecture_University of Belgrade_Serbia / Faculty of Architecture_University of Sassari_Italy

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2.3. Cultural landscape

Cultural landscape is major term for work understanding because mining sites are cultural landscapes, because it will be used for all levels represented in hypothesis section and because it concerns and connects all dichotomies (also, it is pretty subjective as comparative advantage of integral and multidisciplinary patrimony of Landscape and Urbanism). Defined by International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) landscape is particular area of the country, certain structures with specific character of flora and fauna with the particular characteristics of cultural heritage, existing together, interaction with natural forces and artificial elements created environment (Evert, 2001). Definition of the European Landscape Convention about landscape is: “Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and / or human factors�. Formalized by Ministry of Environment of Republic of Slovenia and, in conformity with European Commission of Landscape Architecture, basic structure of landscape constitutes: primary structure of abiotical landscape elements (geological base, soils, water, relief and air), secondary structure of biotical landscape elements (flora and fauna and, built structures with land use) and tertiary structure of socio-cultural and economic factors (it can be about production, urbanization, monuments of nature, on issue of pollution or administrative borders).

Determinate by Taylor (1989:16-17) cultural landscape is mosaic of natural features and elements modified with physical components of human activities during historical periods and patterns of those modifications (as a superposed layers in landscape). Those components of the mosaic will be used as criteria to analyze mining landscapes in work at all levels.

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Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

It is important to differentiate between the terms Swanwick et al (2002): • Landscape characteristics: elements and combination of elements which contribute to diversity of landscapes.

• Landscape character: landscape patterns make landscape diverse and unique; remarkable,

distinguishable, consistent and recognizable patterns coexisting in particular landscape to realize its diversity (rather than better or worse than other).

This work will deal with landscape character (mining) to describe its importance for context, to inform about conditions for development modifications, to identifications of appropriate development and management strategies, to describe qualities of livable-lovable place based on sense of place (sensitivity of landscape) and to make decisions at all levels.

The Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage (2002) stressed key landscape values and constituents: • Natural structure of Landscape: the most important for natural Landscapes (geology, type of relief, exposition, slope, hydrology, soil types, flora and fauna and, biotopes) and is respectfully considered in work as reversal dynamic to live-love with.

• Cultural (socio) Landscape: made by people and readable trough historical structure (seeking for relict, designed and symbolic attributes) and contemporary stage (current condition). In term of mining it will be taken in this work for site analysis (it’s always matches at planning and design process, as it is necessary in Landscape and Urban research process).

• Perceptual and aesthetic (image) about Landscape: most important for reading immateriality trough material. This (third) dichotomy is possible to use in work as a field of translation; like extracted tool for dichotomy livable-lovable for its implementation (culture of design realization). It can be way of translating, marking, interpretation of meaning, reading and evaluating at purely. So, it can be tool for livable-lovable place at all levels. It involves: visual borders (horizons, skylines and contours), visual relations (historical, current and symbolical), dominants (natural and cultural landmarks), important perceptual points, important viewpoints (panoramic lookouts) and important habitats or touristic destinations.

Faculty of Architecture_University of Belgrade_Serbia / Faculty of Architecture_University of Sassari_Italy

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Perceptions & aesthetic Landscape is a crucial dichotomy of its concept as material-immaterial (mental). “The individual cannot be separated from the environment. He is part of the system he perceives, and the strategies he chooses become the environment he in turn experiences as being external to himself.” William Ittelson (1974).

Widgren (2002) highlight four attributes of landscape: context, form, function and processes. Countryside Commission of Forest Authority England (1992) recognized as measurable factors about attributes in term of perception & aesthetics: balance and proportions, scale, enclosure, texture, colour, diversity, unity and form. By using explained keys (natural, cultural and, perceptual and aesthetics) and their attributes mining landscape create place for people (see scheme down, left figure).

About perception, landscape architects Palang, H., and Fry, G, (2003) pointed out in their book Landscape interfaces: Cultural Heritage in Changing Landscapes. Those researches and theories are between human and natural sciences, because it is on architects to create base for background process so people can percievet immaterial and feel (see and understand) material. Human landscape (lovable) is formed in our minds and feelings and authors present it trough phenomenological perspectives and techniques because they’re enough studied. Material landscape is one we can touch, smell, see and it can be measurable (strength of reaction and stimulation comparing already experienced). But this work will not do psychology, but design as a base of experience to create loveable part of livable-lovable dichotomy.

About aesthetics, landscape architect, Simon Bell explicates in his book (2004) Elements of Visual Design in the Landscape. Aesthetics for architect is language to interpret environment. In order to make sense of place architects need to be able to separate each constituent part of landscape and then to identify it and to relate it back trough design to the whole scene. He describes the scene from “basic building block” of landscape architectural design from aesthetics (up-right scheme shows).

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Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

2.4. Dichotomy of livable-lovable place It is for a sure that dealing with a cultural landscape as it is shown with stress on perceptual and aesthetic, architectural tool must not be taken as the only or enough for placemaking, creating on the dichotomy livable-lovable place. In any case, we must not separate this dichotomy to feed their brain and emotions; and must not forget the background (in same time current spring) before the start with design, respectively socio-cultural context, if we want at all to designing for people. Community is like first question and the answer at the same time. Lectured by professor of sociology, Mina Petrović (29th of October, 2013), community refers to the social structure of different scales whose members linked to specific activities connect them, and have shared values and beliefs. Performed dichotomy from livablelovable about community is individual & collective (activities, values and beliefs). Scale dependable, we can speak about community at XXL, XL, L, M, S or XS level.

Urban language use term intensity to describe relation on people and produced space as a qualitative measure of urbanity (urbanity as quantitative and qualitative “way of urban life”). Zoran Đukanović professor of Urban Design and planning, for Symposium: Measuring the Non-Measurable – Intensities in ten Cities held in Tokyo, define intensity as “sparkling meaning on people behaviors” (Đukanović, 2011). From his notes of same Symposium, lecture by Kengo Kuma, production concerning intensification of ordinary life is based on proudness built on local economies. As Jacques Deleuze said “intensifying urban spaces is invented desire” and it quotes: “intensity is a vector result of hope”. In section of this work, the urban potential of Sardinian cities, it is already written about desire of local experts to support this concept.

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2.5. Dichotomy of planning and design stages about cultural landscape Respecting mining landscape as network of specific mining landscape sites on XXL and XL level (more planning oriented) and parallel, aiming to focus this work on S level of urban design dimensions, scheme present compatibility between thinking on those opposite levels (made by notes lecture by Davorin Gazvoda, professor of Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, held in Novi Sad, 21st of April, 2008.):

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Shaped by hypothesis and aims, this work will try to mix showed routines in sense of necessity for design with nature (landscape). Speaking about mining sites as a cultural landscape, relation people – nature must be reversed and respectfully to each other on any level; at the macro (planning oriented) levels landscape should be considered first, but for the living and, on micro levels (design dimensions) sense of landscape place must be designed as lovable like subjective category at first, but considering livable needs, wills and decisions about community and landscape.

Basis and attributes of the Planning and Design tools are working together represent scheme about levels of engagement, strategic framework and formal/legal framework on previous page (scheme p.no 25, is made on planning and design tools of Ministry of Environment Monata Mo Te Taiao, New Zealand, in accordance to this work, chosen location Argentiera, Sardinia).

Respecting landscape approach, Tom Turner (1996) recognizes superposed patterns in the design process: primary, secondary, tertiary and quartary (scheme down, left).

In the “heart of design process” Turner (1996) highlight design process approach trough “Analogy of honey bee”.

Metaphor similarity of bees, he explains trough their most clear goals as possible: to collect nectar and make honey.

Second process similarity is their not straight fly lines. They proceed in a spiraling and apparently chaotic manner. The process of environmental design is closer to the flight of a honey-bee than to the path of a stagecoach which should deliver directly addressed package (while it passes between four types of pattern, before settling on a proposed course of action). He represents it trough scheme down, right figure.

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2.6. Placemaking approach Urban design is officially young term appeared in the late 1950s. Previously, has used the term “civic design” (public design) that is closely related to mapping and design of major public buildings (Town Hall, opera, museums and public open space), and it was related to the City Beautiful Movement (from notes on lectures by Jelena Živković, 2013 on the subject, Theory of Urban Design). Živković further explained the different meaning of the design concept of contemporary urban think, as very wide, complex and flexible approach: • 3 dimensional design of space for people as “conscious, purposeful shaping that, as such, may be realized only by man” (Živković, 2013); • Design is interface between architecture, landscape and planning of cities; • Scope of concept on theory of urban design is: definition, role about urban, context, process and product.

• Urban design as an integral part of the process of urban development: understanding the process emergence of urban form involves consideration of all three areas of analysis: the production of space + offerdemand (marketplace as socio-political) and psychological-cultural aspects (author interpreted Madanipour A., 1996); • Scope of design is extended trough fields: scale, focus on aspect (visual, spatial and social), relation process-product, public-private domain, relation of multidisciplinary professions and their activities included in design process and, relation of dichotomies objectively-rational or expressivesubjective process (author interpreted Madanipour A., 1996); • Design is creative activity that shapes the form and character of the urban environment at by types and scales are: City or environmental design, System design, Project design and Object design (author interpreted City Sense and City Design - Writings and Projects of Kevin Lynch, Cambridge MA, London: The MIT Press).

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Essence of the fundamental context of design is that it must respect local and global, market and culture context.

According to landscape approach previously explained, they can work together! Actually, pretty same, but from other referral point, what support needs for multidisciplinary joint work, a represents scheme (Carmona, 2003):

Author Carmona, M. who is Professor of Planning and Urban Design at the Bartlett School of Planning, with coauthors, in books Public Places Public Space and Urban Design reader (2003 and 2007) explain urban design trough: • Context of urban design: environmental (natural and ecological); social/political/economical/cultural and technical-technological •

The dimensions of urban design: morphological, perceptual, social, visual, functional and temporal

•

Process of urban practice in order to create a place.

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Stages of the design process coarsest In each of the development phases, particularly that of design, the urban are shown here (modified the model of designer’s thought processes can be disaggregated into a series of thought Carmona, 2003): stages: • Analysis and setting goals: gathering and analyzing information and ideas that might inform the design solution; in conjunction with other actors (particularly clients and stakeholders) regardless to economic and political realities, proposed time scale, and client and stake-holder requirements.

• Visioning: generating and developing various possible solutions through an iterative process of imaging and presenting, usually informed by personal experience and design philosophies.

• Synthesis and prediction: testing the generated solutions to identify workable alternatives.

• Decision-making: determining the alternatives to be discarded, and those for further refinement or promoting as the preferred design solution.

• Evaluation (appraisal): reviewing the finished product and its success, measured against the identified goals. It is an endless process (until the new design of space).

Each stage represents a complex set of activities, which, while generally conceptualized as a linear process (as also Turner refer to bees, 1996), is in practice iterative and cyclical and, less mechanical and more intuitive than the various diagrams of design process appear to indicate.

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Design process: importance is to announce all stakeholders (public, private and civic sector). Even though design is always subjective, decision-making process is complex as in, like everyday life after implementation.

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2.6.1. Placemaking approach DIMENSIONS OF URBAN DESIGN The morphological dimension: Form of settlement, genesis and transformation through time (key factor for the monitoring of changes). It is mainly characterized by typology. The main elements are: land use, the plot pattern, the cadastral (street) pattern and street network.

The perceptual dimension: Perceptual implies the process of becoming aware of physical objects, phenomenon etc. through senses. Thus the perceptual dimension in urban design involves the images, experiences and meanings that people attach to the built environment.

Initially it is connected with Kevin Lynch (1960) concept of “Image of the City”: paths, edges, district, landmarks and nods were easily identifiable and easily grouped into an overall pattern that lead to what we call “image ability”. Image ability – it is the quality of a physical object which gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in any given observer. Key attributes are: symbolism and meaning. Ittelson and Gibson interpreted “Environmental perception” as one type of perception subsist of: cognitive, affective, interpretative and evaluative perception. According to Lynch, environmental images require three attributes: identity, structure and meaning.

Author Carmona (2003) case: “Successful public spaces are characterized by the presence of people, in an often self-reinforcing process”.

Illustrations (p. no. 32) how urban design actions can contribute to and enhance the potential sense of place, that. placemaking, is modified by source Carmona (2003).

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The social dimension: while designing we shape base for people activities and social life. Interpretations of Montgomery states by Carmona (2003), set up term “transaction base” as the key to a successful public realm, which should be “as complex as possible”. Transaction base of economic activity at many different levels and layers, but not only economies, than place must also provide space for social and cultural transactions. AS key indicators of vitality he highlight some: the extent of variety in primary land uses, including residential; The proportion of locally owned or independent businesses; The presence, size and specialism of street markets; Patterns of opening hours, and the existence of evening and night-time activity; Availability of cinemas, theatres, wine bars, pubs, restaurants and other cultural/meeting places, offering service of different kinds, prices and quality; The presence of an active street life and street frontages; Availability of spaces, including gardens, squares and corners, enabling people-watching and activities such as cultural animation programmes; Patterns of mixed land use enabling self-improvement and small-scale investment in property (unit sizes and costs of property); The degree of innovation and confidence in creative architecture.

The visual dimension: This, aesthetic dimension of urban design (Živković, 2013) is determined by the potential urban form and architecture to achieve artistic value. At the same time, in contrast to other forms of the art they are everyday experience and determined the whole (not particular arts). The specificity of the whole and experience the movement, as seen in the series, is state by Cullen in his book Townscape (1961). Nasar, Cambridge processor, in the book The Evaluative Image of the City (1998), identifies five attributes of the environment that people perceive as beautiful: naturalness, civility, openness and definition of space (positive-negative concept), historical significance and meaning and, order.

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Kaplan and Kaplan (1982) made environmental preference scheme (represented up) about relations of involvment and making sense beneficial to promised present.

The functional dimension: Social and visual dimensions of urban design have a functionalist perspective which refers: How to design a space that will people use (Živković, 2013). Contemporary related concepts are environmental design and mix-use (good spaces have always more than one function: camphor, relaxation, passive and active engagement and, discovery is Carmona’s typology). Also, trend enrolls mobility issue and accessibility for all (equality trough accessible for all). Carmona (2003) pointed out related topics: space position and the movement of movement.

The temporal dimension: or time management of public spaces or impacts of time on space. As we are living in space and time, like some sequences must be arranged for place: seasons of year, day and night. Also, any other periods of importance about specific programmatic package offer management.

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2.6.2. Placemaking approach PLACEMAKING Placemaking is a reaction on conventional design process appeared as a new concept dedicated to create place from space; literary by association specialized for the topic, REALTORŽ action center: “Great places draw an ethnically, culturally and socially diverse population. A great place creates a sense of pride among residents and inspires them to do more.� It is a poetic core of community (appropriate theory for hypothesis of this work about livable-lovable space). The Project for Public Spaces (PPS, 1999) evaluates thousands of spaces around world, and found out four key qualities in common: they are accessible; people are engaged in activities there; the space is comfortable and has a good image; and, finally, it is a sociable place (one where people meet each other and take people when they come to visit). These places are welcoming, safe, comfortable, aesthetically pleasing, usable, accessible and invite interaction. Placemaking is beneficial to a community; foster healthier, more social and economically viable communities. It creates the kind of places where people feel a strong stake in their communities and a commitment to making things better. When an abandoned, unused or underused property is made useful again and encourages people to meet and interact in the space, it will help to support the local economy. Simultaneously, it catalyzes private investment and smallscale entrepreneurial activities. As a place becomes desirable (intensity of ordinary life at first), also properties around the place increase in value (it helps it to grow).

The scheme at the next page is crucial for explanation of concept placemaking and represents planning/designs efforts to make a place; it is identified by The PPS (1999), with key attributes of successful places (modified the model of: Carmona, 2003):

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Contribute to the best possible results, placemaking support bottom up approach and “small steps toward big vision” (Public Art Public Space – PaPs, 2003). Kathie Feldpausch (Senior Vice President, Michigan Association of REALTORS®) quotes: “The smaller projects will energize the project as a whole. You must go through incremental steps first, and the best use of our resources was as a supplement to the larger projects.”

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Creative placemaking as an essence of placemaking: “Creative Placemaking animates public and private spaces, rejuvenates structures and streetscapes, improves local business viability and public safety, and brings diverse people together to celebrate, inspire, and be inspired.” (NEA, member of REACTOR, n.d.). Artscape DIY (organization founded in 1989) identifies several components to creative Placemaking including cultural districts, creative and cultural industry clusters, mixed-use development, and public and community arts. Public art is recognized as simple way to get start with creative placemaking in community development. In creative placemaking, partners from public, private, non-profit, and community sectors (e.g. public officials and agencies, art and cultural based, developers, civic organizations, schools and youth groups, institutions, museums and others) strategically shape the physical and social character of the community around arts and cultural activities. It is part of politic about decentralization place profitable (from problem, trough solution to payoffs). Competitive industries include large diapason (e.g. movies, publishing news media, musical recordings and video, social media, advertising design services, architecture, video games and other). Main challenges are: forging partnerships, assembling adequate financing, clearing regulatory hurdles and ensuring maintenance and sustainability. Tasks about sustainability, maintains, regulatory framework and partnership are already mentioned as a necessity issues with which one contemporary planner must deal with; properly skilled with tools and techniques as Forester even 1987 said “in the face of conflict” characterized current practice (the theory of communicative collaborative planning characterized democratically and post-democratically societies).

Reality is based on domain of social actions about place which must be collective. Adequate financing in term of creative placemaking, is based on creative economies scheme represent (adapted from DeNatale and Wassall, 2007): Therefore, engagement of local resources (human at first, then other) and partnerships are central to successful creative placemaking.

Markusen and Gadwa (2010) in paper on Creative Placemaking also stressed out, generally, one person or a small team originates a creative placemaking vision. The individuals most responsible for sparking arts development and revitalization efforts come from a surprising range of backgrounds. For this work, placemaking participation means native takes a part in the action.

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2.7. Communicative-collaborative process Collaborative Planning is one of current common approach in urban planning practice. It involves all stakeholders in the planning process with institutionalization (it is a model developed of participative planning). Stakeholders can be individuals, institutions or organizations who have an interest in the project, or have a substantial interest in the planning and implementation of the project. It includes all levels of participating: informing, consulting and making decision. Benefits of the communicative-collaborative process are: • Participation of citizens: involves two-way information, contributes to active citizenship, affect the development of skills on social awareness, contributes to establishing new relationships and relocation of power and resources in the management of local and urban development. • Stakeholder involvement: is focused on decision-making and implementation plan, allows identification of interests and influences, gives an opportunity for resolution of conflicts in a timely manner, contributes to a more realistic and effective planning.

Public-private partnership - includes cooperation between the public and private sectors. On the one hand, we have the state or local government - contracting services, products or works, or other private companies that are their suppliers and provide services in exchange for revenue from public funds. Interests’ providers Are different of motivation their client have (holders of public authority), where both sides have their own requirements and objectives that they want to achieve. In the classical model of PPP, there are six types of actors, which are connected in a specific ratio (PALGO Center, 2010).

The most important role of planners in collaborative-communicative process of planning is to facilitate the project process.

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In line with the communicative-collaborative process, masterplanning process and the steps involved in the with main key how they work together is presented trough this diagram (according to UK the government’s advisor on architecture, urban design and public space - CABE):

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2.8. Summary Development potentials of Sardinian cities are strongly presence topic of professionals and their theoretic researches and writing. The main issues of interest are depopulation (also problem of chosen location), support of local development and prevention of mass tourism. Mining industrial heritage is term created from industrial archeology and at first it was related only to objects. The first lows about mining industrial heritage are defined in ‘70s by UNESCO. Since 1997, the UNESCO considers “mining landscapes” or “mining regions” as a whole, not only buildings or infrastructure. Today, Sardinians mining industrial landscape is one of 24 sites on UNESCO list, reclaimed as a first in European network. Mining landscapes are cultural landscape, considering people and its landscape they belong. While we are thinking about cultural landscape we must think all its dimensions (figure left; original p.No.22).

Relations on community and its environment are layer which hiding possibilities for its revival. Scaling contributes to quality of project proposal, which is reflected in combination of planning and design processes (see figure left; original p.No.24).

“Planning indulges in the same world of image making that artist and advertisers do. Some of these images are at once analytical diagrams and artful, even mesmerizing, images. If the planners have opted most often for dry imagery, it is still imagery, with all of the complicated and rich implications of that term. Every plan is an act of persuasion, an argument for an alternative way of life that attempts to posit or convince an audience of that alternative.” —Andrew Shanken.

Desirable not to stay on utopian template, planning and design process must work together. Good planning can deliver good design in the right place and at the right time. Poor planning can leave a terrible legacy of failed spaces and places (buildings, also).

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Planning authorities should: •

Include a clear strategy and visions in their local development framework expect good quality schemes;

•

Use pre-application discussions, design and access statements and ensure the planning application contains sufficient detail;

•

Secure quality through planning conditions and legal agreements;

•

Access design skills in-house, through consultants or via design review;

•

Parallel work on different levels of existing administrative layers shows the symbiosis of those processes in practice.

On example of Sardinia, Argentiera, structure should look like on diagram left-up (original p.No. 25).

For the final result of this work, during the design stage, a master plan develops the spatial/landscape plan through analysis, consultation and refinement. Manage the process effectively, ensuring that what is set out in the brief is realized and that the involved people are defined (at the right stage).

Contribute to this, process of creating plann should look like it is presented at the diagram left-down (original p.No. 38).

While a wide variety of uses can flourish, many successful destinations embrace their natural surroundings by creating a close and a reversed connection between human and natural needs. Boardwalks, interpretive displays, and even more active uses such as playgrounds and picnic areas can be incorporated into design without sacrificing environmental benefits.

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During the stage of analyzing the location we should observe it trough patterns like it is presented on the diagram left (original p.No. 26).

Guidelines for creating that balance of environmental benefits with human needs are: 1. Look first at the public space.

In planning a place, city officials or a developer should begin by envisioning a network of well-connected, multi-use public spaces that fit with the community’s shared goals. By orienting development around public spaces, new construction will enhance the quality of existing destinations and result in a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. “Street life” has particular importance.

2. Make sure public goals are the primary objective.

Sensitivity of mining landscapes is too valuable to simply allow developers to dictate what happens there. This is not to say that private development is unwelcome and should be discouraged – on the contrary, it is often necessary to the future of a healthy place. But the best solutions are to put public goals first, not private short-term financial objective. As long as development plans stick to the notion that the place is an inherently public asset, it will be relatively easy to follow the rest of the steps here. Community engagement and, ultimately, local ownership and pride, depend on this basic premise.

3. Build on existing context After establishing the public spaces and public goals, begin the public visioning process with the existing assets and context. Start with the form of cultural landscape patterns and function of the site to foster a locally grounded identity by channeling former liveliness into a variety of uses. Existing mining industry uses and issues characterize it should be preserved when compatible with human activity. A place should be integrated into the surrounding to strengthen connectivity between destinations. And new development should embrace it’s the place context with appropriate orientation and usages.

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4. Create a shared community vision: collaborate not consulate Unlike a traditional master plan, a community visioning process does not lock a project into a prescribed solution. It is a citizen-driven initiative that outlines a set of goals/ideals gravitates for that set the stage for people to think bravely, make breakthroughs, and achieve new possibilities for their place. Because a vision is adaptable and can be implemented gradually, starting with small experiments, it often becomes more powerful through time as public enthusiasm for making bold changes gains support.

5. Create mix-use, connect destination places and maximize opportunities for a places With help of stakeholders find out the best vision enabling a genuine community-led process to take root. Then, join all identify key destination places, uses and activities. Combine and point out a set of uses and activities, because a wealth of things to do broadens the attractiveness of each spot place. Finally, link all spot places. Maximization of place opportunities essentially contributes accessibility for everyone to the greatest extent possible. Here too, the goal of continuity is of paramount importance. Access also means that people can actually interact with the place in numerous ways as much as it is possible.

6. Start small to make big changes Placemaking is about doing more than planning. Whichever technique we chose for space development to place, we must always count on: uncertain management trough systematic project planning, dynamic work strategies in real time measurement technologies for its habitants.

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Site of Argentiera_ the Mediterranean maquis; copyright Zoran Ä?ukanović

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Krzemionki Podgórskie, Krakow, Poland stone pit (Si base)

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Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape, Japan

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Cultural Heritage vs. Mining on the New Silk Road? Finding Technical Solutions for Mes Aynak and Beyond

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Temporal “Mine pavilion” art & architecture

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Site http://mining.about.com

Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

3 Examples of world practice The chapter presents five different examples of approaches to revitalisation of ex-mining area around the world.

The selection criterion is different for every example, but every example is chosen by applicability of its components (concept, program etc.) to the Sardinian example.

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3.1. Krzemionki Podg贸rskie, Krakow, Poland stone pit (Si base) By the Act of February 4, 1994, Geological and Mining Law The underground complex was recognized as historical monument. In Poland, the most common way to regeneration both the underground excavations and a surface infrastructure are museums and tourist routes, accompanied by cultural features, wellness and others.

Example represents method of landscape architectural interiors/units (polish abbreviation JARK/WAK) combining Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), as a general method of designing revitalization of post - mining regions (they included stone pits, also); diagram down evidence. Learned lessons of importance for this work are hierarchical scaling approach with master planning of Cultural Park with guidelines. It is made as a fusibility study, ending with details on scale 1:500 with 3 dimensional presentation (design on small scale counting surrounding districts). Figures p.No. 47 shows it.

It was appointed in Strategic plan of Krakow 2012 as one of Priority Investment Projects; recognized as appropriate reaction of administrative framework.

Model down represents it.

Students done research of local raw material in the meanwhile; recognized as good practice of encouraging local resources, human and material, both.

Also, represent good practice of participation in term take a stake in action.

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3.2. Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and it’s Cultural Landscape, Japan The Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine in the south-west of Honshu Island is a cluster of mountains, smelting and refining sites and mining settlements worked between the 16th and 20th centuries contributed substantially to the overall economic development of Japan and south-east Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries, prompting the mass production of silver and gold in Japan. In 1729, 74 of a total of 129 mine shafts were closed; and in 1823, 247 of a total of 279 mine shafts were not in operation. The mining area is now heavily wooded. As the resource of silver ore was exhausted, its production came to an end, leaving behind, in the characteristically rich nature, a cultural landscape. Twenty-two new sites inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List 29th of Jun 2007, and one of them was Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine.

The elements of the property showing the original mining land-use system remain intact; the organic relationships among the individual elements exhibit the full expression of the mechanism of the original land-use system.

Certain sites reflect specific techniques of land use that guarantee and sustain biological diversity. Others, associated in the minds of the communities with powerful beliefs and artistic and traditional customs, embody an exceptional spiritual relationship of people with nature. Proper to Japanese context, they “just” preserved as it was; and involved few peoples (mostly volunteers) to met people in key meeting points to help visitors to choose route. Activities are mainly based on walking, site-seeing and enjoying nature. When visitors come staffs main response is to ask about free time and every visitor get a paper about proper rout for available time. The most simply, as it can be. Other activities of residual habitats connected with cultural landscape tourism are: breweries, connected to sea or agriculture at terraces made for it.

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Depends on feasible time of visitors and welcoming and well educated “live� guidance visitor meet at the place are principles learned from this example. We must count it as coastal landscape and use potential of shore activities.

Also, different packages of offer for uses and activities can be connected with spreading on surrounding remarkable national landscape areas (e.g. Capo Caccia) and all mining areas of complex della Nurra (Argientiera is one of three sites in complex della Nurra). Other recognized is that if mining heritage left untouched, they developed other nonmining related activities to preserve ordinary life of habitats. But this site profit very well from tourists.

Figure down represents site of Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine.

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3.3. Cultural Heritage vs. Mining on the New Silk Road?

Finding Technical Solutions for Mes Aynak and Beyond This is paper by Cheryl Benard, Eli Sugarman and Holly Rehm, represent Conference (2012) organized by Caucasus institute, Central Asia about conflicts and correspondence about issues on mining and heritage. Even though, context of Asian sites is inappropriate for Sardinia at all, the main key of this Conference (contributing site examples of Asia), it is very applicable. Paper points out the field of knowledge and time as a place to meet cultural heritage and mining. So information about space must not lack. It cause decline of administrative frameworks, but habitants distrust and visitors not able to know how or that site exist at all. Partly it’s up to advertizing, on the other hand it is about management, still in the space language it is up to design of space and architects ability to translate in proper language of place.

Photos down:

By Cheryl Benard: Seen from the top of the mountain (left), this shows the extent of the ancient city of Mes Aynak Mine, Afghanistan (right), note at least three separate “neighborhoods� that have been partially uncovered so far. One of them is a commercial area with workshops and jewelry stores.

Possibilities to activity are handcrafts activities, because that component of tradition does not miss to Sardinian culture for sure.

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Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

3.4. Temporal “Mine pavilion� art & architecture Made by Mauricio Pezo, Sofia von Ellrichshausen; located at Speer Boulevard, Denver, CO, USA. Posted in 2013 year, it is temporal monument 125 m2 (volume 730 m3) spatial capacity. It neither is nor represented as a good one or bad one, just as a possible artistic recognition of mining activity and its taken as a contemporary interest, participation and contribution on issue. Also, temporal character is possibility to take over from this example.

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3.5. Site http://mining.about.com The site more over 25 years is collecting articles and songs about mining (“Save Miners’ Songs Heritage”) from all over the world. It represents a possible way of preservation of mining tradition, also; by using modern techniques trough internet. Newspaper’s topics concerned structured and well arranged wide rank of mining issues, available at site (electronically) and they are publishing newspapers, too. Some of topics in the category mining job characteristics are: The mining industry works 24/7 and Mining jobs are not only for men. These seemingly ordinary states are also possible principles to organizing usage and activities in final part, project proposal of this work.

View of site page sample is given in appendix down, taken as Prt Sc.

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Site of Argentiera; copyright Zoran Đukanović

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68 74 78

Comparative chronology of the Sardinian population and its mining industry: Pre-Roman times, Roman times, Medieval period, The time of the kingdom of Sardinia, After the unification of Italy, After World War II Today – Parco geominerario Legislative framework in correspondence: regional landscape plan - PPR (2012) Examples of good Sardinian practice on parco geominerario: What is done until now?

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Summary Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

4 Study research: About mining industrial heritage in Sardinia: why and what it the general parco geominerario?

This section deals with cultural transformations trough history and today’s condition (from the theory and practice of Sardinia) about Parco geominerario, aiming to find knowledge about the context where and how the idea was born.

Further, formalization steps are clarified.

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4.1. Comparative chronology of the Sardinian population and its mining industry

Environmental, geological, biological characteristics, natural landscapes and its archaeological sites with their variety and importance make Sardinia unique in the Mediterranean with a spectacular coast and inner relief morphology. Among these characteristics and its distinctive cultures and histories Stephen (2007) highlights Sardinia has its Mediterranean island identity which turns it into a small, but whole continent.

Research about Sardinian ancient culture and its mining activities made by UNESCO shows that they dating back more than 500 million years. Mining activity has modeled the landscape, but the vivacious smell of ancient history among the wonderful marks of mining industry in contact with the astonishing Sardinian nature it has still remained.

Particular landscapes of mining sites and its environmental characters became recognized of great importance as a national heritage during 90s not only by Sardinian government, than the European organizations and broader. For the purpose to protect it, they created a network of 8 district areas and manage it under the name Parco geominerario.

In order to better understand the importance of an issue about mining industrial heritage as a sensitive topic for the specific context of Sardinia this article represent the relation between two chronologies. One chronology shows us the particular socio-political conditions and, the other one its relation and reaction the development of mining industry related to the same period. This section is focused on archaeological sites, socio-cultural issues and its reflections on mining landscapes.

The tradition of Sardinian population dating from the period of Mesolithic and the mass settlement of ore’s areas has started at Early Neolithic.

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According to archeological research Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y Chromosome Phylogeny, picture shows us spatial distribution of known archaeological sites from Mesolithic to Late Neolithic, of Sardinia (Source: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6145/565/suppl/DC1): a) Mesolithic (13,000-7,700 years BP) b) Early Neolithic (7,700-6,000 years BP) c) Middle Neolithic (6,000-5,400 years BP) d) Late Neolithic (5,400-4,800 years BP)

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4.1.1. Pre-Roman times

CONTEXT OF SARDINIA About 1000 BC Phoenicians established the town of Nora on the south-west coast. It was one of a series of important trading post along with Cagliary and Tharros. Sailors did not cross from the eastern Mediterranean to Iberia and south France with the frequency they did from Greece to the Levant. Much of Sardinian’s coastline is rocky and forbidding; the rather small river valleys, especially on the east coast, did not foster the communication with the interior.

7th and 8th century BC Phoenicians brought Sardinia into the trading network that extended (Lebanon to Iberia) but their settlements on the coast of Sardinia were small affairs, and their impact on indigenous culture was limited.

6th century BC Carthaginians starting to make Sardinia part of an external empire, but their real control can be easily exaggerated.

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MINING ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT The mining history of Sardinia almost with complete certainty began around the sixth millennium BC highlights Edward Singleton Holden (2008) with the activity of extraction of Obsidian, in the tops of Monte Arci, in the mid-eastern part of the island. The Arci mount was one of the most important Mediterranean centers of extraction and work of this volcanic glass.

In fact, 70 centers of works have been located at least and near 160 stable or temporary establishments from where obsidian was exported towards southern France and northern Italy.

Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

4.1.2. Roman times MINING ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT Around 3rd millennium BC probably mattered from the East river basin of the Mediterranean, the metallurgic knowledge spread in Sardinia that reached during nurágica civilization a high technical level. At the same time the mining technique was also developed, which allowed the extraction of increasing amounts of minerals and metals.

CONTEXT OF SARDINIA From the late Neolithic of 4th millennium BC to Punic-Roman period the end of the 1st millennium BC cultural external influences certainly was there, but they are secondary to internal cultural forces and like Stephen (2007): “inhabitants of the island went always their own way“.

238. year in Sardinia began the time of the Roman domination.

In fact, Carthage, after the defeat suffered in the First Punic War and the rebellion of the mercenaries that lived on the island, was forced to yield the island to Rome formally.

The mining activity grew intensely, mainly in the silver and lead deposits under the Romans. The republic had adopted the silver as it bases monetary, whereas the lead was used in diverse fields of the civil life. Under the domination of the Roman Empire, Sardinia constituted the third region by amount of produced metals (after Hispania and Britain). The mineral production throughout the period of the Roman domination has been valued around 600,000 tons of lead and 1000 tons of silver (Holden, 2008). The activity extractor of the Romans was not only limited the river basin of Iglesiente; geographer Knoll II (2008) said that they knew and surely they took advantage of the deposits silver of Sarrabus. He is explaining the systems of the culture of the mines at Roman time, even consisted of deep the vertical well excavation of more than 100 meters; the works were realized manually with fire to separate the rock. Everything was realized by free miners, calls metallari and from the 190 year by slaves or prisoners also called damnati ad effodienda metalla (Knoll, 2008). 369. year the emperor Valentiniano I decreed that each ship that berthed in Sardinia had to pay Dacians of five pays by each metallaro that transported (Sella, 1950). Successively, the later emperors totally prohibited to metallari that they transferred themselves to the island. The author’s assumption is that these measures were taken because the extraordinary wealth of the deposits of Sardinia could damage the Iberian mines of silver that were of imperial property.

Sardinian mining production in delayed Roman times is considerably because the activity stayed in some few deposits with the purpose to satisfy the limited needs with the market of the island, but many were left and some of them stayed in the forgetfulness e.g. Sarrabus (Holden, 2008).

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4.1.3. Medieval period MINING ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT The mining production around 700 the year and the metallurgical activity registered a certain one to appear again and the silver returned to be one of main products of export of the island. The commercial traffic in Mediterranean Sea became dangerous due to the attacks from Sarracenos (Arabs), explains Holden (2008). The continuous attacks from throughout the coasts constituted were constant danger, that it caused the depopulation of vast areas and the transfer of the population towards areas to the interior of the island. Becoming more and farther from the center of the Byzantine Empire, Sardinia for the first time in its history had a real political autonomy and administrative. The island was organized in four regions and independent kingdoms: Giudicati of Cagliari, Tree, Towers and Gallura.

In the year 1131. the judge Gonario I gave to Towers donated half of Argentiera della Nurra to the church prioritized of Santa Maria de Pisa, like testimony by more and more closely the political relations between the weak Sardinian states and the Tuscan municipality, explains Sella (1950). In the territory of Argentiera any person could undertake the activity extractor. It was not rare that with property companies were constituted whose participants owned quotas by the society. Some partners of these limited themselves to anticipate the necessary capital.

CONTEXT OF SARDINIA After the fall of Roman Empire of the West in 476 year, Sardinia no longer was directly under the influence of Itรกlica Peninsula.

After a brief vandal occupation (duration about 80 years), the island fell under the dominion of Byzantine Empire.

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The family pisana of the counts of Donoratico, with Ugolino della Gherardesca, gave the new impulse to the activity extractor in her dominions in Sardinia, and the present Iglesiente (he operated in a territory of around 500 km2). It favored in addition the transfer towards the island to Tuscan, expert factories in the mining work, and tried to repopulate all dominions (the best part of the island was governed directly or by means of their officers, or by means of feudatories). Then there arose a period who left the island memories. Holden (2008) has calculated that the Sardinian mines have provided to Pisa near 15 tons annually of silver during the period of XII Century until the beginning of XIV. Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

Parallel, we can see how Knoll II (2008) describes life conditions which were not envy, at all. Goads, wedges and other manual tools were used in order to attack the rocky mass; when it was required was used the fire to disintegrate the hardest stones. Working week began at noon on Monday and finished at noon on Saturday. The workers worked during 12 hours daily and during the week they could not leave the work. In the summary the works were suspended because of the unhealthy thing about the climate, since the coastal areas were attacked by Malaria.

In 1323. the island was under the rule of the kings of Aragon, which confirmed the statutes of Pisa as stated in the word of Sella (1950). The loss of the island, but mainly of the silver that received from there, represented the beginning of the decay of the Tuscan city under the pressure in the continent of its rivals Lucca and Florence. The Aragon’s crown has the inherent rights to the use of the deposits of silver with the purpose of to be avoided that disputes between the Aragon’s noble were triggered to operate the mineral wealth of the zone. Many of the citizens had preserved territorial possessions mostly, especially at Iglesias where they still occupied mines.

After the total conquest of the island, the Aragon’s crown looked for to give a new impulse to the activity of extraction of the silver; the taxes and the rights of the crown were lightened on metals, 10% of its value, Holden (2008) quotes. Under first Spanish the Aragon’s domination and later, the mining activity lived a progressive decay and it did not manage to recover like under previous splendor. Sardinia by centuries had been among the most important areas of silver production finished concerning the metal that already arrived in amounts disproportioned from the American continent. After almost 400 years of Spanish domination it finished with War of Spanish succession and the attempt of recapture, taken ahead by the Cardinal Alberoni.

All electronically and official sources on the topic of parco geominerario which is founded starting with historical stories from the period between the end of 1600 and the first decade of 1700 and changing of balance of European powers. A new European and international order is established by The Treaty of Utrecht on 2nd of April 1713. and the Treaty of Rastadt on 6th of March 1714. and Sardinia comes to the government of Austria. It lasts only for a few years because in 1718. Sardinia was received in exchange for Sicily from the Dukes of Savoy Dynasty who did not want that land. They asked for Tuscany and cities like Venice, but all efforts proved in vain.

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4.1.4. The time of the kingdom of Sardinia MINING ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT 1740. year the general concession, with duration of three years, was assigned to the Briton Carlos Brander, to Baron Carlos de Holtzendorff and the Swedish consul in Cagliari, Carlos Gustavo Mandel (Holden, 2008). According to the contract, the concessionaires would have had to deposit 12% of extracting and 2% of the silver during the first 4 years, 5% successive the 6 years. Mainly by impulse of Mandel, the new society, introduced diverse technological innovations, between which it emphasized the use of explosives. Expert factories in the art of the mining were taken in Sardinia, especially German.

CONTEXT OF SARDINIA On 8th of August 1720. the Kingdom of Sardinia was created and 2nd of September of the same year Felice Pallavicino, the Baron of Saint Remy, was named viceroy. Sardinia started to feel a great economic, social and cultural backwardness.

Sardinian society was composed of farmers, shepherds (owners and servants), craftsmen who made up part of the lower class. The feudal lords, the noblemen, the high clergy, the knights and the high bureaucrats made up part of the privileged class who was less numerous and very rarely resident in Sardinia, but had the most power. Base for new development of Sardinia was necessary and it started to be established in agriculture and mining.

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In 1762. the administration of the Sardinian mines belonged to the director of the district of the mines, Pedro de Belly that prevented the private mining activity because it considered that it was better than the same. State took advantage of the wealth the Sardinian subsoil. Some authors criticize him as a head, some not.

At the beginnings of Century XIX existed in Sardinia 59 mines, mainly of lead, iron, acquires and silver. After the new mining fervor some adventurers came to the island from Piedmont and other countries of Europe, like HonorĂŠ de Balzac that, in 1838, gave life to an initiative (finally insolvent) directed to take advantage of old dregs lead in Nurra.

In 1840 instituted the new mining law about anticipated the distinction between the property of the ground and the subsoil. According to it any person could ask for the authorization to carry out mining activities; the written authorization of the proprietor of the bottom was required in which it was desired to realize the activity, but if the proprietor were against and the rejection did not count on adapted argumentations, the prefect could come from office to grant the permission. The unique obligation that competed to the concessionary one was the one to deposit in the public State Treasury 3% of the value of extracting minerals and of paying to the proprietors by the damages that took place. This norm entered into force only 1848 total, after thus called “perfect fusion� between Sardinia and the states of Savoy. Most of the mining society that operated in Sardinia used non-Sardinian capital.

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4.1.5. After the unification of Italy From 1865 to the lead and the silver - that always had been the extracted minerals more in the island was united Zinc. Around the year 1868 Dynamite was introduced in Italy. This innovation revolutionized just a short time in the technical extractors and allowed the culture with relatively low costs, even with humid quarries. Until 1870, the mining societies had constructed around 30 kilometers of railway lines and 181 kilometers of ways for the more agile transport of the mineral to the embarkation points (Sella, 1950). As the conduct of the mining societies that operated on the island was marked by criteria that could be considered colonial; often they were limited to work the richest parts of the seams that cultivated, soon transferring outside Sardinia the extracted mineral that was treaty in plants installed in the continent. The obtained money was not used in the origin place unless it looked for to make agile the activity of the business. Holden (2008) emphasizes the different economic treatment between the Sardinian miners and those of continental origin, as well as the necessity to establish a school for mining heads and smelters in Churches.

In 1924. elections the plan of the fascist party won control of the House of Representatives. On January 3, 1925 by Mussolini’s speech to the Chamber of Deputies proclaims the end of the civil and political rights. In order to create an adequate place for mostly agricultural economy (and to settle people who will work and supervise the works) fascistic government has changed a lot of landscapes (mostly in flattened areas) and those changes left as a trial stamp in landscape until today.

4.1.6. After World War II

It was the beginning of the end in 1945, mainly as a result of the liberation war and the anti-fascist resistance fascism fell with his head.

Sardinia became united region with exists active mines of Gold; the most important one is in Furtei controlled by the Australian society and has been developed Sardinian Gold Mining. Other highly rich regions in gold deposits are the zone of Sarrabus and Osilo (near Sassari). The gold extraction that does not appear in seams is realized by the use of reliable chemicals that allow separating one or more of the soluble elements in a solid substance.

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4.2. Today - Parco geominerario

81 Municipalities takes a part Source: Il Parco Geominerario Storico e Ambientale della Sardegna, 2012:

The Geo-Mineral Park of Sardinia was declared the first Geomerinal Historical and Environmental Park of the world, prime example of the new global network of Geosite-Geoparks established during the Conference General of UNESCO (Paris, October 24, 12 November 1997). The official statement of recognition was signed in Paris on 30 July 1998 and has been formalized with the name “Carta di Cagliari” during a special ceremony (Cagliari, 30 September 1998) to presence of the highest authorities of the Italian government and UNESCO (42 members of Europe are at total network of UNESCO’s care of Geo-parks), as well as the promoters of the park: the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, Sardinian Mining Authority (EMSA), the University of Cagliari and the University of Sassari. The “Carta di Cagliari” made in order to acknowledge the international values of the “Geological, Mining, Historic and Environment Park of Sardinia” with “Basic Principles for the Protection of the technical-scientific heritage, historical and cultural landscape and environment related to human events that have interests in the geological and mineral resources of Sardinia”. It covers 8 areas of the Park, 81 Municipalities (of Sardinian total 376) and overall 3500 (3770) square kilometers, turns it into one of the largest and heterogeneous national parks in Italy.

The Park is aiming its objectives and activities in recognition of the universal value of the mining areas of Sardinia by UNESCO. At the same time, planning and management of the Park areare directed to carry on planning community at a regional and national level with “the constant collaboration of and with UNESCO but are particularly useful and indispensable for the success of the Project”.

The project and its actions are dedicated to scientific and tourists to research and represent incredible marks of this heritage resource from more than 8 thousand years of mining history and ancient culture on the fascinating island of Sardinia.

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Geo-mineral Park areas with position of closer Municipalities and communities whom they belong to; Source: Il Parco Geominerario Storico e Ambientale della Sardegna, 2012:

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Among the principles defined by the “Carta diCagliari” report is of particular importance for work: 1.

The territories of the Geo-mining Park, Historical and Environmental Sardinia are recognized as an important interest in international, national and regional levels as carriers of universal values.

2.

Safeguarded and protected the values present in the Park with particular reference are: •

The structural geological context with its unique paleontological, hydrological and geomorphology.

•

The technical and scientific heritage linked to the works of art, technology and engineering mining.

•

Emergencies and archaeological and historical cultural associated with performing the mining.

•

The documentary heritage of works, settlements, traditions, knowledge, customs and customs and human affairs of mining.

•

The industrial archeology of groundwater and surface structures more representative and infras tructure with a focus on connecting systems and transportation.

3.

The reality in the territories of the Park should be preserved and enhanced, in order to promote economic, social and cultural life of the people concerned and to ensure the transmission to future generations.

4.

In the territories of the park must be provided with a new model of sustainable development compatible with the values to be protected and preserved.

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On the basis of these principles, the “Carta di Cagliari” also defines the need to pursue the following objectives: • Promote and support an integrated process for the establishment of business compatible economic sectors in the industrial processing of local raw materials (with particular attention to small and medium-sized enterprises), eco-tourism and cultural heritage, of traditional and innovative local agriculture and livestock in order to create, through the creation of appropriate infrastructure works, a new model of sustainable development.

• To promote educational, recreational, sporting and cultural activities, artistic compatible with the values protected.

• To protect and preserve animal and plant species, botanical and forestry associations, habitats and endemic species, natural monuments, natural habitats and ecosystems.

•

Protect and preserve archaeological sites and values of human activities and anthropogenic traditional.

• Retrieve and store in special structures and archival heritage of industrial archeology and the documents, books, photographic, of cognitive interest the history and culture of the mining industry.

• Promote in the fields of geo-resources, innovative materials, the environment and renewable energy sources, training and scientific research through the establishment of centers of excellence worldwide.

• To rehabilitate and reclaim mining sites discharged with particular attention to the phenomena of pollution of the water, the stability of underground voids, the protection of soil and reconstitution of the vegetation cover and forests.

• Retrieve and store construction and mining structures and archaeological sites more representation from the technical sciences and cultural historian with scientific, educational, cultural and tourist attractions.

It is a result of great international prestige given by Regions of Sardinia as a strategic value for the conversion and the economic and social development of almost abandoned mining areas.

As it is already written, the Park is of great importance, but who really take care about it from administration point? It belongs to all administrative levels and to no one. “Carta di Cagliari” left as the only administrative track of the Geomining Park. More than ten years after its declaration, no one is engaged in its management and managing, although some particular project has been done. The question is: Does it exists in reality or not?

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4.2.1. Structure and process on parco geominerario: Steps about already done?

The intention of “Carta di Cagliari” trough institutionalize of parco geominerario Pinna (2008; 214) explains: “Ensuring parco geominerario as Environmental History of Sardinia will watch over and transmit the memory of the miners’ efforts and written stories from the life they lived, which our mines had been written”.

Recognition steps of parco geominerario trough main years of its formalization (figure down made by source Pinna, 2008 and Dessi, 2007). “Carta di Cagliari” has determinate also responsible bodies to consult, program, instruments of plan implementation and control; management and managing of it. Still, that’s seems like “the weakest link” in practice.

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Institutionalization of Parco Geominerario Environmental History of Sardinia trough “Carta di Cagliari� tends to care about main areas by recognizing vulnerable patrimony fields:

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4.3. Legislative framework in correspondence: Regional Landscape Plan - PPR (2012) Plans should be consulted in conjunction with the topic Parco geominerario are: Regional Landscape Plan (Piano Paesaggistico Regionale – PPR) and Forestry Ambient Plan (Piano Forestale Ambientale – Regione Nurra e Sassari).

Sardinia has also entrusted Agency for “Coastal conservation areas”. This section will represent PPR because it’s spatial correspondence with mining sites, comprehensiveness of aims and guides and, real executive power in implementation (it also has “Carta di Cagliari”, but only “on paper”). Other plans will be consulted for local level of the chosen area.

(Source: Piano Paesaggistico Regionale, 2012)

Sardinia has its own Regional Landscape Plan, which comes out after the cancellation of the instruments of territorial and urban planning, over a period of legal vacuum, in which the law of coastal protection approved by the Regional Council in 2004. It is made with purpose tothe defense environment and its territory. It represents a modern legislative framework that guides and coordinates the planning and sustainable development of the island, starting from the coast and edge areas from the sea that defines an identity and, mutually, opens up new worlds. The Plan was prepared in correspondence with the ethic of the European Landscape Convention, signed in Florence on 20 October 2000. (ELC, 2000) and European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) - Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the European Union agreed at the Informal Council of Ministers responsible for Spatial Planning in Potsdam, May 1999 and published by the European Commission.

The Plan is constituted from three sections: •

Guidelines approved by the Regional Council (May 25, 2005);

• Preparation and approval in accordance with art. (2009 review and update of the acts of the landscape plan regional - first uniform field); •

Sardinia geoportal. The geography of Sardinia available to all.

Special attention is separately presented in some additional document around criteria for evaluation of landscape.

The area covered by the plan is shown on the map left:

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First section, explains the concept of landscape concerns principles: • Basedon contemporary ideas as a privileged framework of the interaction between man and nature, community and territory, which are of equal dignity of both the substrate environment, both the subjectivity of human perception and construction of space natural and inhabited.

• Recognition of strength of relationship between the dominant natural landscapes and scenery of settlement; the principle of the ELC 2000, which designated it as “a certain part of the territory as it is perceived by people, whose character derives from the natural and / or human their interrelations”.

•

Establishment and makes concrete the pact between society and space.

• The territoriality must firstly be seen and understood as space lived in the knowledge that the subjects in the physical space, individual and collective, recognize the places in environments and, experiences of subjects are presented and consolidated, reflecting the given sense.

• The recognition of the perceptual worlds of the population does not imply the recognition of a value by itself, but refers to the need for a process of dialectic respect to the objectives during “reconstruction” of a territory; a process in which experts must reduce the simple recognition of already given worlds and, assume the inhabitants perceptions for the conservation and reconstruction of an area, and to find rediscovery of lost places.

•

Term rebuilt is better and more appropriate than reconstruct.

• The approach taken by the Guidelines to the landscape includes five concepts fundamental, interdependent of each other; represent so many implications project planning, selection of strategies, objectives, methods and instruments: the landscape as a process, the landscape as culture and identity, the landscape as an opportunity for sustainable development, the landscape as participation.

Landscape is always considered as a dynamic, based on diversity and cultural identity with given characteristics of mobility and considering landscape as a process. It should always deal with sustainable development and recognize possibilities of participation (relation between landscape and tourism, aiming with economic and social prosperity).

Participation in the term of landscape should always acknowledge local community (pilot projects are important), contemplate institutionalization and, compare and exchange of experience with universities, associations, other regions.

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Regional Landscape Plan at the annex section about “Methods and instruments” emphasizes importance of multidisciplinary work and explains the organization about the plan as the main instrument of planning (based on the regional lawn. 8/2004) implementing the principles and basic concepts of so-called Urban Decree identifies (including aspects of various local and regional bodies). With particular attention Plan keep in mind “Survey of knowledge”: firstly with further upgrading Cartography and Geographic Information System (existing GIS based platform) and, go on with the study of the historical and cultural heritage. In light of environmental integration in the process of the plan it requires: environmental and ambient accounting, processes which are based on socioeconomic and territorial development, procedures established for Strategic Environmental Assessment for plans and programs, the creation of the regional ecological network, soil protection and concerning the role of the Agency for Environmental Protection.

Second annex involve the experience of regional plans built Sardinian landscape represented by the exceptional diversity of it’s components: the geological structure and its forms (abiotic) vegetation dynamics and its associations and fauna, with land use (biotic) community dynamics (anthropogenic).The process of creating plans implies regarding space from the geographical structure of the area, the pattern of settlements, the transformation of the traditional spaces, dynamic landscape (recent) and, scenarios of landscape planning.

Second section, deals with state of the art of Landscape Planning in Sardinia The Plan elaborates with the objectives and guiding principles already identified by the Regional Landscape Plan - first homogeneous coastal area must ensure protection and preservation of landscape trough actions of sustainable development, in order to maintain and improve its quality.

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Last section, present information about database: www.sardegnageoportale.it The main structure of the site contains categories (Landscape, Urbanism, Cities and their historic centers, and Agenda) with subcategories dedicated to a particular category to present documentation of all special levels (plans hierarchy with cadastral data about individual real estate, also etc.). Other general information always available includes: news, laws and resolutions, announcements and competitions, contests and selections, conferences and publications.

Figure is taken as a Prt Sc from official site. It represents great institutional recognition of importance about informational availability to all, to be visible and easy to use. At the other hand, it is educationally oriented to habitats and testifies about habitant’s skills and about creation of new habits in communication by using virtual space (it can be used as a powerful planning tool).

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4.4. Examples of good Sardinian practice on parco geominerario: what is done until now?

4.4.1. “CARBONIA: a 20th century city”

Photo up: Carbonia; made by Zoran Đukanović from an exhibition in Cagliari, Capital of Culture 2019 Photo down: Carbonian central square ”Piazza Roma” in 1938; source: http://www. comune.carbonia.ci.it

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This example represents a redevelopment project came into being 2001. year, implemented by city administration and the University of Cagliari, created by the Landscape European Convention as an example of integrated planning and sustainable management. The project involved community, urban heritage, history of work, industrial archeology of coal basin, aimed to peak visual and symbolic meaning acclaimed modern landscape. It is awarded by the European Landscape Council for the quality of its results 2010/2011. One outcome is also the book “Modern Urban Heritage. Experiences and Reflections for the Twentieth Century City” edited by Peghini, G. and Sanna, A. The project concept is a company town with a dynamic of remarkable landscape in the center of the mining regional network and architecture (it is one of 3 representative on Sardinian a modern town, made during period of fascism). The main changes are providing services and contemporary suburban construction all existing together, shaped and transformed by memory on mining activities and social cohesion as a product of joining community forces in search for new models of sustainable development.

The project has lasted for more than 10 years and includes a wild range of interventions. Starting from architectural drawings on project addressed to quality of urban life, but always including local administrative and habitants in the process. This project is clue of possible successfulness of revival mining landscape in Sardinian context, by involving local level and using collaboration technique between all stakeholders. Technique implemented so called “co-planning” as a key activity for identifying assets and ascertaining public interest (and the process was always referred to PPR’s principles and objectives). The municipality has been given a new role to make The Municipal Urban plan with classified founded urban fabrics of historical importance (similar mentioned process is used in Alghero, area Nurra, in Fertilia context, it is similar to Carbonia because of the type, as another example of Modern architecture from fascistic period). After was made Local Strategic plan in more powerful cooperation with the private sector.

Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

Then, Detailed plan with Project guides. Local economy of habitants was driving force, scope and goal at all levels. Advance advantage is international comprehend enrollment and collaboration achieved. Openness of Sardinian experts give back to it spectrum of other referral opportunities and possible inclusion in wider networks than region is (under control it is way for new users, advertisement, funds and friendships).

Figures on the left side shows clippings of the Project: Carbonia: A 20th Century City, Urban - architectural transformations with Manual recovery of modern building of the Municipality of Carbonia; Source: http://www.landscapefor.eu

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Public spaces were treated as particular project, including 73 spotted places transformed with basis as places of memory and identity.

Next pages presents pictures of some of realized: The town museum under the open sky (p.No. 76), Contemporary works of art installations in public spaces (p.No. 77) and The CICC: Italian Center of Culture in Local Coal Mine Serbariu (p.No. 78).

Sorce: http://www.landscapefor.eu

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The CICC: Italian Center of Culture in Local Coal Mine Serbariu Sorce: http://www.landscapefor.eu

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4.4.2. “Industrial Heritage between land and sea, for a European network of Eco-museums”

This is title representing a European project for stimulating cultural heritage and cultural landscapes, elaborating tracks of man at work along the borderline of coastal areas on European shores. The second aspect of the project is to the advantage of the broadest public possible and fostering local population awareness and roles in sustainable development of each place. Local network of those places will support each other (patrimony to preserve local culture); at the same time, bringing opportunities to contact and change in Europe. A concept like this one project, consider as an Ecomuseum open aired, to generate know-how and identity by using industrial, technical and architectural remains; concerning memory as investigation of new ways of the local economy. The Eco-museum network is rational using of industrial heritage through museums of material culture departing to the new itinerary for discovery of transformations of the territory for its habitants and visitors. “Outdoor collection” like this one gives opportunity to social equity and skinless; with the opportunity to live by establishing a psychological comfortable relationship to the environment.

In collaboration with chosen project to support European Union trough program “Culture 2000” was published publication with proposals in 2005.

One of the 9 projects is Iglesias made by Pozzo Sella (others are from Portugal, Spain, two from France, Turkey, Greece, Romania and one more from Italy, Venice).

Concept of EU project is precisely described in advance (more than practice will be) because of its importance for this work, actually it is like confirmation of previously set up theoretical base. This work would be leaden by all explained principles, but stressing on social aspect and creating place to love to live in it.

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Supported by EU “Culture 2000”, Association Pozzo Sell for the Parco Geominerario of Sardinia done a lot by different initiatives as they quote. Highlighted interventions mentioned in the publication are strategically divided in interventions of: enhancements and conservation aimed to scientific, cultural and touring finalities and enhancement of the coastal mining heritage. Among first category is done: Bellavista Villa and itinerary of Villamarina Gallery, the compressors hall and Sella Pit on the mine of Monteponi, Santa Barbara cave in the mine of San Giovani, the Sant Antonio Pit and the itinerary of Anglo-Sardinian Gallery at the mine of Montevecchio. Second category count done interventions: the blende and galena warehouse at the end of the railway track which linked to the works in Gennamari and Ingurtosu to Piscinas beach, the Henry Gallery which connected the mine of Planu Sartu with Buggerru harbor, the plant for loading the ore at Porto Flavia in Masua, and the Lamarmora washing plant in Nebida. The prominent one at the center of eco-museum is related to Malfidano washing plant. Its space is planed as multifunctional. Ground floor is attributed to study center, a library and exhibition room. First floor is dedicated to housing for researchers to study and meeting rooms.

Speaking on problematic while implementing those projects, they stand out firstly dispersion of marks left by works in particular mines places, spread on the territory of Sulcis Iglesiente and Guspinese. Those works left much pollution to the management transition of complex. Railway tracks make hard any attempt of restoration for the purpose of reuse and it is still being in condition to navigate. They were pointed out only on technical difficulties.

Some of photos represented in “Expo 2005-2007” Iglesias, Sardinia, as another part of EU project implementation: Porto Flavia mining area by source: http://www.maltae.org/amers

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4.4.3. “Il cammino minererio di Santa Barbara”

It is a project prepared by the Association Pozzo Sella, with the involvement of Parco geominerario of Sardinia and the participation of 19 municipalities whose territory is affected by the different paths mining. The first published draft dates from 2013.

The project strongly supports history, culture and environment through miners’ memory. The goal is the creation of a great historic route, cultural, environmental and religious to the rediscovery of the ancient paths traveled by miners to get to work, the old mule tracks and railway tracks used to transport the ore and mercantile. These courses often lapped places of worship named after Santa Barbara, the patroness of miners worshiped.

The next step will be the inclusion of the Way of the European Cultural Routes established by the Council of Europe and the creation in other historic mining areas of the continent of a European Network of Mining Walk dedicated to the common patron of miners.

The area considered by the project is displayed up on the figure - a photo taken from the original flayer.

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4.4.4. Collaboration with University Association Pozzo Sella recognized importance ideas of young people and education field as in the process of revival mining sites. As the University is involved from the beginning of establishment Parco geominerario they joined efforts to support its development. The association collected 57 thesis from 20 different expert fields (including law, economy, environmental engineering, architecture, psychology and so on) and published them (2007) in the book: Il parco immaginato dai giovani. In 57 tesi di laurea le idée per dare vita al Parco Geominerario Sorico e Ambientale della Sardegna.

This example shows us existing good collaboration between the Agency and education sector. This practice must not be lost in future; on the contrary, it should be more visible for publicity and should be encouraged in interactive participation at the place, also (maybe as a next upgraded level of collaboration). It can be used as one tool of building pride and cultural ethic of youth, beneficially to both place (mining landscape) and education.

Also, from next school year will be started new master program initiated by Association in agreement with University. It is 3 year program on economic management with different expert background; every year is organized on other faculty: law, economy and geology.

One excellent project has been implemented by Cultural association with scientific partners; in collaboration with Sardinian Universities, international experts and Association on Parco geominerario (with regional support) to aggregate ideas about l heritage of the ex-mines, called Landworks. It is an experimental method of land architectures or ephemeral artistic installations “in situ” of reevaluation of particularly sensitive places. The Initiative, working together with other partners, mainly locals actors, as the populations and the administrators, creates during the years a number of on-site projects.

Project implementation works are done from 2011 – 2013 year, Parco geominerario topic specific from 8th May 2011 to 31th May 2012. Here are some results, presented on official pamphlet: Source: http://landworks.eu/fileadmin/landworks/daten/pdf/LW_Pamphlet.pdf

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4.5. Summary The topic of mining industrial heritage it is site specific for Sardinia, but it is also today in focus of attention of driving European goals and regime (and not only European1 than world, as same ). Trend of investment in mining industrial sites as a heritage make it actual and make this work appropriate contribution to contemporary urban practice.

It is doesn’t matter do we call mining industrial heritage (mining landscape) areas of parco geominerario or not, they are deserve to be particularly treated topically as a place to build pride of community. After national and international recognition of Sardinian Parco geominerario as first in the European network of Geo-mineral parks (1998) it is more than 15 years passed and parco geominerario not living and functioning in real world; like it stayed just in paper. Maybe, it is not necessary for it to exist as an extra body at all. If the practice of Sardinia shows as that approach from top to bottom is not working so well, we can try to combine what we already have and mix the process to make both, from top to bottom and bottom up at the same time. “Carta di Cagliari” testify that legislative framework exist as a good precondition to start with it. Regional Landscape Plan (2012), mostly covering the same areas and represent constant will and concerns about landscapes while we regard mining areas as the cultural landscapes with particular character. This plan is pretty living in practice observing landscape as a cultural landscape with its dynamic (abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic) as a fundamental principle. Using those principles we can produce space for community in relation with nature, environmental dimension of place, at every special level (regional and local at the same time). It also supports the dual strategic approach: top to down and bottom-up.

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United State Environmental Protection Agencu (EPA) have special list every year of pri-

orites for rebilding od mining industrial sites; South Australia has developed Cornish Mining in Australia as a world heritage atraction for tuorists; Mining heritage trust of Irland has alredy develop network at national level; UNESCO in its world network have huge number examples rebuilted mining sites, for example Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape – Japan etc.

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Existing GIS platform give us additional possibility to use different tools and techniques to work with communities and the world by using contemporary approaches of the communicative collaborative planning process.

Elaborating complexity about topic of mining industrial heritage in Sardinia we can conclude that it is a precious and unique recourse with an interesting potential to be a spin for social and economic development provided in accordance with its remarkable environment. Environmental dimension of landscape places is a dynamic constant changed during history by natural forces and anthropogenic factor. From ancient time trough all historical periods, capacity of mining areas as a landscape was always main driving force of economic progress with social dimension as a variable.

Social dimension as a variable should be always major scope and target, at same time indicator also, for strategic approach toward to achieve best possible livable-lovable place to live. Speaking about progress of society we must always consider economic dimension as increasing component and as a variable which drive this social progress.

Socio-economic prosperity during history had two leading strings as a criterion: administrative conditions (politicolegal system) and technical-technological industrial innovations.

Summarizing the presented examples of Sardinian practice in the field of parco geominerario, much has been done, just as much is still remain to do. It is important to emphasize the education as positive field of action (interaction) and managing and management as low filed of action. Also, depopulation is problem remaining on areas after implementation of projects and we must upgrade a concept – approach to revitalization (Carbonia is exception). Furthermore, European projects like the „Industrial Heritage between land and sea, for a European network of Eco-museums” are good chance to take a part in, as a link to global network and maybe to begin action as start-up projects.

In order to explain relations between environment and future life with environment we can extract some of driving contextual based keywords and principles and take it as criteria. Their relations will create one of possible strategic development directions based on existing legislative. Employing method of project planning practice (problem-goal tree) with context specific structure for Sardinia about topic of mining industrial heritage it is sown at the scheme (p.No. 92) organized like: •

the goal: social oriented, including economic prosperity

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criteria: environmental and technical-technological

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conditions: administrative and socio-economic scope

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5 Field research: visit the central area of mining landscape Iglesiente-Iglesias Conductive to understand existence and current condition of parco geominerario field research was organized as a series of meetings under supervision of a mentor team of the master thesis. Interviews done during meetings were structured by recognition of main stakeholders from all sectors: public, private and civil. Stakeholder group is also different from an educational background, executive power, and also, current and past experience; but all of them (also the ones who retired or changed position) are still strongly engaged on issues and consider it in future

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5.1. Structure of stakeholders, about interview and questionnaire That is indicated in the chapter introduction structure of respondents is mixed. Also, they are not only respondents, they much more, they’re consultants of this thesis and active participants in creation of it’s principles and strategic goals. The methodology applied is used according to Public art & public space programm - PaPs method. Particularly interviewed people are: Salvatore Cherchi: •

Ex President of Province Carbonia-Iglesias

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Ex Major of Carbonia

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Member of Italian Parliament, Senate of the Republic

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Member of Italian Parliament, Chamber of Deputies

prof. ing. Antonello Sanna: •

Dean at Faculty of Architecture University of Cagliari

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Full professor of Department of Technical Architecture; Section: Design and Construction in Science of Architecture

dr Luciano Ottelli: •

Ex Director at Geo-Mining Park of Sardinia

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Ex Director of Mines Iglesias - Iglesias

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Professional geologist and scientific oriented, writer of many books on mining issue

Giampiero Pinna •

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President of Association Pozzo Sella for parco geominerario from Novemeber 2001 to March 2005, and in other mandate until 2009

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Member of Governing Council of Consortium for parco geominerario Environment Historyof Sardinia

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Engagement on parco geominerario: the rule of law and the decree establishing The Parco Geominerario with necessary resources for its management, the approval of Environmental Ministry for bonification plan of mining area Sulcis-Iglesiente-Guspienese, permanent full-time employment of 486 workers socially useful for parco geominerario

prof. Gian Luigi Pillola: •

Current Commissar of Parco Geominerario Agency from December 2013

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Researcher on University of Cagliary; Department of Chemical and Geological Science

dr Usalla •

Current director of Pozzo Sella – Association responsible for parco geominerario of Sardinia Region

prof. Giorgio Peghin •

Assistant prof. at Faculty of Architecture, University of Cagliari; Expert field: Architectural and Urban composition

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Owner of mine in Carbonia

Maria Rita Ottelli: •

Young researcher on mining issues

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Active participant in development of ideas on issue about parco geominerario

Claudio Saddi, Elio Cuccu i Armando Casula •

Retired miners (have been working for 30 years in different mine places)

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Active participant in the process of revival, engaged as guides in mining sites

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Some of stakeholders who have been interviewed (3 people, one by sector) have been done questionnaire, also. The questionnaire is made earlier by study research on the topic and theoretical framework for the focus of the subject. Leaded by two main objective structure is made by categories: people oriented objectives (wider social issues) and creating place oriented.

Filled in example is represented here:

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Among all collected information and gained experience the biggest value recognized are human resources in all sectors. All people who we met showed strong will, believe and pride; corresponding to position and relation they have/had with mines. Regarding from practice, parco geominerario do not exist in reality as an Agency (how it is founded and dreamed) responsible for managing mining landscapes, but a lot it is done until now.

This section further provides an overview of guides collected in field research and conducted as a strategic framework for XXL and XL levels development (Region of Sardegna and Parko Geominerario). The management is stressed as main dogma by all stakeholders, but this strategic framework (summarized from interviews and questionnaires) is not control for control’s sake, but is of the essence a pragmatic tool to serve in achieving high standards of design life at the local level.

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5.2. General conclusions • The mining industry has been driving force of Sardinia until ancient time. It created a population (firs working class in Sardinia and the first general strike of working class was in mining area: Avangardia socialista, leaded by Pinuccio Sciol, Buggerru, 1904.) and changed landscapes forever. That’s gives us right to speak about mining culture of Sardinia. Then it’s failed. Now mining culture must be recovered and converted.

• The process of creation the parco geominerario generally follows steps: institutionalization (Association Pozzo Sella), remediation and infrastructure and then, revival of local areas. Process last about 14 years.

• The main question is what is direction of the new economy?

Where is addressed bonification today?

• Often, new (but traditional) urging economy in the process of revival is agricultural activities, but we must be expressly careful in mining areas because pollution.

• New cultural production is strongly recommended to be developed at local level. Strategic track of conservation culture of mining areas should be based on memory, history and culture, but the key word is innovation as unique, rare and specific oriented to its habitats.

• Tourism is strong economy today „tourisam is industry“ (Cherchi, 2014), and we must count on it, but it depends on “outside” force. From the other hand, we must fight to decrease mass-tourism and find a way to extend season not to increase it more in the pick season already existing.

Overall present is lack of offer and tourist stay usually 2 or 3 days in places (also in bigger than mining settlements and developed as touristic cities, like Alghero e.g.).

• In this field of mining landscapes, still new for Sardinia, education is very important and already recognized branch, but still to be developed

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more. Education in sense of aggregation of ideas and projects, also from young experts and specialized education of youth to be done still. Aggregation is highlighted and tent to be followed as process which is spontaneous, but organized in same time.

• Also, education of habitats about condition on importance and qualities(possible benefits at the same time) of their potentials, their roles and responsibilities. Existing treats, too. But not just education; rather, involvement in creating a data base of knowledge and then, share know-how.

• Link with education is just one to be fully developed; there are missing links with cultural organizations and related NGO at regional level.

• Possible links to connect or strengthen but surely to use for development as part of the network are: coal network, UNESCO’s programs, EU programs (like one already represented, “Culture 2000”) and coastal also (one possible way is to develop mining areas as gates of Sardinia).

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There is necessity for synergy with other activities: agricultural, art and performance and etc.

• Ex-mining areas must not be converted to museums in its common form; yes museum like open-museum, interactive settlement.

• Money is not a problem; lack of managing and management is the biggest. Communications and lack of information (data base accessibility as advertising field) are missing too.

• There is always fight of interests (but it is common for almost every planning process and we always must deal with it as planners).

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Ex-mining areas are very depopulated, but few habitants left are huge potential.

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Lack of mobility is big difficulty also.

• Issues on executive power in reality, rights, ownership and responsibilities are actual issues to be resolved.

Current commissar of Association Pozzo Sella directed papers about the jurisdiction of Parco geominererio to Regional government few days ago.

• Structure of the Association today count director, commissar and 13 experts. They are still in introducing on issues and counting on aggregations of idea as main strategy (one of fact addressing to that intention is that they are started 3 year master course for specialist management with University).

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5.2.1. General conclusions - OBSERVATIONS: • All implemented projects are recognized and supported by “outer” bodies (European level); there is no mentioned project initiated and finished within Regional level. All projects refer to PPR, although there is existing “Carta di Cagliari”, most likely that it not really lives jet. We can recognize “the weakest link” in Regional support to Parco geominerario.

• As well, local community has been involved in implemented projects but after already created vision. Working from the top must be synchronized with giving know-how to habitants; to ensure opportunity for them to start with bottom-up process activities (to initiate at first). Like interview people said aggregation of ideas, but including habitats rather than just young experts.

• Likewise, there are always interdisciplinary projects but usually without planners. Contemporary role of planers “in the face of conflict” (Forester, 1987) could be useful to strengthen future efforts in the process. Planers knowledge on know-how and communicational technique are missing link to be reached in future. Different from otherspecialized expert planers must be able to meet common interest of all; scientific and art fields, too (e.g. as economy prosperity as faith, hope and love of habitats).

• Retired miners, after non easy life in mines, are still showing emotional and respectfulconnection with spaces and appreciation for job had been given to them, as guides for Porto Flavia mining area. That is enough for believe in possible success of revival mining landscapes as livable-lovable place.

• The biggest lacks are recognized are: depopulation of ex-mining settlements and management with managing.

• Accordingly, as a summary of this chapter and also whole section of the thesis, the two diagrams that follow represents a necessary collaboration troug all levels and KNOW-HOW from local level in order to revive ex-mining areas.

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Parco geominerario - organizational structure proposal

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chapter content: 108

Site of Argentiera

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Mining background of Argentiera

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Curent condition of location_Argentiera: Context and Natural features

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Anthropogenic influences - secondary pattern: Public spaces and built capacities, Current works in Argentiera

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Socio-cultural characteristics - tertiary pattern: A new tradition in creating

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Interview with the representative of Argentiera settlement Claudio Demontis (field research) Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

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6 Example_location_Argentiera Argentiera della Nurra, Sassari is one of 8 areas belonging to a Sardinian network of Geo-mineral parks. It is the chosen as the location for the thesis.

Argentiera della Nurra is a small ex-mining settlement exists from late 800s, built small bay with a port, where the silver was extracted. Mining activities had finished in 1963. when it began abandoning of the settlement. Todays, Argentiera counts 30 inhabitants.

It lies about 40 km from Sassari, capital of the northwestern area of Sardinia it belongs.

The chapter analyzes location trough patterns as it is defined in theoretical criterion.

Possible development scenario for the location revival as mining landscape will be presented as the final result of the thesis in the annex.

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6.1. Site of Argentiera Argentiera della Nurra, Sassari (declared as area no. 5 by “Carta di Cagliari”), one of 8 areas belonging to a Sardinian network of Geo-mineral parks.

It is the chosen for working area beneficial to apply one of probable development scenario trough concept of livable-lovable place and, to show a possible implementation of guidelines for the development of mining areas.

All indicated area no. 5 belongsto Municipality of Sassari: Agrentiera, Cava Calcare, Cava Chivoni, Cava Florinas, Cava Graniti, Cava la Pruna, Cava Monte Alvaro, Cava Montilatu, Cava Osilo, Cava Sassari and Feromini; Municipality of Portotorres: Cava Monte Rosè; Municipality of Alghero: Cava Alghero.

Legend: Argentiera della Nurra areas The mine of Argentiera Parco geominerario areas

Map made according to the source, official page for Parco geominerario storico ambientale della Sardegna:

The area of Argentiera della Nurra, Gallura is divided into two parts: the first relates to the field of Nurra west (northwestern Sardinia) and extends from the mining sites dell’Argentiera and Canaglia to the permanent oasis of wildlife named Capo Caccia, and includes the ancient copper mine Calabona.

The second part of this area includes several ancient granite quarries located in the north-eastern Gallura.

The mining areas Argentiera della Nurra have formed the most important district of metals in northern Sardinia: the first for the deposits of silver, (exploited since the time of Roman colonization), lead, zinc and the second, for the iron. Today, mining works are finished in all of those areas.

Further, the thesis will address at first (northwestern part) with a focus particularly at the location of: Mine of Argentiera, the location that it belongs administratively to the Municipality of Sassari.

http://www.parcogeominerario.eu/

Argentiera is a ex-mining settlement exists from late 800s, built small bay with a port. It lies about 40 km from Sassari, on the western coast of Sardinia. The mining industrial archeology complex of Argentiera is a prime

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example of a mining settlement dating from the 19th and early 20th centuries with the presence of human settlements as a witness since the New Stone Age (persistence names like Argentiera and Piata are particularly significant cultural remains). Argentiera originated as a miners’ village, and was named after one of the oldest silver bearing, zinc sulfide (sphalerite) and lead deposits on the island of Sardinia. The concession for mining activities in Argentiera has finished in 1963.

Today, the Argentiera is part of the Geo-mining Park listed as zone 5 Argentiera - Nurra – Sassari, with its territory of 61 km2 area accounts for less than 2% of the total park surface (data by official site UNESCO). In the past its population reached 2.000 but nowadays there lives a few people (about 30); the place is almost abandoned.

Site of Argentiera. Copyright Zoran Đukanović

Site of Argentiera. Copyright Zoran Đukanović

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6.2. Mining background of Argentiera

(driving and the most influence secondary pattern of the site) Mining activity of Argentiera, known since ancient times, it was probably the object of intense by the Romans and the Pisa’s as shown by some artifacts found in the Old Mine’s and in the zone Piata, both; and continued during medieval times, as it is already mentioned in the previous sections. In the year 1865. Count Alberto Lamarmora in the Old Mine’s well 80 meters deep found a pile of bodies from which they gathered fibulae and weapons on which they had noticed belonging to the Roman era (Usai, Alessandro; n.d.). The only old well that is still visible is really indicating. It is very old, as evidenced by the covering stone, but has also been used in more recent times as the remains of pipes (water, air) present inside. The Lamarmora also reports that nearby the Argentiera they discovered the stove like a small furnace from the Roman’s period.

In the second half of the 800s could still accurately detect extraction related to the richer reservoir (silver), while sphalerite mineralization did not interest the ancients. These old methods according to their dug a lot of wells, some of they reached a depth around 60 m from the outcrops. Wells were deepened, following mineralization, until was arose problems of ventilation of the tunnels or the presence of water.

Interior - up and exterior - down of ancient well Source: http://www.minesofsardinia.com

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Marquis Angela Tola di San Saturnino was issued a mining license by Royal Decree in the 1867 (upgraded plan for the previous year). After a three year (1870) Sardo-Belgium grant started. The mine was sold in 1872. to the Company “Luigi de Liège”, and 1873 it was under the governance of General Company of Mines (all earlier companies were dropped because of the high cost of ore transport and rock instability in the galleries).

All buildings, mining-related are built in that period as it is written in the official web site of te Region of Sardinia: “housing for the miners and engineers, offices, an ore washery (which separated the ore from the waste materials by exploiting their different specific weights) – built close to the beach for easy transport by sea.”

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Nevertheless, the governors did not stop to change (probably also, because of state politic of concession): during year 1880 it was managed by Genoa, the Company Correboi; 1895 the grant was received by the Company Correboi and it was until final closure in 1963 year (one more granted in 1929 by the same company).

In the late 1800s and during the beginning of XIX century mining activities were flourished due to the arrival of new entrepreneurs, led by Baron Andrea Podestà (he managed a lot of mining territory at Sardinia). The village was in progressive growth and equipped with new facilities, such as mining clinic (with communication to above) and technical and administrative offices, and also extraction pit was dug (with ventilation system). Also, new housing for mine and system workers were built up, the church and the school.

Early 20s of XIX century was followed by a reduction of workspace and a slowdown in production due to the poor condition of the metals market and increases in the costs of labor and materials. Data represented by Luciano Ottelli show the number of present workers at the end of year 1921. was reduced to 150 compared to 220 in the year before. The special conditions of the mine and quality of workers were low, too. Washery had 40 workers only, some were very young and the all other were women. The only drilling machine left running in mine, with 60 people who have been working in very small rows with maximum savings. The rest of the workers were used in the field and especially close to Cala in the construction of silos and adjacent cells that should make more economic and simplify processes. In later years, directing to allow further increase in output and to enable loading of the ore onto larger ships, after World War I, a pier was built in the roads of San Nicolò, in front of the washery (with necessary railway and wagons for delivery of goods). Advanced technique continued to be implemented during 1920s, while new wooden washery has been constructed and the load was managed by “Pertusola” tanker. Ottelli say that with new silos, wagons and boats it was enough only 9 men to transfer 1400 tons of ore for one day.

The cultivation of the mine continued regularly until 1927, resulting in the production of tons in a year: 1938 blend of Zinc to 40 tons, 660 galena for 55 of Lead and 1000 ore of Silver for one ton. Extractor continued with research work at the latest level about the mineralized zones in sphalerite, left in place by ancient time. In 1928 production began to decline, also as the fact that the mine was still equipped with the old machine for extraction of lead and the losses were huge. Next year, by decree of the Ministry of Corporations (General of Industry and Mines) has confirmed a grant.

The company operator, in order to obtain a higher incomes of metal, and a better separation of galena from sphalerite, Faculty of Architecture_University of Belgrade_Serbia / Faculty of Architecture_University of Sassari_Italy

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built in the years 1929 and 1930, a modern laundry which, however, did not come into function. As reported by Ottelli, Argentiera never had containment basins sludge, as well. The discharge of sludge in the laundry (whatever the chemicals used as reagents) went directly into the sea after a very short distance of approximately 100 meters.

Regarding the failure of the washery is to point out that since June 16, 1930 the Company “Correboi” due to the crisis of the zinc market asked the competent Ministry for authorization to suspend the work of cultivation of the mine. Ottelli quotes decree dated 27.02.1931 signed by the Minister Bottai, as an authorization to suspend work until 27.02.1933; but authorization renewed again until 27.02.1935 by the same Minister. During that period, only 28 workers between shipowners, blacksmiths and guards for 18 days monthly. In ‘36, with the resumption of mining operations, the new laundry began to march. In the ‘40s have been doing some interesting technical reports on the state of research and the hopes appeared in the life of the mine. With small interventions about new techniques, as opposed to decreasing capacities of resources, the mine was workedwell until 1945.

Consequences of resource depletion and World War II led to closure of mining activities and revoke of concession in Argentiera at the year 1963.

Curent condition_Ex-miners housing in Argentiera; copyright Zoran Đukanović

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6.3. Curent condition of location_Argentiera This section present scurrent conditions of location trough two parts. First represents the general context of location and the second, set of analyses trough patterns of cultural landscape approach to design; as it previously explains in theoretical part: abiotic (natural), biotic (dynamics of nature and people activities) and anthropogenic (socio-cultural characteristics).

Primary sources according to which the analysis are presented: PPR, Forestry Ambiental Plan (Piano Forestale Ambientale – Regione Nurra, Sassari) and PUC Sassari. During mapping is mostly used existing GIS database and GIS software (Sardegna Geoportale) or Territorial information system of the Municipality of Sassari.

Socio-cultural analysis includes conclusions according to interviews with prominent and respected resident of Agentiera (and promising candidate for local elections) Claudio Demontis. His experiences are respected and included as opinion of possible person who will manage settlement and as a son of a father who was the main in the union of the working class (of miners).

Curent condition_Panoramic view on Argentiera settlement; copyright Zoran Đukanović

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6.3.1. Context Argientiera is community administratively belonging to the Municipality of Sassari. Regulatory it is under the competence of Piano Urbanistico Comunale (PUC) Sassari – Urban Plan of Municipality of Sassari, and it has no competence of lower level plan. Municipality of Sassari is a much extended area whit mainly scattered type of housing (in its total area is about 54738.400 ha, and includes 90 settlements).

Map: Municipality of Sassari with position of the locatuion_Argentiera settlement

That large area is territorially consists of 7 different types of landscapes, formed by natural characteristics or human activities (from west to east: coastal landscape - Argentiera settlement, the landscape of Nurra hill, landscape passed trough agricultural reforms, landscape of Nurra plain, semi-urban landscape and urban landscape - City of Sassari). The settlement of Argentiera is on its western border, between the Tyrrhenian Sea and mountain relief of Nurra region.

Position and borders of location: Mining Landscape influence on city organization Argentiera is former mining, coastal village in narrowing valley, and 43 km away from Sassari. Along the section of coast included area between the Porto S. Nicola and Porto Palmas. Bordering municipalities are: to the north, Porto Torres, Sennori, Sorso and Stintino; to the east with Osilo; to the south with Alghero, Muros, Olmedo, Ossi, Tissi, Usini, Uri; and to the west by the Sardinian Sea. Influenced by mining works today’s landscape was changing during history.

Respecting landscape and environmental features of the location, the works were always cared only to allow the best extraction from the resource. The slope is always maintained around 45° - 50° to the northwest while the mineralization wasn’t regular.

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Three main sectors of mineralization are still recognized nowadays, with all the changes in the landscape: •

The northern sector: where the Argentiera village is located; with a stretch of coast with high slope.

The area is of particular geo-mining interest.

•

The central sector: with the Porto Ferro inlet, marked by a reddish sand beach.

• The southern sector: marked by the cliffs of the limestone (as part of the massif of Cape Caccia and the

caves dotting this stretch of coast, such as Grotta Verde - Green Cave, Grotta dei Richiami - Cave of Calls and Grotta di Nettuno - Neptune’s Cave).

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Connections Municipality of Sassari is served by the State Road 131 Carlo Felice is linking Sassari to Porto Torres and to central and southern Sardinia. State Road 672 Sassari-Tempio is a rapid transit, highway linking Sassari to Tempio Pausania, offering an alternative route to State Road 127 Settentrionale Sarda. State Road 199 of Monti is linking Sassari to Gallura and Olbia.

The railroad network exists as a linking Sassari to Cagliari, Olbia and Porto Torres and by local lines linking it to several nearby towns – Alghero, Sorso and Tempio Pausania, but Argentiera is not connected with it.

Argentiera is connected only by one road SP 18, from Palmadula.

By public transport it is reachable only from City of Sassari.

Maps below are showing the connections and distance of Argentiera with the capitals of bordering municipalities.

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Map below are showing the connections and distance of Argentiera with the capital of administrative municipalitie it belongs (Sassari) by the road SP 18 and, the distance from Palmadula as the closest settlement with the public buildings and facilities that serve (ambulance, post office etc.). Position relative to the small settlements in surounding area with the number of its habitants is presented as well.

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Pedestrian routes Map represents existing touristic map in west-nort Sardinian region, related to hiking tours at first. Argentiera it is alredy marked with few routes of hiking pathways and some points of interest.

On the contrary it is only marked as possibility for hiking, without information about any other attraction, activity or program. Further more, strategic position of Argentiera it is a perfect to became stop by point between Alghero and Stintino (which already have well developed traveling routes and activities working in real life). Nowdays, although Alghero and Stintino have good offer it is a circular route. Initiating cross-municipality collaboration, this touristic oriented collaboration can be also the common point of mutual interests off all.

It is not existing nowdays, but maybe additional posssibility for connecting Argentiera is to develop it as stop by point (for day or more) by using maturated waterscape network of boredering municipalities.

Argentiera

Legend: panoramic view hiking route extreme hiking route local road main road

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6.3.2. Natural characteristics (primary pattern) Geo-morphological characteristics

The map represents the steepness of terrain in Argentiera surrounding.

The Area comprises the territories belonging to the Gulf of Asinara and this territorial context describes that is creating an interaction of different shapes with the coastal system. The cliffs that define the whole south-west coast of Sardinia are part of the area established a relationship between sea and inland settlements during the expansion of mining and Porto Palmas.

Anglesite Aurichalcite Azurite Baryte Bournonite Caledonite Cerussite Covellite Fraipontite Galena ‘Garnet’ Goethite

Relief is defined by cliffs and rocky outcrops dating from the Paleozoic and concerned metal deposits. Aregntiera settlement is located between tall mountains (only accessible point from the sea at southwestern Sardinia, as well). This position always has caused the development of transport by sea and has separated it from inner part.

Hemimorphite Jamesonite Leadhillite Linarite Malachite ‘Manganese Oxides’ Marcasite Oxyplumboroméite Paratacamite Phosgenite Pickeringite

As reported by the mineral and locality data-

Pyrite

base 36 types (34 valid minerals) are listed

Pyromorphite

for Argentiera locality (see the list on the right

Quartz

side and the pictures on the next one).

Ramsbeckite

This resource is big potencial, maybe to be used in local crafts production.

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Climate and hydrological characteristics According to climate, the main characteristic of Mediterranean area are dry summers (very hot) and rainy winters (moderate to the bit cool in the coastal areas, very rear temperature is lower than 0oC).

The strong wind of Sardinia is mistral, blows from south-west.

Settlement area doesn’t abounds in water, but in the Porto Palmas are 3 springs of the phreatic water.

Flora and fauna This area is characterized by Mediterranean maquis, mostly Garrigue or phrygana. Garrigue is a type of low, soft-leaved scrubland ecoregion and plant community in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome (limestone is usually land type base). Argentiera surrounding is mostly covered by the Giara: •

giara has a density of 9 different species of flora per km2 in comparison to the Sardinia average of 0,9;

•

the flora consists of about 350 species which are divided into 203 subcategories and 67 families;

•

3,28% of the species are endemic.

Giara in Argentiera surounding constituts of meadows and grasslands and two types of shrubs: •

tall shrub (from 2 to 4 meters) and

•

low shrub (2 meter maximum).

In those areas are subject to special conditions by PUC Sassari, e.g. there are allowed only light interventions of low infra structure (pathways and cycling ways) with possibility of camping but no more dense than 100 tents by one place (in the surrounding area of Argentiera).

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6.4. Anthropogenic influences (secondary patterns) 6.4.1. Public spaces and built capacities The “only” public spaces presently used are the square located at the entrance to the village and the Church of San Nicola and the other is a beach. All roads and pathways are in poor condition.

The settlement comprises about 100 various historical building clusters, differed by construction period, style and original intended use.

• The complex of all the industrial buildings, formerly housing mine production activities and the main ore extraction and processing operations and its maintains: Washery, Pozzo Podesta and Alba, the mechanical and electrical workshops, warehouses, sawmill, carpentry workshop, offices, electrical substations and all others.

• Complex of the special-purpose buildings: in rationalist style, which have been sold to private owners and which have undergone heavy and debatable restructuring (e.g. Mine Manager’s House) and the Church.

• Residential building complex (old miners’ houses or dorms) located near the industrial complexes (historical village of Argentiero, the southern sector of extraction).

•

Other dilapidated buildings.

The area has always used for mining activities so, other patterns of land use are not present. According to extraction works, it is important to remark that anthropogenic factor left its deeper print underground. Counting on huge amount of money, this are very important public spaces

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6.4.2. Current works in Argentiera The Sardinian Regional Government has organized an ideas competition 2005-2007 having the goal of initiating and promoting processes of revitalization of 8 coastal villages in harmony with the landscape context in which they are located. Argentiera was one of the areas of this competition, imagined as Mining museum.

There are many of unknown about everything on those projects and all data (excepted competition announcement) are hardly reachable.

Figure to the right shows the winning solution of the contest.

Without arguing on project proposals and, although implementation supposed to be finished during 2011 year, important is that works in Argentiera began soon. Some reconstruction on the washery is done (not at all) and some works at the beach has just started.

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Regional department for economical development of coastal areas published at the official internet page: “Equipment service” for Argentiera, about Mining Museum project (see the Prt Scr down).

Generally, the only responsible author (Municipality of Sassari) and amount of invested money (non low) are data accessible for publicity. Also, there is open questionnaire for publicity opinion about agreeing or not with this project.

Many people I spoke with (experts such as visitors) do not see this project as a proper one for Argentiera’s character.

Finally, it can be only concluded that the Municipality is not so interested in the development of Argentiera and opportunity to act in development process must include habitants.

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6.5. Socio-cultural characteristics (tertiary patterns) “The main characteristics of the resource and the great problems of the mine - who want to be a small testimony of the hopes and knows great sacrifices faced by Men who worked Argentiera.” - Luciano Ottelli The settlement has about 30 permanent habitants with the demographic structure: •

kids: < 10 year_2 residents;

•

young: < 30 year_10 residents;

•

mature: 30 - 60yera_12 residents;

•

old: > 60year_6 residents.

Mainly economy is shepherds, some people have estates in backyard of mountains agricultural land.

Other industry is related to tourism. Some people starting in their own initiative to renew and adapt their homes for rental during touristic season.

This fact has a double meaning; the most important is their belief in the future life of Argentiera and self-initiative in order to make it true. Then, influence on visual and aesthetics of the settlement. Very low level of advertizing and low accessibility (with the lack of activities) let only about 20-50 people to visit the place and, only during July and August.

Mining activities and its culture has been always driving force in this area. I would like to remark only few of crucial, as it is already explained. Ever existing patterns creating a sense of mining culture in Argentiera have been foreign forces; one is miner managers (mainly non-Italian) and introducing a number of technologies (innovations which has coming from other European advanced countries). Ultimately, the working class has always been created by mix of natives and other.

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6.5.1. A new tradition in creating The main local activity in Argentiera is summer festival Sulla terra leggieri, which is held every year, starting from 2008. until these days. It is literary and music festival which takes place during the last days of July and lasting for 2 days. It started on initiative on one Sardinian well-known writer Flavio Soriga with one non-govermental oranization from the city of Sassari, as a little step to awake the spirit of the land and to stop alienating from Argentiera and its sense as a lovable place at Sardinia.

All informations about the festival Sulla terra leggier are available at (source of the figures): http://www.festivalargentiera.it

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6.6. Interview with the representative of Argentiera settlement Claudio Demontis (field research) The interview has been done aiming to get opinion about conditions and development perspectives of Agentiera from a local authority; but from the view of a person who have been living there most part of his life and the person respected by other locals. This is not the only interview had been done with inhabitants, than it is taken as formal one.

One of first mentioned things about Argentiera (by the words of respondents) is that it belongs to mining type of metal mines and this fact have been always shaping its development; for example other mining areas with it was communicated and circle of miners who were working on it (most frequently he stress out Buggerru). Then, the position of Argentiera has ever made it “water gate”, trough which has been making all exchanges.

His very important statement is that all cultural changes incoming were always without any conflict (counting relation with Europe, mentioned in the previous paragraph, also).

Speaking about community, he says that is was newer exist in the sense of permanent community, because workers are coming to work there for 6 months up to 1 year (more or less) and then they have changed places. But, this temporary community has been constantly in, step forward, and proud on advance level of cultural development than other mining places (he quotes syndicate organization and cinema which is firstly appeared in Argentiera, than other mines).

In miner’s life, his view is “sistema di dolore” (system of pain). Working on mine means gives life to it. Work in mines is last 24h per day and it is a team work. In contrast to the work in fabric, miner cannot finish shift ever, they just leave helmet to college whom they trust until “tomorrow”; they are going home “in silence, secretly fears, keen and with head down”, because “if die a miner a mine died with him”.

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dio quotes Ottelli’s example of coupons for food instead salary. Every worker in accordance with the number of household members has been received coupon with list of ingredients with which he goes to “market” to get the indicated number of foodstuffs.

He has expressed a keenness toward Municipality of Sassari because a low level of care for Argentiera. It is represented trough current situation about the previously mentioned project: non respecting deadlines and type of interventions (transfer of sense of place). Moreover, because he state that they destroyed (accidentally or not) all archive database of Agentiera few years ago. Ending with the sentence “they killed culture, participation and population”.

As a development potential he remarks role of education. He sees Argentiera as some type of research center where experts can come to learn in the field, research and produce in order to develop areas. It represents the interest about the future, it is stated in correspondence with Pina’s term “aggregation of ideas” and it shows an openness of the community to make it real. Furthermore, he quotes that existing “albergo diffuso” is proper capacity for this idea. This is a common concept of housing for Sardinia, like a diffuse hotel formed by the main, service, and building in close relation with housing units.

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Site of Argentiera; copyright Zoran Ä?ukanoviÄ&#x2021; Faculty of Architecture_University of Belgrade_Serbia / Faculty of Architecture_University of Sassari_Italy

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7 Conclusion_Argentiera case The chapter represents the final result of the thesis as one possible implementation of previously obtained guidelines for the chosen location â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Argentiera.

It briefly shows a series of 7 interconnected projects aiming to ensure Argentiera as livable-lovable place with strategic goals on its temporality. The leading principle is giving know-how, managing and management capacities - as the lower existing resources and most recognized lack of, but the development potential.

Revival of mining landscape in Sardinia_Example Argentiera della Nurra

The thesis review on analisys and synthesys is finishing here, and as its final result is given a possible solution for revival of Argentiera mining landscape, according to the obtained guidelines. The main strategic key is to use existing resources as possibilities for temporality (in time and beeing) of interconnected programs and activities to insure daily life; than packeges of activities during whole year, as for inhabitants, than tourists also. The stategic key represents diagram:

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The disribution of the projects Projects are grouped into four categories that overlap or break through.

Groups are: mobility services (services that ensuring daily life), landscape related (cycling, hiking, walking routes), mining and art related (local production) and related to housing and accommodation facilities.

The map shows distribution of the projects.

Follows will be displayed some details about particular projects.

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Mobility services

The mobility services project is presented first as a precondition for functionality of everyday life. Urban services in Argentiera donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t exist; counting that it is too much expensive to build it (and there is no necessity to start with big) we can easily ensure mobile services to come (from Sassari firstly, than bordering municipalities). Here are represented two categories of services: primary (necessary: ambulance, pharmacy, post office and etc.) and community services (sport, music and etc.).

As the main principle is counted: one service per day; primary services in the morning and community in the afternoon.

Holding time max 2h per spot; because Argentiera is counted as one of spots in the area of the Municipality.

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Mining landscape

AIM: TO PROMOTE UNIQUNESS AND VARIETY: Possibility to choose by activity of interes or by the time someone have/want to spend with the place (depending on distances and evaluation); 5 different are shown. Values of maquis must be stressed.

Promotion includes virtual presentations, also.

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Mining heritage and art production

Some small economies as small bars, bakery or trafics can be expected as reaction on the previous project - mobility services.

The project of revival in next step (parallely with education about necessity of collaboration) should include works of public art into the design of the mining site in order to contribute aestetics, socialization and economy at the same time (sustainability).

Ethnic community challengers of a new public art path line become partners in design of stations and hiring of artists whose public works reflect the neighborhoodsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; histories and character.

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8 Annex It presents eight plates as end result of the thesis.

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